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In comparison to the worldwide burden of asthma, although India contributes to 13% of the total asthma prevalence, it has a threefold higher mortality rate and more than twofold higher DALYs, indicating a substantial gap in asthma diagnosis and treatment. Asthma causes significant suffering, affecting people's quality of life and draining the country's resources; therefore, we must devise ways and means to fill these gaps. The most successful and cost-efficient strategy to battle asthma is to form strong partnerships between patients, the general public, the government, the pharmaceutical industry and non-governmental organisations. This necessitates a comprehensive approach that involves raising awareness, developing universally applicable recommendations, increasing access to high-quality asthma care, and other measures. The purpose of this article was to review the existing scenario of asthma management in India and the factors that contribute to it and devise unique and all-encompassing strategies to fill these gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Utilising componential theory of creativity the study aims to examines the roles of green transformational leadership, organizational culture and green mindfulness as antecedents of green creativity. Design/methodology/approach: A three-wave data collection method was used to collect data from the 304 hotel employees belonging to hotels located in the tourist's location of India. The study used PROCESS macro to test the hypothesized model. Findings: The results found a significant serial mediating effect of green organizational culture and green mindfulness for strengthening the association between green transformational leadership and green creativity. Practical implications: The study establishes that a transformational leadership can bring about a much-needed green turnaround and thus makes significant practical contribution. As customers are becoming environmentally conscious, the industry can translate the green practices and motivate their subordinates by exhibiting the environmentally conscious behaviour and exhibit the same in their actions at work. Originality/value: The current research work expands the body of literature on green transformational leadership and green creativity nexus in tourism and hospitality industry by exploring the boundary condition that increases the strength of this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little millet is an important small millet grown mostly in India. The availability of genetic variability is a critical requirement for crop improvement. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation study was undertaken in a set of 28 little millet genotypes to estimate genetic diversity, association pattern among seven quantitative traits and to select suitable genotypes for crop improvement. In cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified into three distinct clusters, each with one or two subgroups. Cluster I had the major genotypes with comparable ancestry, followed by Cluster II. The total variance was split into seven major principal components, with the top two PCs with eigenvalues greater than one accounting for 82.57% of the overall variation. PC1, which explained a larger part of the variance (58.05%), was strongly influenced by days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. PC2 was primarily influenced by plant height and fodder yield. PCA and association analysis revealed a significant positive association between grain yield and the number of productive tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, plant height. These traits would be useful for direct selection for little millet crop improvement. In both cluster analysis and PCA, the genotypes DHLM 14-5, IIMR LM-8004, NDL LM1, TNPSu 242, VS 33, WV 168, DPLN 1 and VS 38 displayed diversity, implying that these lines may be used in crossing programme to generate further genetic variability to select suitable transgressive segregants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pearl millet is a vital crop in India cultivated across diverse agro-ecological zones. One of the primary challenges in millet farming is the absence of superior genotypes well-suited to local conditions. Hence, there is a need to develop pearl millet genotypes that exhibit high yield and stability to enhance production. With this regard, the study aimed to identify genotypes with high and stable yields across diverse seasons. Twenty-three genotypes were evaluated in four seasons in a randomized block design. Statistical analysis, including the Eberhart and Russell model, AMMI, and GGE biplot, were employed to assess genotype-environment interactions. The genotype ICMB 07999 was observed to have be stable with consistent mean yield, while PT 6679, PT 7058 and PT 7054 were observed to have above-average stability. These findings were supported by AMMI biplots and various stability indices. GGE biplots revealed two megaenvironments, from which Kharif seasons (mega environment 2) provided more informative assessments of genotype stability compared to summer seasons. Across all models and various parameters analysed, PT 6679 and PT 7058 emerged as stable inbreds with high mean seed yield. These inbreds could be tested further in larger environments for potential use in breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Inclusive Leadership (IL) and Organizational Justice (OJ) on employees' Happiness at Work (HAW). Utilizing a mediation mechanism, the study additionally uncovers the mediating impact of Workplace Inclusion (WI). Design/methodology/approach: The research involved a cross-sectional study with a quantitative methodology, collecting data from 311 employees working in IT sector firms in India by administering standardized questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling using SmartPLS4.0, were conducted to examine the relationship between constructs. Findings: The hypothesized mediation model was supported. WI mediated the relationship partially between OJ and HAW, whereas there is a full mediating effect of WI on the IL–HAW relationship. Overall, the study shows that by providing fair treatment, inclusive leaders promote inclusivity among employees, further enhancing HAW. Research limitations/implications: The study's implications suggest that leaders, with their inclusive behaviour and fair practices, can have a significant positive impact on employees' workplace happiness when accompanied by a sense of inclusivity among employees. Practical implications: Organizations and leaders can utilize this study's findings to promote inclusiveness and HAW, which can be a key to organizational growth and development in a post-pandemic era. Originality/value: This study contributes to the research literature by addressing the unexplored relationship between IL, OJ and HAW. The exclusive as well as inclusive focus on the mediating role of WI adds new insights and enriches the understanding of the intricate conceptualization of the variables under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has heightened tourists' environmental