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Introduction: Accurate age estimation is of utmost importance in several branches of life, be it disaster victim identification (DVI), sports, fashion, education, and many more. Several studies/formulas have been proposed over the years from various parts of the world and amongst them, Cameriere's method of age estimation is now being accepted globally, and the related work is still one of the most thought about. Aim: The aim of this study was to access the relationship between dental age (DA) and chronological age using Cameriere and Demirjian age estimation method in the north Indian population and develop a population-specific regression formula and validate it in the north Indian population. Materials and Methods: Orthopantomograms (OPG) of 762 children of north India with age groups between 7 and 16 years were collected. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were analyzed using both Cameriere and Demirjian's age estimation method. The resultant data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean differences between CAge and DAge with age were 1.21 (males), 0.14 (males) and 1.72 (females), 0.28 (females) respectively, which shows significant disparity, wherein Demirjian follows overestimation and Cameriere follows the underestimation trend. Therefore, we modified these methods using the linear regression model. Conclusion: The modified Demirjian and Cameriere formula after validation shows a better fit in the north Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy consumption is the call by United Nation Sustainable Development Goals, and sustainable consumption is the only solution for the future. This study found that the solution to the framed problem has a requirement to categorize the green consumer value parameters in hierarchy of importance for five specific RESs and their alignment with environment policy based on a comparison of Poland and India. The study revealed the importance of each criterion for renewable energy sources providing, a comparative table of Poland and India. The methodological approach used secondary data for selecting countries, and primary data are used for statistical analysis of Automatic Linear Modelling. The research concludes that the CRITERIA4 is one of the most important that emerged with all five RESs for Poland and three RESs for India. Both countries are aligned with the UN sustainable development goals and are switching over to all means of sustainability. Poland scores a higher value of importance compared to India, which justifies the awareness of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Less literature is available on the performance of thermocoagulation for treatment of premalignant cervical lesions and its comparison with cryotherapy from low- and middle-income countries like India. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from August 2018 to September 2019 after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Board (Reg no: ECR/262/Inst/Up/2013/RR/16) Ref no: 278/Ethics/R. cell-18). A total of 68 women with Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) positive cervical lesion were randomized into two groups. Group A was treated with cryotherapy and Group B was treated with thermocoagulation. Estimates of cure, adverse effects or complications were presented as frequencies, percentages, and mean ± standard deviation. Results: Out of 667 patients, 624 patients underwent VIA testing among which 68 were VIA positive (10.89%, 68/624). The efficacy of thermocoagulation was 93.54% and that of cryotherapy was 90.32%. Immediate side effects were significantly lesser in thermocoagulation group (P = 0.008) in comparison to cryotherapy. Conclusion: Thermocoagulation is better treatment modality than cryotherapy for VIA-positive cervical lesions may not be in terms of efficacy but definitely in terms of patient comfort and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has the highest proportion of low birth weight (LBW) babies born in the developing world. Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy is associated with adverse infant health outcomes. The main objective of this paper was to assess the socioeconomic factors associated with dietary diversity among pregnant women and to investigate the association between maternal dietary diversity and LBW among their babies. The data for these analyses were derived from a survey conducted in November and December, 2014 among 230 women who had newly delivered in hospitals in Uttar Pradesh, the largest Indian state that has the poorest maternal outcomes in the country. The results from multivariate binary logistic regression model indicated that low maternal education and economic status was significantly associated with poor dietary diversity among participants. Also, women with low maternal dietary diversity had a significantly higher proportion of LBW babies compared to those in the medium to high dietary diversity categories. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that continuous tracking of pregnant women's nutritional needs through existing monitoring systems, e.g., the Nutrition Resource Platform and Health Management Information System, and necessary interventions through Integrated Child Development Services may yield better results, thereby, addressing maternal under-nutrition and LBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to observe the effect of Yoga Nidra practice on hormone levels in patients who had menstrual irregularities. Design: The study was a randomized controlled trial. Settings/location: The study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chhatrapati Sahuji Maharaj Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India. Subjects were divided randomly into 2 groups-an intervention and a control group, with 75 subjects in each group. Of these subjects, 126 completed the study protocol. Subjects: This study involved 150 subjects with menstrual irregularities; 126 of whom completed the protocol. Interventions: The intervention was the practice of Yoga Nidra. The yogic intervention duration was 35-40 minutes/day, five times/week for 6 months. An estimation of hormonal profile was done for both groups at baseline and after 6 months. Results: Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( p<0.002), follicle-stimulating hormone ( p<0.02), luteinizing hormone ( p<0.001), and prolactin ( p<0.02) were decreased significantly in the intervention group, compared with the control group. