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Background: Malaria, a prominent vector borne disease causing over a million annual cases worldwide, predominantly affects vulnerable populations in the least developed regions. Despite their preventable and treatable nature, malaria remains a global public health concern. In the last decade, India has faced a significant decline in malaria morbidity and mortality. As India pledged to eliminate malaria by 2030, this study examined a decade of surveillance data to uncover space–time clustering and seasonal trends of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases in West Bengal. Methods: Seasonal and trend decomposition using Loess (STL) was applied to detect seasonal trend and anomaly of the time series. Univariate and multivariate space–time cluster analysis of both malaria cases were performed at block level using Kulldorff's space–time scan statistics from April 2011 to March 2021 to detect statistically significant space–time clusters. Results: From the time series decomposition, a clear seasonal pattern is visible for both malaria cases. Statistical analysis indicated considerable high-risk P. vivax clusters, particularly in the northern, central, and lower Gangetic areas. Whereas, P. falciparum was concentrated in the western region with a significant recent transmission towards the lower Gangetic plain. From the multivariate space–time scan statistics, the co-occurrence of both cases were detected with four significant clusters, which signifies the regions experiencing a greater burden of malaria cases. Conclusions: Seasonal trends from the time series decomposition analysis show a gradual decline for both P. vivax and P. falciparum cases in West Bengal. The space–time scan statistics identified high-risk blocks for P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria and its co-occurrence. Both malaria types exhibit significant spatiotemporal variations over the study area. Identifying emerging high-risk areas of P. falciparum malaria over the Gangetic belt indicates the need for more research for its spatial shifting. Addressing the drivers of malaria transmission in these diverse clusters demands regional cooperation and strategic strategies, crucial steps towards overcoming the final obstacles in malaria eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of triadic patterns is a well-known modality occurring in some Indo-Iranian mythological contexts. This fact has been considered as a phenomenon too generic, and its presence just noted as an unimportant evidence. But, in reality, this procedure, despite its potentially perplexing background, produces some symbolic implications, whose frequent occurrence should be better observed. For instance, within the Vedic and Brāhmaṇic framework, Viṣṇu makes three steps in order to enlarge the universal space, and for this reason this god is also called Trivikrama -, "Having Three Steps". The present sequence, with its space-time implications, finds a correspondence in the disposition of the Vedic altar of Fire, which needs three footsteps of ground. Even more fitting and pertinent are the inevitable speculations emerging from the ritual meaning of the pebbles or stones called svayamātr̻ṇṇā , "naturally perforated", placed by the Adhvaryu in the first, third and fifth layer of the brick-altar of the Agnicayana. They have a patent cosmological identity (see, e.g., ŚB 8.7.3.9–10). Within the Iranian context, references to the number three are equally relevant and not just meaningless. Three are the main steps of the soul of the dead after their meeting with the daēnā -, explicitly corresponding to three different cosmic levels, while the vara - of Yima, and the baršnūmgāh , a place of ritual purification, are divided in three parts, and in any case everything connected with them follows a triadic basis with multiples or submultiples of "three", or again with fractions with an expressed denominator "three". The act of piling up the perforated stones on the three layers of the Vedic fire altar presents deep cosmological implications, strictly connected also with the holes through which an imaginary column arises. The act of piling up (cinute) resounds the action to be performed by the soul in the Mazdean choreography of the afterlife, when the bridge (pərətu -) allowing the crossing of the intermediate space (that links earth and heaven) is piled up (by one who is cinuuaṇt -, presumably the soul itself). But piling the bricks and tending the fire are ritual performative actions expressed with the same verb and with actions, which inevitably resonate, as in the image of the third prince appearing within the afterlife choreography presented as a vision to the Sasanian Great Priest Kerdir. These occurrences, already focused on in past studies, evoke direct correspondences in ritual procedures emphasizing a definitive transition into another status, so that any triplication or any trifold implement has a special force and completeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waiting is spatial, gendered, and hidden. Drawing on ethnographic field work with cleaners in railway facilities of Hyderabad, India, and building on infrastructure and mobilities studies, I theorize the space-time of waiting. I propose waiting as a multivalent lens through which to view power, space, and labor relations. Second, I argue that waiting is a method offering possibilities for understanding the Sisyphean task of cleaning and uneven, precarious, and diverse urban worlds. Waiting is integral to maintenance work, and pivotal to the production of "clean" infrastructures, yet it remains invisible. Third, I posit waiting as praxis: a mode of field work grappling with place-based realities. Waiting is learning the station. My article considers the social and economic (im)mobilities that underpin the waiting of cleaning workers. I further posit queues as microinfrastructures of