awareness resulting in a desire for green hotels. Existing literature has extensively examined tourists' attitudes and behaviors towards green hotels, but there is a scarcity of research on employees' perceptions of these accommodations. The study investigates the determinants of green behavior among 220 green hotel employees from India using an established behavioral theory called Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R). Structural equation modeling and related statistical techniques are employed to analyze the data gathered from a structured survey. The primary findings indicate that green purchases largely impact normative objectives, implying inadequate significance. Green product and process innovations have a significant impact on employees' green workplace behavior by influencing their hedonic, gain, and normative goals. The study examines human resource management sustainability in Indian hospitality and tourism sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) vaccine is widely used in dermatology as immunotherapy for warts as well as in patients with leprosy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a positive role of MIP as an immunomodulator in SARS-CoV-2 disease was reported after pilot research, with minor adverse effects. We report a case of a 65-year-old male, presenting with skin lesions suggestive of noninfective granulomatous dermatitis for 4 months, at the sites of MIP intradermal injections, allegedly received during a hospital stay for severe COVID-19 disease. The patient presented with nonhealing nodulo-ulcerative lesions at the sites of injection, which persisted for 4 months associated with intermittent serous discharge and showed no signs of healing despite supportive treatment. The patient was started on a combination therapy of ofloxacin 400mg/day and clarithromycin 500mg 12 hourly for 2 months. At the end of 2 months, all the lesions showed complete healing with a resolution of discharge and nodularity, leaving behind postinflammatory hypopigmentation and atrophic scarring. The patient was followed up for 4 months after stopping treatment during which time he had no relapse of the lesions. This case has been reported to the India Pharmacopoeia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with perforation peritonitis present in the Emergency Department with various causes, but bowel perforation is the most frequent cause. These patients often arrive late at tertiary centres, resulting in severe peritoneal contamination and septic shock. Therefore, preoperative peritoneal drain placement provides adequate drainage and better outcomes in such cases. Aim: To compare various clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with perforation peritonitis before and after the placement of a peritoneal drain, prior to any definitive surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College in Karnal, Haryana, India, from October 2022 to June 2023. All cases of perforation peritonitis that were critically-ill or in shock upon presentation in the emergency department were planned for intraperitoneal drain placement before definitive surgery. A total of 140 patients were enrolled in the study, and their clinical parameters (temperature, pulse rate, SpO2, and urine output) and laboratory parameters (such as leucocyte count, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++), pH, base excess, bicarbonate values, lactate, Random Blood Sugar (RBS), and haematocrit) were compared before and 24 hours after drain placement. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.03±18.06 years, and 116 (82.85%) of the cases were male. The most common comorbid condition was pulmonary disease {Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disese (COPD)/Asthma}, diagnosed in 96 (86.57%) cases. The most common perforation site was duodenal, followed by gastric and ileal, observed in 65 cases (46.42%), 23 (16.34%) cases, and 21 (15%) cases, respectively. There was a significant improvement in clinical parameters such as temperature, pulse rate, Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen (SpO2 ), and urine output after drain placement (p-value <0.001). There was also an improvement in laboratory parameters including leucocyte count, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++), pH, base excess, and bicarbonate values (p-value <0.001). The mortality rate was 20%, with 28 cases resulting in death. Conclusion: Although preoperative intraperitoneal drain placement is not a standard surgical procedure for patients with perforation peritonitis, it resuscitates and stabilises the patient, thereby helping in reducing morbidity and mortality postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Because of cost effectiveness, most of the laboratories in India estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with the Friedewald's formula. There were many shortcomings of the Friedewald's formula. Recently, Martin and colleagues have derived a new formula for calculating LDL-C. The present study was undertaken to calculate LDL-C using various formulae (Friedewald's formula, Anandaraja's formula, and Martin's formula) and to compare directly measured LDL-C (D-LDL-C) with calculated LDL-C at various ranges of triglyceride (TG) concentration. Materials and Methods The present study compared LDL-C measured by Martin's formula, Friedewald's formula, and Anandaraja's formula with D-LDL-C in 280 outpatient fasting samples between the age groups of 18 and 50 years. Depending on the TG values, study samples were divided into four groups. Group 1: less than 200 mg/dL; Group 2: 200 to 300 mg/dL; Group 3: 300 to 400 mg/dL; and Group 4: more than 400 mg/dL. Results Martin's formula shows highest correlation with r -value of 0.9979 compared with Friedewald's (0.9857) and Anandaraja's (0.9683) r -values. The mean difference was least for Martin's formula (0.31 ± 3.53) compared with other formulae. Among all the groups, percentage of error was least for Martin's formula (0.23%). Martin's LDL-C shows highest concordance (90.90%) compared with Friedewald's (79.60%) and Anandaraja's formulae (82.90%). Conclusion Among all the groups, Martin's formula shows highest correlation, least percentage of error, highest concordance, and least mean differences. At all TG levels, Martin's formula is the best formula compared with the Friedewald's formula and Anandaraja's formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), previously called Mw vaccine, is a one-of-a-kind immunomodulatory vaccine. It was indigenously developed in India for use in leprosy. MIP is heat-killed Mycobacterium w, which is a non-pathogenic atypical mycobacterium belonging to Class IV of Runyon classification. It shares epitopes with Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which forms the rationale behind its use in leprosy and tuberculosis. MIP activates both innate and acquired immunity. It induces a Th1 and Th17 immune response along with downregulation of Th2 pathway and activates macrophages and dendritic cells. MIP vaccine is safe with adverse effects such as local site erythema, swelling, and rarely fever and other systemic