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Background and Objectives: Upper urinary tract infections (UTIs) that require in-patient care can be expensive. Comorbid conditions such as diabetes as well as UTI due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria may affect costs. The quality of life of patients with this condition has not been described. Methods: This was a cost of illness study that prospectively evaluated patients admitted with upper UTI to a medical ward in a tertiary care hospital. Direct medical and nonmedical costs, indirect costs were collected to make the total cost per admission. Quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF score. We also compared costs between those with and without diabetes or ESBL infection. Results: Between March 2016 and July 2017, 92 eligible patients were included in the study. The average age was 55.8 years; two thirds were diabetics. The mean overall cost of a single admission for upper UTI was INR.88, 330.2 (1370.4 USD). This was INR.96, 193.0 (1492.6 USD) and INR.1, 03,154.9 (1600.4 USD) among those with diabetes mellitus and ESBL infection, respectively. The cost was higher among those with diabetes and ESBL than those without; this difference reached statistically significance for the ESBL group. The quality of life was affected in all domains; the psychological being most affected among diabetics and ESBL infected. Conclusions: The mean total cost of admission for an upper UTI in a tertiary care hospital in South India was INR 88,330 (1370.4 USD). This is higher if the patient has diabetes or ESBL organism causing the UTI. Quality of life is clearly reduced especially in the psychological domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is endowed with a largest livestock population in the world having a total bovine population of 304 million compared to the world total bovine population of 1400 million. There has been a major improvement in milk production, which increased from 17 mt in 1951 to 127.9 mt during 2011-12. Per capita availability of the milk has reached a level of 290 g day-1 during the year 2011-12, which more than the world average of 284 g day-1. Most of the milk in the country is produced by small, marginal farmers and landless laborers. In order to increase milk production, the government has approved national dairy plan phase-1 (NDP-1) in February, 2012 with a total investment of about '2242 core to be implemented from 2011-12 to 2016-17. Department of animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries, ministry of agricultural Government of India is also implementing "national program on bovine breeding and dairy development (NPBBDD) from 2013-14 to 2016-17 through the state implementing agencies/end implementing agencies/participating agencies. The organized dairy sector (both cooperative and private) is presently handling about 15% of the total milk production in the country. Dairy products form one of the fastest growing segments in livestock product export. India's export of dairy product was 25928.52 mt to the world for the worth of '4318.53 cores during the year 2015-16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]