waiting. Finally, I argue that waiting, when employed as a method, and as praxis, reveals the uneven urban worlds, relational spaces, and the everydayness of capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space–time variation of large hail‐producing mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is investigated over the eastern and northeastern parts of the Indian subcontinent during the premonsoon (March–April–May) season by using long‐term (1998–2020) integrated observations of Precipitation Radar and Microwave Imager onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites. A threshold of 37.0‐GHz polarization‐corrected temperature (≤176 K) is utilized as a hail proxy. Qualitatively, the space–time variation of satellite‐detected hailstorms is reasonably in good agreement with the available hail reports at the ground. The large hail‐producing MCSs are most frequently observed over the plains, whereas such MCSs are not found over mountains. The MCSs in April have the highest probability to contain hail though the hail‐producing MCSs are more common in May. The average morphological and microphysical properties are distinctly different for the MCSs with and without hail. Compared to the active convective cores of MCSs without hail, the hail‐producing convective cores of MCSs (a) are extended higher vertically and wider horizontally, (b) are associated with much larger area (~1,000 vs. 100 km2) occupied by radar reflectivity larger than 40 dBZ in the mixed‐phase region, and (c) are associated with larger values of cloud ice water content (CIWC; 395 vs. 153 mg·m−3) in the mixed‐phase region. The results from the high‐resolution ERA5 reanalysis data show that the hail‐producing MCSs are more sensitive to synoptic forcing than the MCSs without hail. Very strong mean sea‐level pressure anomalies over the whole northern part of India along the Himalayan foothills to the Bay of Bengal occur for the MCSs with hail days. The findings of this study will help the forecasting of these hailstorms and mitigation of their damage within this less explored region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequences of multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are routinely used for land-use land-change (LULC) applications, allowing the retrieval of accurate and up-to-date information on the state of the Earth's surface and its temporal variations. Change detection (CD) methods that rely on the exploitation of SAR data are, generally, made of three distinctive steps: (1) pre-processing of the SAR images; (2) comparison of the pairs of SAR images; and (3) the automatic extraction of the "changed areas", employing proper thresholding algorithms. Within this general framework, the reduction in speckle noise effects, which can be obtained by applying spatial multi-looking operations and ad hoc noise filters, is fundamental for the better detecting and classifying of changed regions. Usually, speckle noise filters are singularly and independently applied to every SAR image without the consideration of their inherent temporal relationships. In particular, most use local (spatial) approaches based on determining and averaging SAR backscattered signals related to neighboring SAR pixels. In this work, conversely, we explore the potential of a joint 3D space-time non-local mean filter (NLMF), which relies on the discrimination of similar features in a block of non-local SAR pixels extracted from the same or different SAR images. The theory behind non-local-mean filters is, first, shortly revised. Then, the developed space-time NLMF is applied to a real test case for the purposes of identifying flooded zones due to the massive inundations that hit the Kerala region, India, during the summer of 2018. To this aim, a set of 18 descending SAR images collected from the European (EU) Copernicus Sentinel-1 (S-1) sensor was exploited. The performance of the developed NLMF has also been assessed. It is worth remarking that the proposed method can be applied for the purposes of analyzing a heterogenous set of natural and/or artificial disastrous conditions. Further, it can also be helpful during the pre-processing stages of the sequences of SAR images for the purposes of CD applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Even if public spheres are fragmented, iconic infrastructure can hold them together. • Such spaces enable the meeting of strangers and actively entangle their histories. • Over time, different users leave a mark, broadening access and imbuing public spirit. • Iconic infrastructure thus sustains cities' utopian promise despite fragmentation. • My ethnography and historiography of the Rifah-e Aam Club exemplifies this process. Public space comes under threat, is contested as much as shared, an arena for power and hegemony, leaving little hope for interaction across social divides. At the same time, each reincarnation of our fragmented public sphere necessarily builds on historical precedent, inadvertently inscribing public space with fresh hope as it expands the scope of the term's original promise. Over time, this process creates iconic infrastructure such as the Rifah-e Aam Club, the "Club for the public good" in Lucknow, North India. From the initial stirrings of associational culture under British colonialism through key moments of the national movement down to today's goonda raj , or rule of thugs, this unruly space came to host the most unlikely republic of letters, reuniting a public across time and space that often seems irredeemably fragmented. It is when buildings like this acquire a life of their own that cities realise their creative promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation patterns and extremes are significantly influenced by various climatic factors and large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. This study uses wavelet coherence analysis to detect significant interannual and interdecadal