reactions. Apart from leprosy, MIP has been used in dermatological diseases such as warts and psoriasis. Clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of MIP in a plenitude of non-dermatological conditions such as category II tuberculosis, Gram-negative sepsis, non-small cell lung cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and very recently, coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). In vitro and animal studies have also demonstrated its utility in leishmaniasis, melanoma, and as a vaccine for the prevention of pregnancy. The PubMed database was searched using "Mycobacterium indicus pranii, MIP, Mycobacterium w" as the keyword in title. This comprehensive review provides useful information for healthcare professionals about immunotherapeutic potential of MIP vaccine, its composition, dosing schedule, administration, and side effects besides its efficacy in various indications other than leprosy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of its kinds of public health emergencies that the world is grappling with. The health-care workers (HCWs) were at the forefront of the battle against this scourge. As a result of continuous service delivery, they experienced stress and burnout which varied from the type of HCWs, gender, type of service, and the length of service rendered by them. Given the context, this systematic review assessed the prevalence and predictors of stress among different types of HCWs in India. The systematic review was conducted using PubMed search engine and 13 articles were selected for the purpose of review. Of the 13 studies identified, 11 studies were carried out predominantly in India or in some Indian states and 2 studies were multinational studies, in which samples were also drawn from India. Of these 13 studies, 6, 5, 3, 2, and 2 studies were conducted among the doctors, specialists, nurses, dentists, and allied HCWs in India, respectively. It was observed that the prevalence of stress among HCWs varied with age, gender, type of HCWs, place of work, and duration of work, and the predictors were long working hours, continuous contact with patients, fear of self-infection, stigmatization, and fear of carrying the infection to the family. Stress and burnout among HCWs are inevitable; however, there should be ways and means to have coping behavior else the same would affect the professionals' personal life and patient care. Hence, appropriate measures need to be taken to address this issue by the HCWs themselves, government, and other social sectors organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zn‐Cd‐S critical minerals system is a significant mineralogical indicator of hydrothermal ore‐forming processes. The understanding of greenockite (CdS) formation in natural mineral systems is very restricted due to low crustal abundances (Cd <0.2 ppm). We report the first occurrence of greenockite from the Bagada orogenic gold prospect, Paleoproterozoic Mahakoshal belt, Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). This provides an ideal opportunity to access the occurrence and its genesis. Greenockite occurs in discrete sheared quartz veins hosted in phyllites. Sulphide mineralization is closely associated with hydrothermal chlorite alterations. Pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite assemblages are formed at high temperatures, while sphalerite and galena precipitated when the temperature decreased. Greenockite, native silver and bismuth with gold precipitated during the breakdown of arsenopyrite to scorodite in progressively oxidizing conditions. Greenockite precipitation occurred in a transforming hydrothermal environment from a reducing to an oxidizing one during late‐stage hydrothermal alteration. Sphalerite and chlorite thermometry yielded temperatures in the range from 266 to 366°C for this late‐stage hydrothermal alteration. Textural relations show two modes of occurrence of greenockite, one (Gck‐1) as exsolution within sphalerite (Sp‐2) and the other (Gck‐2) occurring as a discontinuous rim replacing the Cd‐rich sphalerite (Sp‐3). The Gck‐1 contains high Zn and low Cd, while as compared to Gck‐2. Zinc and Cd in greenockite show diadochy relation (Zn2+ ↔ Cd2+). Laser ablation ICPMS analyses of sphalerite (Sp‐2) reveal remarkably high Cd contents (1.9–12 wt%). Cd >0.02 ppm suggests possible Cd derivation from sphalerite (Sp‐2) under variable fS2, T, pH, fO2 conditions, fluid–rock interaction, and change in the Zn/Cd ratio. Sphalerite compositions display a low Zn/Cd (av.22) ratio and high temperature of formation, with characteristics intermediate between volcanogenic massive sulphides (VMS) and magmatic‐hydrothermal Cu‐Pb‐Zn system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STR (Short Tandem Repeat) markers are highly polymorphic markers, which are widely used in forensics DNA analysis and aid to ascertain unique genotype profiles of individuals and determine the genetic diversity of the given population. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the population genetic diversity of the Ramgharia Sikh population of Punjab, India, using 21 autosomal STR loci (D3S1358, vWA, D16S539, CSF1PO, TPOX, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D2S441, D19S433, TH01, FGA, D22S1045, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, SE33, D10S1248, D1S1656, D12S391, and D2S1338) to augment the emerging forensic database related to the indigenous population of India. For generation of the database, 200 (blood on FTA card) samples were obtained from genetically unrelated Ramgharia Sikhs residing in the state of Punjab. Twenty-one autosomal STR markers were analysed using the Globalfiler® PCR amplification kit. With the help of various statistical tools, a total of 232 alleles were observed and 11.048 ± 1.284 (mean ± standard deviation) alleles per locus were recorded. No locus deviated from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. SE33 locus was found to be the most polymorphic and exhibited the highest discrimination power, that is, 0.99. Moreover, results further indicated that Ramgharia Sikhs of Punjab showed a high affinity with Bhils of Madhya Pradesh (India). Thus, the studied population showed genetic proximity with the geographically close populations of India and showed significant genetic variations with distant populations, which was evident from the UPGMA tree and Principal Component Analysis plot. Overall, the 21 autosomal STRs were found to be polymorphic in the Ramgharia population and suitable for forensic casework and studies on population genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to characterize patients from a rheumatology referral center in north India, who satisfied the definition of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) as given by the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) consensus committee in 2015. Thirty-five adult patients aged 18 years and above, fulfilling the 2015 ATS/ERS criteria for IPAF were included in the study. The clinical and immunological profile, and radiologic findings on high-resolution computerized tomography thorax were noted. