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The fecal flora consists of trillions of bacteria influencing human health and several host factors. Such population-based fecal flora studies are critical to uplift the health status of ethnic tribes from Arunachal Pradesh. This study aimed to analyze the ethnic tribe's biofilm producing antibiotic resistant bacteria and their phyllogenetic analysis in 15 stool samples collected from Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Of the analyzed samples, 42.85% were Escherichia, 20% lactic acid bacteria, 20% Salmonella, and 17.14% Enterococcus. Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, and Enterococcus sp. emerged as strong biofilm producers; however, Salmonella declined to exhibit characters for a strong biofilm producer. Tetracycline resistance dominated in all the gut bacterial profiles. The 16SrRNA amplified PCR product was used for sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed exhibiting the relationship between the isolates. The test sequences were compared with the non-redundant Gene bank collection of the database with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool.

Modern Indian society has witnessed rapid sociocultural transformation where loosening of cultural values is observed at all levels. In the era of transition, traditional norms and values are changing where young male individuals are found to be associated with high-risk multi-partner sexual behavior. Findings are based on a nationally representative sample of 45,231 and 65,704 men aged 15-54 during the period 2005-2006 and 2015-2016, respectively. The burden of high-risk sexual behaviors among men aged 15-54 years in India over the last decade remains disproportionately higher among younger, unmarried, and urban men, who are mainly from economically better-off households. Despite tremendous efforts of the government of India as well as various state governments in condom promotion as part of the HIV/AIDS prevention program, the improvements in condom use over the last decade are not impressive as it has not yet reached the desired threshold level. The disparities in high-risk sexual behavior among men aged 15-54 years, coming from rich and poor households, have narrowed. The findings of the study also underline an apparent paradox in the relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS and indulgence in high-risk sexual behavior and adopting safe sexual practices. It is recommended that all the HIV prevention programs in India should promote the concept of men as the responsible sexual partner. This concept may be promoted among young and unmarried men by reinforcing the shift from violence to respect and projecting the condom as a sexual stimulus rather than a means of disease prevention.

Background: Worm infestation is one of the major cause of childhood malnutrition, anaemia, physical and mental growth and psycho-social problems. The study aims to compare the prevalence of parasitic infestation and optimization of number of stool samples for screening of parasitic infestation among school children of age 5-12 years at rural areas of Davangere district. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the month of June2009 to October 2010. Five stool samples on five consecutive weekends were collected from each of the 474 children. Stools were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Results: Out of the 474 samples, 237 were positive by the end of 5th week stool sample. Nearly 89.9% of the parasites were identified in the first and second stool samples, 92.8% were identified by the 3rd stool sample, 95.4% were identified in the 4th stool sample and virtually all the parasites seen in the study were identified in the fifth stool samples. The prevalence of worm infestation is 50%. Ascaris lumbricoides (18.5%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (16.3%) were most common parasites. Majority of the children who were affected belong to early age groups and girls were more affected than boys. Conclusion: From this study we conclude that 5th week stool sample detects virtually all the intestinal parasites and this clinically benefits the children compared to the single stool sample used for screening purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]