oscillations in monthly precipitation extremes across India and their teleconnections to three prominent climate indices, namely, Niño 3.4, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Further, partial wavelet coherence analysis is used to estimate the standalone relationship between the climate indices and precipitation after removing the effect of interdependency. The wavelet analysis of monthly precipitation extremes at 30 different locations across India reveals that (a) interannual (2–8 years) and interdecadal (8–32 years) oscillations are statistically significant, and (b) the oscillations vary in both time and space. The results from the partial wavelet coherence analysis reveal that Niño 3.4 and IOD are the significant drivers of Indian precipitation at interannual and interdecadal scales. Intriguingly, the study also confirms that the strength of influence of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns on Indian precipitation extremes varies with spatial physiography of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghosts are omnipresent in rural Rajasthan. I recount five ghostly incidents to consider the possibility of ghosts within anthropological fieldwork and voice. Haunting space and time, ghosts also seem to be haunted by desire, power, literature, and bodies. Looking closely to the multiple hauntings of and on ghosts, I examine the ways such multiplex spooks acquire or usurp voice. By taking seriously the possibility of ghosts within or occupying the everyday of claims making, I engage the ways ghosts might point anthropology toward a more anxious relationship with utterance and an ethics of voice that allows for a haunted subject. Recognizing the multiplex nature of ghosts renders them irreducible to windows onto psyche, memory, or social forms and instead leads to a more dynamic perspective on the subject which cannot be unitary or wholly reflexive in a world with ghosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1947, the partition of the subcontinent engendered geographical and psychological boundaries. Anita Desai incorporates the event of partition in her novel, Clear light of day, thereby, showing the effects of partition on the different religious groups of the Indian sub-continent. This research aims toexplore chronotopal politics in Hindu Indian culture incorporating Muslim traits in Anita Desai's Clear Light of Dayas a nexus for Indo-Pak dialogue.Chronotope is a study of time and space. The objective of the research is to deconstruct the spatiotemporal ramifications of the event of partition in a bid to pose dialogic possibilities, as time and space make up the 'whole entity'. As this 'whole entity' of India is sliced by the act of partition, Desai portrays cultural integration in the space of India through a dialogue between time and space. The timelessness of Art and Literature is surveyed in the open space of the alternative paradigm of the novel. This area with reference to partition literature has not been explored and according to this research bears dialogic possibilities between two opposing forces, India and Pakistan. M.M. Bakhtin's theory of chronotope in conjunction with dialogism is used to analyze configuration of time and space politically. The concept of chronotope is used to identify the dialogic possibilities in the novel as it uses space as a literary trope of real and imagined dislocation of communities within the ambit of the relio-political dialectics of partition at the time of division. This research will open avenues for future researchers exploring traumatic experience of spatiotemporal dislocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapid economic growth, urbanization, and globalization have resulted in dietary transformation in India. Triple burden of malnutrition remains a significant concern, with high prevalence of undernutrition, widespread micronutrient deficiencies, and rising obesity.Objective: This article reviews the dietary transition in India by analyzing trends in food consumption across time and space.Methods: Household consumption survey data from 1993 to 2012 are analyzed to examine both national- and state-level trends to investigate how diets have changed and vary across the country. Typical Indian diets are characterized using k-mean cluster analysis and associated with socioeconomic and geographical aspects.Results: The article finds that on average Indian household diets have diversified slowly but steadily since the 90s. Indians diets have shifted away from cereals to higher consumption of milk. However, progress on micronutrient-rich food groups such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and egg has been worryingly slow. Even by 2012, about a fifth of rural Indian households did not consume fruits or milk, while more than half of both urban and rural households did not consume any meat, fish, or eggs. Five predominant dietary types are identified. Sections of the Indian households do consume reasonably balanced diets, but large percentages consume cereal-focused, dairy-focused, or processed food heavy diets with high processed food content.Conclusions: Diets in India have not transformed sufficiently to overcome major gaps in intakes of micronutrient-rich foods. Large regional heterogeneities in diets call for regionally differentiated strategies to improve diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation 643 samples from early Paleogene lignite seams of western India have been studied to see the distribution of inertinites. These horizons are characterized by high content of charcoal occuring as inertinite in these lignites though there is no definite trend of inertinite distribution in space and time. Bhavnagar lower seam of the Saurashtra basin, Gujarat (BHL-6 band) and Gurha lignite seam of the Bikaner-Nagaur basin, Rajasthan (GU-8 band) recorded the highest level of charcoal to the tune of 25% (mmf basis) while the mean seam value