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence at 1:320 titer and myositis-specific antibody (MSA) assays were performed. Non-parametric tests were used to compare variables between groups. The study cohort included predominantly female patients with a mean age of 50.6 ± 13 years and mean duration of disease of 38.8 ± 28.4 months. Majority of patients (49%) fulfilled the morphologic and serologic domains as per the IPAF consensus criteria and 31% patients had features in all three domains. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia was the most common pattern observed in 77% patients. Raynaud's phenomenon and inflammatory arthritis were the predominant autoimmune features. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was documented in 60% of patients on echocardiography. Positive ANA at 1:320 dilution was present in all 26 patients tested, whereas extractable nuclear antigen and MSA assays detected autoantibodies in 49% and 51% of patients respectively. IPAF predominantly affected females in the age group of 50 years and above, with varied autoimmune manifestations and autoantibody profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which results in a cytokine storm, and immune‐modulators like Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) might ameliorate coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) related cytokine storm. Therefore, the present study evaluates whether MIP offers an advantage in the treatment of severe COVID‐19 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. A prospective MIP cohort study was conducted in chest disease hospitals in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. In the present prospective, randomized clinical study, critically severe COVID‐19 patients were divided into two groups, the MIP group (n = 105) and the best standard treatment (BST) group (n = 210). Procalcitonin, ferritin, high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein, D‐dimer levels, and interleukin levels on 5th‐day posttreatment were significantly reduced in the MIP group compared to the BST group. Compared to the BST group, 105 consecutive patients with severe COVID‐19 in the MIP group reported early weaning off ventilation, resolution of chest architecture (computed tomography [CT] scan), a significant increase in SpO2 levels, and decreased mortality with a hazard ratio: 0.234 (95% confidence interval: 0.264–2.31) (p = 0.001). MIP restored SpO2, immune/inflammatory response, normalized lung abnormalities (chest CT scan), and reduced mortality without any serious complications. However, there is a need for placebo‐controlled double‐blind and controlled clinical trials to confirm the efficacy. Highlights: Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) at a dose of 0.1 ml resulted in a significant reduction in the stay of patients in the intensive care unit and mortality in severe coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) patients.The MIP was found stronger with respect to normalization of lung architecture (computed tomography scan), a significant increase in oxygen saturation, reduction/weaning off ventilation.The concomitant improvement in biological and clinical parameters in the present offers indirect evidence of the beneficial/effective role of MIP in COVID‐19 patients.Furthermore, we could not find any adverse effect during the hospitalization of COVID‐19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: Haematological malignancy may show varied presentation in different regions of world, however, Uttarakhand lacks any recent data about them. The present study was therefore conducted to study the pattern of haematological malignancies on bone marrow examination in institute of Uttarakhand. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, over a period of 3 years. It included patients of haematological malignancies diagnosed on bone marrow examination. Patient's age, sex, clinical history and bone marrow diagnosis were noted for every case. All the data were entered into the excel sheet and statistically analysed. Results: The study included total 256 cases of haematological malignancies with male:female ratio of 1.13:1 and mean age of 39.3 years. Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (CMPN) was the most common haematological malignancy (49%) with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) being its most common type (40%). All the haematological malignancies showed male preponderance except for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mean age of CMPN was 45.81 years and of acute myeloid leukaemia was 36.92 years. Bone marrow aspirate (BMA) and trephine biopsy (BMT) together were able to diagnose 81.3% of cases of haematological malignancies. Conclusion: The study concludes that haematological malignancies present at lesser age with male preponderance in Uttarakhand. CML is the most common haematological malignancy followed by acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. BMA and BMT are complimentary to each other for diagnosis of haematological malignancies and should be used together to avoid missing of any case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of dens invaginatus (DI) and palatogingival groove (PGG) in maxillary lateral incisors, and the occurrence of apical periodontitis in association with these anomalies in North Indian population. Methodology: Maxillary lateral incisors in 163 cone-beam computed tomography scans were assessed to determine the presence of DI and PGG. Anomalies identified were then classified as per Oehler's and Gu's classification, respectively. Their side and gender predilection and association with apical and lateral radiolucency was also studied. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive data were reported as percentages. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the association with gender and side predilection. Results: DI was present in 13.5% of the scans, while PGG was present in 7.3% of the scans. No significant gender and side predilection was observed. 6.67% of lateral incisors with DI and 25% of lateral incisors with PGG had an associated apical radiolucency. 33.33% of lateral incisors with PGG had an associated lateral radiolucency. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of DI and PGG in maxillary lateral incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, relatively little is known about sex worker mothers' beliefs regarding sexual health communication with their children. Using qualitative data collected in Kolkata, India, this study used the Parent Expansion of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to examine sex worker mothers' beliefs about sexual health communication and factors shaping these beliefs. Sex worker mothers' beliefs about sexual health communication were shaped by societal norms and collectivising processes often driven by Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC), a sex workers' collective in Kolkata, India. Specifically, we found that challenging stigma, assuming ownership over one's body and health, and making relevant material resources and knowledge accessible and meaningful were key in supporting mothers to overcome barriers around sexual health communication. These collectivising processes shaped mothers' beliefs about sexual health communication and facilitated their ability to engage in it. Future research, policies and programmes should consider the far-reaching impact of community-led structural interventions on sex worker mothers and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To compare the efficacy of innovator ranibizumab (iRBZ—Accentrix, Novartis, India) vs. biosimilar ranibizumab (bRBZ, Razumab-Intas, India) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) in an Indian population. Methods: Data of patients with DME who underwent at least three injections of iRBZ or bRBZ and had a minimum of 6 months follow-up were obtained from an electronic database. Choice of injection depended upon the patient. Pro re nata (PRN) protocol from baseline was used with reinjections advised if the central macular thickness (CMT) was at least 300 μm and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40 or worse. Primary outcome measure was comparison of change in BCVA at 6 months between iRBZ and bRBZ. Results: We included 264 eyes in the iRBZ group and 69 eyes in bRBZ group, which were comparable for baseline characteristics. Mean BCVA improved from 0.64 ± 0.39 logMAR to 0.47 ± 0.31 logMAR (p < 0.001) in the iRBZ group and from 0.71 ± 0.42 logMAR to 0.50 ± 0.29 logMAR in the bRBZ group (p < 0.001) at 6 months. There were no differences in BCVA between the two groups (p > 0.05 for all time points). The CMT reduction in the iRBZ group (120 ± 196 µm) was comparable to that in the bRBZ group at 6 months (105 ± 187 µm) (p = 0.69). There was no difference in the mean number of injections taken (3.81 ± 1.2 in iRBZ vs. 3.55 ± 1.2 in bRBZ) (p > 0.05) between groups. Vision at baseline was the only factor associated with vision at last follow-up after adjusting for CMT at baseline, type of injection, and number of injections. Conclusions: Biosimilar RBZ is similar to innovator RBZ in improving vision and reducing CMT in eyes with DME in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While existing indices of gender equality measure the role of women's status and position, they inadequately contextualize the broader construct of patriarchy, a social system that underlies many gender inequitable practices. An index capturing patriarchy may afford increased understanding of this social system, and may serve to complement other gender equality indices. This paper involves the development and testing of a novel composite measure, the India Patriarchy Index, to quantify the social and ideological construct of patriarchy using empirical data on family structure and gender roles. Using data from India's National Family Health Survey, we develop an India Patriarchy Index to measure gendered social positioning in families based on sex by age, patrilocality, sex ratio imbalance among offspring, and gendered economic roles. Psychometric testing demonstrates good internal reliability and construct validity of this index, with validity indicated by its association with three gender equality indices used in India. Spatial and temporal analyses further indicate much state-level variation in India Patriarchy Index scores as well as slow change on this indicator over time, based on time trend analyses from 1992–93 to 2015–16. Results demonstrate the utility of the India Patriarchy Index to measure and track gender equality progress in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contacts of leprosy patients have an increased risk of infection with Mycobacterium leprae. Contact tracing and chemo- or immunoprophylaxis are important means of preventing leprosy transmission. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis with Mycobacterium indicus pranii vaccine in reducing anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 titers in household contacts of leprosy patients. Methods: This prospective single-center study was conducted in a tertiary care center in North India from January 2015 to December 2016. Contacts of leprosy patients (both paucibacillary and multibacillary) were screened for anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 antibodies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Those found positive were given immunoprophylaxis with a single dose of Mycobacterium indicus pranii vaccine, and anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 titers were evaluated at six and 12 months. All contacts were clinically followed for three years. Results: Of the 135 contacts of 98 leprosy patients that were screened, 128 were recruited. Seventeen of these contacts were positive for anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 antibodies and were given Mycobacterium indicus pranii vaccine. Two contacts were lost to follow-up. After immunoprophylaxis, anti-phenolic glycolipid-1 titers were negative in all patients at all intervals, and no contact developed any clinical signs or symptoms of leprosy during the three-year follow-up. Limitations: The small number of contacts studied, the short follow-up period and the absence of a control group were limitations of this study. Dicussion: We could not find any papers on natural decline of PGL 1 titres in contacts, although in leprosy patients, these titres may even increase after completion of treatment. However the titres do correlate with bacterial load (reference: Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1998 Sep;66(3):356-64) so if the tires decrease or become negative it may be considered as an indirect evidence of bacillary clearance. Hence we may suggest the protective efficacy. Furthermore, as the editor mentioned, considering the small number of positive patients, a control group was not possible in the present pilot study, but such studies may be carried out in the future. Conclusion: Immunoprophylaxis with Mycobacterium indicus pranii vaccine is effective and safe in preventing disease in contacts of leprosy patients. However, these findings need to be replicated in larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Doctors are often been judged negatively as a consequence of high expectation and demand from their job and face violence at workplace. Continuous worry of facing aggression at workplace may seriously affect job satisfaction and intention to job turnover. However, the association between workplace safety and job satisfaction had not been studied earlier in India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors from November 2019 to April 2020 using a pre-tested, semi-structured, anonymous "Google forms" based questionnaire among doctors working in private and/or public healthcare settings across India. Perception of safety was assessed by scoring in a scale. Cronbach's coefficient of the scale was calculated to be 0.88. Job satisfaction was assessed using the 5-item Brayfield and Rothe measure of job satisfaction. Cronbach's coefficient of the scale was 0.76. The data was coded and analyzed with the help of STATA-12. Results: 617 doctors practicing modern medicine participated in this study from all over India. 