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the efficacy of Yoga Nidra on hormone profiles in patients with menstrual irregularities. Yoga Nidra practice was helpful in patients with hormone imbalances, such as dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and hypomenorrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Urinary incontinence is a problem that creates both physical and psychological nuisance to a woman. This problem needs to be studied in detail in Indian population because of lack of precise data. The objectives of this study were to study the prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence in Indian women. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted from August 2005 to June 2007 included women attending gynecology OPD (consulters) and hospital employees (nonconsulters). Subjects who were incontinent were asked a standard set of questions. Incontinence was classified as urge, stress, or mixed based on symptoms. A univariate followed by multivariate analysis was done to look for risk factors. Results: Of 3000 women enrolled, 21.8% (656/3000) women were incontinent. There was no significant difference in incontinence rate between consulters and nonconsulters [618/2804 (22.1%) vs. 38/196 (19.4%); P value = 0.6). Of the total women having incontinence, highest numbers were found to have stress incontinence [73.8% (484/656)] followed by mixed [16.8% (110/656)] and urge incontinence [9.5% (62/656)]. Age more than 40 years; multiparity; postmenopausal status; body mass index more than 25; history of diabetes and asthma; and habit of taking tea, tobacco, pan, and betel are risk factors found to be associated with increased prevalence of urinary incontinence in univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, age more than 40 years, multiparity, vaginal delivery, hysterectomy, menopause, tea and tobacco intake, and asthma were found to be significantly associated with overall incontinence. Stress incontinence was separately not associated with menopause. Urge incontinence was not associated with vaginal delivery. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence is a bothersome problem for women. Simple questionnaire can help to detect this problem and diagnose associated risk factors, so that necessary steps can be taken in its prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources are ecological and sustainable solutions accepted with a common consensus under the sustainable development goals. Energy source exploration has enforced the human race to think about sustainable energy production as fossil fuels are non-renewable and are having a negative impact on ecosystem. Consumer needs and wants are the key for acceptance of renewable energy and making production a possibility. The real challenge is with the consumer market for the acceptance of green energy. The current research is based on the concept of GREEN consumer values synergizing with renewable energy sources, and eco innovation for sustainability in India. The crucial point of study is assessing GREEN consumer values which are the determining factor for consumption. All five renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass) have received a higher level of acceptance by respondents which shows that India is on its way to enhancing its capacity for renewable energy. Indian consumer values are very much aligned with eco sustainability, and the market is ready to consume renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Worldwide, breast cancer (BC)  is a prominent cause of death, with a disproportionately high incidence in developed countries. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been reported in up to 90% of the world's population.  Although the exact link of EBV infection and breast carcinoma is not yet determined. The present study was carried out to assess the pathological correlation of EBV infection and BC in women from Northern India., Methodology: In this prospective observational study, 130 patients with histologically proven breast carcinoma were included. After detailed histology, the paraffin block with infiltrative tumor was selected for molecular analysis and further immunohistochemistry (IHC)- EBV PCR and Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) IHC., Results: Most of the patients were diagnosed with Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS), followed by Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma + Ductal Carcinoma in situ (IDC + DCIS). The total of 25 tissues of breast carcinoma had positive EBV PCR results (19.23%). The co-relation between the molecular and immunohistochemical results was significant in 11/25 cases that showed immunoexpression for LMP1 by IHC. Sensitivity of 44% and specificity of 100% were observed for LMP1 IHC, having a PPV value of 100% and an NPV of 88%. No significant correlation was observed between age, tumor subtype, grade, stage with respect to EBV infection; however, there was a significant association with nodal metastasis with extra nodal extension in tumors that had EBV infection., Conclusion: The present study establishes an association between LMP1 and patients with EBV positive breast cancer. The authors suggest that additional multicentric studies be conducted to strengthen the reliability and generalizability of the observations of the current study.

Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the health services worldwide, challenging the way modern medicine has been practiced for decades., Aim: The present study documents an institutional experience on its impact on cytology services., Materials & Methods: The cytology samples received during lock down period in India (24 March to 17 May 2020) were analysis and compared to the samples received during the same time frame in year 2019., Results: The data revealed an overall 92.6% reduction in cytology samples received. All sample types were reduced with a statically significant reduction in thyroid cytology samples (P-value: .023). There was relative increase in breast and lymph node samples; however, this relative increase was not statistically significant. The malignancy rate also significantly increased by 34.1% accompanied by decrease in neoplastic category among the samples received during COVID-19 lockdown period. Breast samples remain the most frequent sample type both in pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods. Majority of fine-needle aspiration done in these cases, during the lockdown period, were either in cases for recurrence or primary diagnosis., Conclusion: Prioritization of samples, proper precautions and triaging of patients before procedure helped in carrying out this procedure safely., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Immuno-phenotyping forms an integral part of laboratory work up of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Aberrant antigen expressions are a known phenomenon in leukemic blasts, however cross lineage antigen expression is rarely seen in mature B cell leukemia, the reported percentages varying from 1% to 3% in Europe and North America., Case Details: We report a case of Rai stage 1 CLL showing aberrant expression of CD8 on flow cytometry. The patient had stable disease at a follow up of 9 months with no requirement of initiation of treatment., Discussion: CD8 expression in CLL is rare and approximately 120 cases have been reported from Western population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case to be reported from India. The prognostic significance has been variably reported from favorable to poor. At present, our case reflects the phenotypic heterogeneity of leukemia. Long term follow up and evaluation of more cases is required to predict the prognostic role in our patient population. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society., (© 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society.)

Objective: The incidence of suicide and homicide is on the increase worldwide, including India. One million people die annually due to suicides and homicides alone. Thus this study had been undertaken to find out the material and social causes of burn and to assess the socio-demographic characteristics between suicide and homicide., Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 1393 fatal burn cases (2008-2012) who were autopsied at the mortuary of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. Data retrieved include: age, sex, type of family, marital status, place of incidence, psychological status and burn size (TBSA). The results were presented in Mean ± SD and percentages and analyzed with SPSS 16.0., Results: Out of the total 1369 cases of burns, 536 cases (38.5%) were homicidal deaths in comparison to 857 cases (61.5%) of suicidal deaths. Female predominance was seen in both suicidal and homicidal deaths with peak age 30-39 years in suicides in contrast to 40-49 years in homicides. At younger age ≤19 years, the victims of suicide is almost similar to the victims of homicide; but at extremes of ages below 10 years and above 60 years, homicides were relatively more common than suicides. Married victims were predominant in the homicidal group (66.6%). There is no quite difference at the place where burn occurs. Depression and anxiety disorders were the most frequent psychiatric co-morbidities associated with suicidal behaviours. Patients from suicidal group suffered significantly larger burns than from homicidal group., Conclusion: Hence, this study was planned with a purpose to know the magnitude and the socio-cultural factors of the problem of burns to more clearly understand the dynamics surrounding these deaths, so that a sound prevention programme could be suggested, planned and implemented for reducing the incidence of fatal burns., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.)

This is a retrospective study of 1689 consecutive admissions of burn deaths to the mortuary over a period of 5 years. The socio-demographic data was collected using special Performa and interviewing the family members, relatives, neighbours and from police reports. Depending on the presence or absence of intentional intent, cases were divided into two groups and compared with regard to their socio-demographic profile. Both groups did not differ significantly with regard to age, sex and educational status. The cases with intentional deaths came from nuclear family, unmarried, student, low socio-economic status, had more stressful life events and suffered larger burns injuries compared with those who experienced non-intentional deaths. The majority of the cases were below the age of 35, unemployed and females outnumbered males in both the groups., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Homeless and unclaimed dead bodies are a social as well as legal stigma on a country's development index. In addition, homeless people are exposed to increased incidence of diseases, accidents and mortality. Lucknow city, a city situated in the heart of the great Gangetic plain in the northern region of India, is surrounded by rural towns and villages and has seen tremendous growth in the past few years; with this the problem of migrants and homelessness has also increased. This has resulted in a spectrum of problems relating to law and order, including frequent incidences of unclaimed dead bodies, both due to natural and unnatural causes. Few studies on this subject have been published in India., Study Design: Observational retrospective study., Methods: Data was collected from the files of the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology between 2008 and 2012., Results: A total of 20877 autopsy cases were registered, out of which 3169 (15.17%) were unclaimed bodies. The majority of cases belonged to males (2218, 69.99%) as compared to females (951, 30.01%). Most unclaimed bodies were in the age group of 41-60 years (47.24%) and the least affected age group was 1-20 years (265, 8.36%). The most common manner of death was accident (1098, 34.64%), followed by suicide (1062, 33.51%), natural (927, 29.25%) and homicides (82, 2.59%). The most common cause of natural death in both males and females was chronic lung disease. Railway and road traffic accidents accounted for 516 (68.25%) accidental deaths in males, whereas in females they accounted for 301(88.01%). The most common mode of suicide among males was by poisoning (391, 48.81%), while poisoning (149, 57.08), hanging (78, 29.88%) and drowning (23, 8.81%) were the main modes of suicide in females reported in our study. Majority of the cases of deaths were reported during rainy season (2209, 69.70%)., Conclusions: This autopsy-based study tries to highlight the picture of homeless deaths in Lucknow and the problems faced by the law enforcing authorities. More research is needed to identify the health-related problems of such people and possible contributory factors to mortality., (© The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.)