of 16.6% is seen in the Seam-V of Panandhro lignite field of the Kachchh basin, Gujarat. The study is comparable with the wildfire activities of Early Paleogene period occurring in other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the context of student learning in study abroad programs, drawing on ethnographic research on a semester long study abroad program in South India. We show how students use multiple constructions of time and space as a framework for understanding cultural differences and for understanding what it means for them to “experience” India. We argue that students' conceptualization of space and time in the study abroad location also impacts what kinds of activities they consider to count as valuable forms of learning. Students' ideas about India shape their expectations of what the pace, workload, and activities of the study abroad program in India should entail. Their concepts of Indian time and space lead them to privilege “experience”-based learning over classroom-based or scholarship-based learning. In conclusion, we show how these insights have implications for study abroad pedagogy. Here, we suggest that student learning that is entirely based on “experience” outside the classroom is inherently limited and that students need to contextualize their field-based learning experiences with insights from critical, historical and social science research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines three ways of representing space as a commodity that played key roles in colonial Delhi: maps, lease deeds and auctions. These representations were related to the buying and selling of real estate in distinct ways. At the same time, they also referred to and relied on each other to give effect to their pronouncements. Two elements can be traced running through these disparate representations: connections between space and time, and the imbrication of state and property market. This article argues that the ability to utilize these elements in order to develop narratives about urban space was a critical constituent of state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the film project "Delhi At Eleven," by David MacDougall, focuses on the concept of eternity. It mentions that the projects uses video cameras that helps in revealing the knowledge possessed by young children at Indian state school. It focuses on the flow of time being individually shaped and common to space-time concept.

The present work employs a genetic algorithm to carry out wave height forecasting in the Bay of Bengal. The use of empirical orthogonal function analysis allows the spatial extending of the forecast to the entire basin. The chaotic nature of the process limits the horizon of usable forecasts to 48 h in advance. Statistical evaluation of the quality of forecast leads to encouraging results. A major advantage of this method is that, once the forecast equations are derived, they can be used directly without the necessity of having a numerical wave model as an intermediate step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the relatively rare instances when the spatialities of temporary migrant work, workers' journeys, and labour-market negotiations have been the subject of scholarly attention, there has been little work that integrates time into the analysis. Building on a case study of low-paid and insecure migrant manual workers in the context of rapid economic growth in India, we examine both material and subjective dimensions of these workers' spatiotemporal experiences. What does it mean to live life stretched out, multiply-attached to places across national space? What kinds of place attachments emerge for people temporarily sojourning in, rather than moving to, new places to reside and work? Our analysis of the spatiotemporalities of migrant workers' experiences in India suggests that, over time, this group of workers use their own agency to seek to avoid the experience of humiliation and indignity in employment relations. Like David Harvey, we argue that money needs to be integrated into such analysis, along with space and time. The paper sheds light on processes of exclusion, inequality and differentiation, unequal power geometries, and social topographies that contrast with neoliberalist narratives of 'Indian shining'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In leprosy endemic areas, patients are usually spatially clustered and not randomly distributed. Classical statistical techniques fail to address the problem of spatial clustering in the regression model. Bayesian method is one which allows itself to incorporate spatial dependence in the model. However little is explored in the field of leprosy. The Bayesian approach may improve our understanding about the variation of the disease prevalence of leprosy over space and time. Methods: Data from an endemic area of leprosy, covering 148 panchayats from two taluks in South India for four time points between January 1991 and March 2003 was used. Four Bayesian models, namely, space-cohort and space-period models with and without interactions were compared using the Deviance Information Criterion. Cohort effect, period effect over four time points and spatial effect (smoothed) were obtained using WinBUGS. The spatial or panchayat effect thus estimated was compared with the raw standardized morbidity (leprosy prevalence) rate (SMR) using a choropleth map. The possible factors that might have influenced the variations of prevalence of leprosy were explored. Results: Bayesian models with the interaction term were found to be the best fitted model. Leprosy prevalence was higher than average in the older cohorts. The last two cohorts 1987-1996 and 1992-2001 showed a notable decline in leprosy prevalence. Period effect over 4 time points varied from a high of 3.2% to a low of 1.8%. Spatial effect varied between 0.59 and 2. Twenty-six panchayats showed significantly higher prevalence of