262 (42.5%) doctors were found to be satisfied at their job. Perception of safety at workplace was found to have 2.5 times greater influence on job satisfaction of doctors. 23.2% of the doctors expressed job turnover intention which was positively correlated with job satisfaction and perception of safety. Conclusion: Perception of safety from workplace violence was found to have significant effect on job satisfaction and turnover intention than actual violence. Appropriate strategy may be undertaken to address this apprehension at workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study molecular diversity and genomic heritage of the Meitei community of Manipur using 20 autosomal gene loci markers. Blood samples were collected from 120 unrelated, healthy individuals of the Meitei population following ethical standards. DNA was extracted using the Phenol chloroform organic extraction method and amplified using the PowerPlex® 21 system. Genetic profiles of the individuals were generated using the Genetic Analyser 3500XL following the recommended protocol. The studied population showed Observed Heterozygosity (Hobs) from 0.583 (TH01) to 0.90 (D6S1043) among all the studied loci. The discrimination power and exclusion power for all the studied loci were found to be 1 and 0.9999999988, respectively, with the maximum power of discrimination being found at Penta E locus. All the studied loci showed a high degree of matching probability and paternity index of 2.83 × 10−24 and 7.35 × 108, respectively; these are high-level statistical values and indicate that these loci might play a very important role in the application of DNA reports in the courts of justice. The studied population showed a relatively closer genetic affinity with Newar, Kathmandu, and Han Chinese populations compared with the South and West Indian populations. The outcomes of this study will enrich the STR database of the Indian population and this is the first global report on genetic diversity in the Meitei community of Manipur, India, at 20 autosomal STR genetic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Intracameral antibiotics are known to reduce the incidence of acute endophthalmitis. Various drugs are available for intracameral use. This prospective study was carried out to compare the efficacies of intracameral cefuroxime and moxifloxacin prophylaxis in reducing the incidence of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in rural India.Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, comparative, interventional study. Between October 2016 and March 2018, 15 eye care facilities spread over four Indian states were preselected to use either of the intracameral antibiotics, cefuroxime or moxifloxacin, following cataract surgery (phacoemulsification or manual small incision cataract surgery, SICS). The main outcome measure was the occurrence of acute clinical endophthalmitis within six weeks of the surgery. This was compared with the earlier rate of endophthalmitis in the same locations.Results: The study was done in 42,466 eyes. Of the total, 42.2% received intracameral cefuroxime and 57.8% received intracameral moxifloxacin. SICS was performed more often. Clinical acute endophthalmitis occurred in 15 eyes. This accounted to a 72.22% reduction, from the earlier 0.126% to 0.035%, of postcataract surgery acute endophthalmitis. The reduction in the incidence of endophthalmitis after intracameral cefuroxime was 0.017% and that after intracameral moxifloxacin was 0.049%. With either intracameral antibiotics, the reduction in incidence was statistically significant (P < 0.001), but not between the molecules. Intracameral cefuroxime showed 66.67% reduction and intracameral moxifloxacin showed 74.74% reduction.Conclusion: A 3.6-fold decrease in postcataract surgery endophthalmitis was observed upon the use of intracameral antibiotics in rural India. Both intracameral cefuroxime and moxifloxacin proved efficacious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchoscopic device closure plays a significant role in the nonsurgical management of bronchopleural fistulae (BPF). Herein, we describe our 10-year experience in the management of postoperative BPF using various device closure modalities. This is the largest series of bronchoscopic device closure of BPF being reported from India. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of data of patients who underwent bronchoscopic device closure with various techniques for the management of postoperative BPF. In total, 11 patients (six males and five females) with a mean age (±standard deviation) of 42.72 ± 14.40 years with BPFs were treated with various bronchoscopic interventions for BPF closure. We used various devices such as endobronchial coils, occluder devices, and covered tracheobronchial self-expandable stents for BPF closure depending on the size of air leaks. We describe the various devices used, technique, and outcome of bronchoscopic management of BPF. Results: All our patients had developed BPFs postoperatively. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common etiology seen in nine of our patients. All the devices were placed using a fiberoptic bronchoscope, and all patients were followed up for a minimum duration of 6 months. We successfully localized and closed BPFs in nine (81.81%) of our patients. Conclusions: Bronchoscopic device closure can be a successful strategy to manage postoperative BPF with minimal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are multiple economic, psychological, and physical consequences of high job stress, low job satisfaction and burnout in faculty of a teaching hospital in South India. Data from developing countries on these domains are sparse. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study we assessed the prevalence and sources of perceived job stress, job satisfaction and burnout in faculty, as well as ways of coping with stress among consenting faculty of a large, private, charitable, teaching hospital in India using standardized, self-rated questionnaires. Results: A total of 304 respondents, 156 (51.3%) were Assistant Professors; 71 (23.4%) were Associate Professors, and 77 (25.3%) were Professors. The majority (175; 58%) were male, younger than 45 years (235; 76%) and from clinical departments (248; 81.5%) A third (96; 31%) reported high overall levels of perceived job stress. In multivariate analyses, age less than 45 years, designation as Assistant or Associate Professor, and working in a clinical department were associated with perceived high job stress; reporting high perceived job satisfaction was protective. Nearly two-thirds (217; 71.4%) of faculty reported high levels of job satisfaction. In multivariate analysis, age less than 45 years and reporting high job stress were associated with low perceived job satisfaction. Causes of stress and satisfaction differed by age, gender and designation. On the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), 88 (29%) had high scores on the emotional exhaustion subscale, 63 (20.8%) had high scores on the depersonalization subscale, and 90 (29.7%) had low scores on the personal achievement subscales. High job stress and low job satisfaction were significantly associated with burnout on the three