Epidemiological and medicolegal, including forensic pathological, aspects of 456 cases of unnatural deaths of females aged 16 to 30 years were studied in Lucknow during the period of 1 year (May 2, 2011 to May 1, 2012). These constituted 62.5% of the total unnatural deaths autopsied from all ages in females. Most of the victims were young Hindu housewives killed or who died within 7 years of marriage. The most common cause was vehicular accidents followed by poisons and burns. The homicidal, suicidal, and accidental deaths were 87, 129, and 240, respectively. The common motives and circumstances were mental stress due to various reasons, family quarrel, maladjustment in married life, and cruelty by the in-laws. Level of education, joint family structure, unemployment, dependence of the woman on the in-laws, infidelity, large families, and failure in love in unmarried girls were other contributing factors affecting the incidence. The study suggests different measures to check unnatural female deaths to improve the situation.

Objectives: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are hormonal pills used by females to prevent conception; they are a combination of estrogen and progestin. There is, however, compelling evidence that throughout the reproductive life of a woman, her airways are subject to the influence of the cyclical variations in sex hormones which occur in relation to circadian rhythms. The present study has been designed to investigate the effects of OCPs on airway resistance in terms of spirometric parameters in OCP users and nonusers., Materials and Methods: A total of 100 women (age: 20-40 years) ware selected for the present study. The subjects were provided with a one-month supply of OCPs. The constituents per tablet of MALA-N used were levonorgestrel 0.15 mg and ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory flow in expiring 25-75% air (FEF 25-75), forced expiratory volume percentage in one second (FEV1% or FEV1/FVC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were recorded., Results: In our study, the FEF 25-75and PEFR increased significantly in OCP users, showing that these hormone pills decrease the resistance offered by small bronchioles.

Routine cytological screening has been carried out in 27,062 asymptomatic women attending Gynaec and Family Planning O.P.D. of Queen Mary's Hospital, Lucknow, India (April 1971-December 2004). Incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) was found to be 5.9% in the series, while cervical malignancy was seen in 0.6% of cases. The study highlighted the immense utility of cytological screening in minimizing the incidence of carcinoma cervix in the segment of the urban population screened, as the incidence dropped down to 0.5% in the second half from 1.1% noticed in the first half of the screening period. The study also emphasized the utility of clinically downstaging the cervical cancer as 7,316 women showing clinical lesions of cervix were found to harbor SIL in 15.3% and carcinoma cervix in 1.3% of cases as against the incidence of 2.5% for SIL and 0.6% for frank cancer in women with normal cervix. The investigation into different risk factors involved in cervical carcinogenesis revealed that the incidence of SIL and cancer cervix showed a rise with increasing age and parity and prolonged sexual period. The incidences of both cervical cytopathologies were also higher in women of low socio-economic status while religion was found to have no bearing on the occurrence of the disease. Among the four sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) diagnosed in the cervical smears, Trichomonas vaginalis was found to be more prevalent (2.6%), while human papillomavirus (HPV) and Herpes simplex was seen in 0.4 and 0.2% of cases, respectively Herpes simplex was found to have strong affinity with both SIL and carcinoma cervix, while only SIL incidence was high with HPV infection. The study emphasizes need of proper education to women of low socio-economic class for creating awareness regarding hazards and risk factors of cervical cancer as well as management and cure of the disease., (2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)