leprosy than the average when Bayesian method was used and it was 40 panchayats with the raw SMR. Conclusion: Reduction of prevalence of leprosy was 92% for persons born after 1996, which could be attributed to various intervention and treatment programmes like vaccine trial and MDT. The estimated period effects showed a gradual decline in the risk of leprosy which could be due to better nutrition, hygiene and increased awareness about the disease. Comparison of the maps of the relative risk using the Bayesian smoothing and the raw SMR showed the variation of the geographical distribution of the leprosy prevalence in the study area. Panchayat or spatial effects using Bayesian showed clustersing of leprosy cases towards the northeastern end of the study area which was overcrowded and population belonging to poor economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of the conception of space and time according to the Hindu world view in the day to day life of man in Andhra Pradesh, India. A periodical storm, tempest or flood show man a glimpse of the power of nature. This experience of nature leads him to feel one in harmony with nature is considered to be like a womb of a mother where laws of goodness and justice operate. This positive outlook on nature does not allow his mind to consider nature as a place of evil forces or as a rival against which man should struggle to overcome and master by bringing it under his control. With this approach to nature the mind acquires two basic characteristics. The first one is the capacity of contemplation before this variety of natural things and an attempt to understand and accept them. This gives an immanent character to his experience of life in the world. The second one is the capacity to search and apprehend a unity in this diversity. This gives him a transcendent character to his quest. These two basic characteristics: to be immanent and to be transcendent, shape his philosophy and theology and form two important decisions of his life. Hasty conclusions can be arrived at by taking into account either of them exclusively or by over stressing one of them.

• Methods for spatial drought tracking and characterisation are presented: S-TRACK and DDRASTIC-spatial. • Drought tracking involves identification of areas (clusters), centroids localisation, and centroids linkage. • Drought paths are defined by an onset and an end in space and time. • S-TRACK method is applied for the calculation of extreme droughts. The spatiotemporal monitoring of droughts is a complex task. In the past decades, drought monitoring has been increasingly developed, while the consideration of its spatio-temporal dynamics is still a challenge. This study proposes a method to build the spatial tracks and paths of drought, which can enhance its monitoring. The steps for the drought tracks calculation are (1) identification of spatial units (areas), (2) centroids localisation, and (3) centroids linkage. The spatio-temporal analysis performed here to extract the areas and centroids builds upon the Contiguous Drought Area (CDA) analysis. The potential of the proposed methodology is illustrated using grid data from the Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) Global Drought Monitor over India (1901-2013), as an example. The method to calculate the drought tracks allows for identification of drought paths delineated by an onset and an end in space and time. Tracks, severity and duration of the drought are identified, as well as localisation (onset and end position), and rotation. The response of the drought tracking method to different combinations of parameters is also analysed. Further research is in progress to set up a model to predict the drought tracks for particular regions across the world, including India (https://www.researchgate.net/project/STAND-Spatio-Temporal-ANalysis-of-Drought). Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation is an important component of the water cycle of High Asia and here particularlycrucial for the glacier mass balance and the seasonal dynamics of snow cover. To successfullymodel (i) past and future response of glaciers to climate forcing and (ii) the development ofsnow cover, reliable precipitation data are needed. However, this is especially difficult in highmountain areas where observational data, particularly at higher and complex terrain, arescarce. Beyond station data, other, spatial explicit data sources for precipitation are (i)simulated rainfall from models and (ii) retrievals from weather satellites. While precipitationpatterns are highly heterogeneous in both, time and space they are difficult to simulatecorrectly. With satellite data on the other hand, the assignment of rates of liquid andespecially solid precipitation is yet uncertain. To assess the differences among theseveral precipitation data sets, we compare selected accessible gridded data setsin High Mountain Asia. We present a comparison of five precipitation products(ERA-Interim, ERA5, HAR, JRA-55 and MERRA-2) and one satellite-based precipitationproduct (IMERG) for the period of April 1st to October 31st, 2014. The study area(80-87˚ E and 28-31˚ N) includes parts of India, a part of the Himalayas and partsof the Tibetan Plateau. The main statistical metrics used for comparison are thecorrelation coefficients r of different data sets and the corresponding coefficients ofdetermination r2 for different methods of temporal and spatial data aggregation. Wefurther compare the data sets to existing observational data available to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author stresses that the future of India lies on the power of its youth. The author believes that a young mind would be able to radically change the human perception of space and time. The author also mentions the achievement of physicist Victor Hess towards research on radiation and atmospheric electricity and his discovery of cosmic rays when he was 29 years old.