domains. Conclusions: High job stress and low job satisfaction were inversely related in this survey of medical faculty and were significantly associated with levels of burnout. The sources of job stress and job satisfaction identified provide insights that could inform formal institutional mechanisms to prevent burnout in doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study based on 20 autosomal STR polymorphism reveals the genetic diversity of the Jat population of Delhi, India (n = 120). A total of 240 alleles were observed for this study. The allele frequency ranged from 0.004 to 0.508. The studied loci followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and the heterozygosity ranged from 0.658 to 0.908. The locus Penta-E was found the most polymorphic and discriminating in the studied population with the value 0.910 and 0.981, respectively, whereas the locus TPOX was found least polymorphic and discriminating with the value 0.612 and 0.833, respectively. The combined paternity index (CPI) was 1.46 × 109, and the probability of match (CPm) was 2.68 × 10−25 for all 20 autosomal STR loci. The generated data adds to the Indian population database. It will be used for forensic purposes and in other population-based genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find out the genetic diversity in the eastern Indian population of Odisha consisting of various linguistic and ethnic groups, we undertook a study on 508 unrelated healthy individuals belonging to Odisha, India. We assessed genetic variation and compared the data with published literature of Indian population consisting of different ethnic groups from different geographical areas using 21 autosomal STR markers. The most polymorphic and discriminatory STR locus in the studied population was found to be SE33 with the calculated values of 0.94 and 0.991 respectively for both the parameters. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) and combined power of exclusion (CPE) were found to be 1 and 0.999999999704865 respectively. The combined probability of match (CPm) and combined paternity index (CPI) for all 21 autosomal STR loci were found to be 8.01 × 10−26 and 3.45 × 109 respectively. Though, the studied eastern Indian population of Odisha shared its closest genetic affinity with nearest Indian geographical regions, i.e., the population of Jharkhand which is geographically located in eastern India as well as the Central Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is a major contributing determinant in the development of ischemic heart diseases, stroke, and other vascular diseases. It increases the risk of mortality amongst the geriatric population. Aims & Objectives: To assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in geriatric rural population residing in a hilly district of Uttarakhand state, India. Material & Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015 - 2016 in District Nainital, Uttarakhand. A list of all villages with their population in the district was developed. From this list, thirty villages were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method. From each village 30 geriatric subjects were selected. A total of 1003 geriatric subjects aged 60 years and above were included in the study. The data was collected on socio demographic profile and lipid profile from all the enrolled subjects. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was assessed using National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) criteria. Result: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 50.6%. A total of 26.3% participants had hypercholesterolemia, 34.2% had hypertriglyceridemia and 23.5% had high LDL levels. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in women compared to men. Conclusion: High prevalence of dyslipidemia was found amongst geriatric rural population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global leprosy situation has changed significantly over the last four decades after the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) in 1982 with a reduction in prevalence from over 5 million cases in the mid-1980s to less than 200,000 at the end of 2016. The programme in India also saw a reduction from a prevalence rate of 57.8/10,000 in 1983 to less than 1/10,000 by the end of 2005 when India declared to have reached the World Health Organization (WHO) target of elimination as a public health problem. Post 2005, major changes in the programme were made by the National leprosy eradication programme (NLEP) and the global leprosy programme, which may have affected the new case detection (NCD), disability, and child leprosy trends, which continue to show no appreciable regression. This article reviews the current global and Indian leprosy scenario to bring out its achievements and successes, including the impact of Leprosy Case Detection Campaigns (LCDC) on leprosy numbers. The basis and expected benefits of recent introduction of chemo and immune-prophylaxis in the programme are also discussed. It also discusses the shortcomings, the areas of concern, and the need for an inclusive strategy in the Indian leprosy programme that includes an intersectoral collaboration within the country for reaching the desired goal of leprosy eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India attained the elimination figure of less than 1 case of leprosy per 10,000 people during December 2005. Despite this, India still accounts for the largest number of new leprosy cases in the world, maintaining more than 50 per cent of the leprosy burden of the world, notwithstanding over three decades of use of multidrug therapy. The present review analyzes the process of execution of the elimination program, identifies any lacunae therein and presents corrective measures that could be taken up for elimination of the disease from the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Job satisfaction greatly determines the productivity and efficiency of human resources for health. The current study aims to assess the level of satisfaction and factors influencing the job satisfaction among regular and contractual health-care workers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from January to June 2015 among health care workers (n = 354) at all levels of public health-care facilities of Chandigarh. The correlation between variables with overall level of satisfaction was computed for regular and contractual health-care workers. Stepwise multiple linear regression was done to elucidate the major factors influencing job satisfaction. Results: Majority of the regular health-care staff was highly satisfied (86.9%) as compared to contractual staff (10.5%), which however was moderately satisfied (55.9%). Stepwise regression model showed that work-related matters (ß = 1.370, P < 0.01), organizational facilities (ß = 1.586, P < 0.01), privileges attached to the job (ß = 0.530, P < 0.01), attention to the suggestions (ß = 0.515, P < 0.01), chance of promotion (ß = 0.703, P < 0.01), and human resource issues (ß = 1.0721, P < 0.01) are strong predictors of overall satisfaction level. Conclusion: Under the National Rural Health Mission, contract appointments have improved the overall availability of health-care staff at all levels of public health facilities. However, there are concerns regarding their level of motivation with various aspects related to the job, which need to be urgently addressed so as to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim:To estimate population parameters based on allele frequencies obtained for 15 polymorphic autosomal STR loci investigated in caste and tribal populations of central India (n = 419). Methods:Multiplexed PCR amplifications of the 15 Autosomal STR Loci were performed and amplified products were genotyped using multi-capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 3100 genetic analyser. Parameters of population genetics and forensic interest based on the allele frequencies were calculated. Genetic affinity of the studied populations among themselves and with previously reported populations of India was also analysed using distance-based NJ tree and using PCA plot. Results:All the 15 STR loci were highly informative and discriminating, with CPD of 0.999 99. Except for Brahmins and Rajput, all other studied populations were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The only tribe (Gond) population studied showed significant variation with the other four caste populations (Brahmin, Yadav, Rajput and Muslim) studied and formed a cluster with other previously reported tribal populations of India. Nei’s genetic distance based clustering pattern of the NJ tree and the PCA plot showed the same pattern of genetic relationship, i.e. caste and tribal populations formed a distinct cluster. Conclusions:With respect to the distribution of alleles at each STR locus, the studied loci were found to be substantially polymorphic in all the studied populations, indicating good informativeness of all 15 STR markers. The population data generated in this study are useful for forensic, anthropological and demographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Aims: Work-related stress is common among medical caregivers and concerns all perioperative care providers. Although anesthesiologists are known to experience stress, there are limited Indian data addressing this issue. This survey was conducted among Indian anesthesiologists to determine their awareness about work stress and views regarding prevention programs. Material and Methods: A survey questionnaire was distributed to delegates visiting the exhibits at the national anesthesiology conference in 2011. The questionnaire had ten questions on the work pattern, five on work-related stress, nine on opinion regarding the need and willingness to participate in stress-related programs. Results: There were 1178 responders. Forty-three percent were faculty in medical institutions, 26% were residents and 25% were in free-lance practice. Ninety-one percent of participants rated their stress as moderate-extreme. There was a significant correlation between the amount of stress and working for more than 8 h (P < 0.001), handling high risk patients (P = 0.002), working on weekends (P = 0.002), and carrying work back home (P < 0.001). Forty-one percent of respondents were very satisfied professionally. Seventy-six percent of doctors agreed that the questionnaire had made them think about work stress. Eighty-four percent of participants felt the need for stress management programs and 69% expressed their willingness to participate in the same. Conclusion: The majority of participants rated their stress as moderate-extreme and was higher in anesthesiologists working long hours, over the weekend and those handling high-risk patients. A majority of participants felt the survey made them think about work-related stress and expressed their willingness to participate in stress management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the statistical forensic parameters were evaluated for the loci present in PowerPlex 21 autosomal and PowerPlex 23 Y-STR multiplex systems in 168 unrelated individuals living in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The combined discrimination power (CPD) and combined exclusion power (CPE) was 1 and 0.999999 respectively for all 20 autosomal STR loci. Penta E showed the greatest (0.980) and CSF1PO showed the lowest (0.855) power of discrimination in the studied population. The haplotype diversity for 23 Y-STR loci was observed to be 0.999. The study also presents the first global report on polymorphism on D1S1656, D6S1043 and D12S391 autosomal STR loci in the Indian population. The resulting data revealed that these STR multiplex systems are highly polymorphic and can be used for forensic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLc) is widely recognized as an established cardiovascular risk marker. Different formulae have been proposed for calculation of LDLc but have not been validated in Indian population and over a wide range of Triglycerides (TG). Friedewald formula is most commonly used which has various shortcomings. Aim: To calculate LDLc using various formulae and compare it with directly measured LDLc at various ranges of TG concentration in Indian population. Materials and Methods: One year lipid profile data of 21,503 samples was taken. Calculation of LDLc was done by the following formulae: Friedewald; Cordova and Cordova; Vujovic; Ahmadi; Anandaraja; Puavillai and Hattori. Comparison of calculated LDLc with directly measured LDLc was done at following TG ranges: <150mg/dL; 151-199mg/dL; 200-399mg/dL and >400mg/dL using Pearson's correlation coefficient and two-paired t-test. Results: For TG range <150mg/dL, Puavillai formula correlated best with direct measurement (r = 0.978). For TG range 151-199mg/dL, Vujovic formula correlated best with direct measurement (r = 0.977and mean difference of -1.2 mg/dL). For TG range 200-399mg/dL, Vujovic formula correlated best with direct measurement (r = 0.968). For TG range >400 mg/dL, Vujovic formula correlated best with direct measurement (r = 0.791). Conclusion: Vujovic formula appears to be more accurate than any other formula when applied to Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the tropical medicine research trends in India. He mentions that the country has contributed about 70% out of 2.5 million reported cases of malaria in South East Asia. He is critical on the highest tuberculosis burden in India which accounted for one fifth of the global incidence. He also notes the emergence of tropical medicine as an independent specialty in the country.

Background: Lactobacilli are gatekeepers of vaginal ecosystem impeding growth of pathogenic microbes and their diversity varies across populations worldwide. The present study investigated diversity of human vaginal microbiota among females of Northeast India, who are distinct in dietary habits, lifestyle, and genomic composition from rest of India. Results: Altogether, 154 bacterial isolates were obtained from vaginal swab samples of 40 pregnant and 29 non-pregnant females. The samples were sequenced for 16 s rRNA gene and analysed for identification using a dual approach of homology search and maximum likelihood based clustering. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed the isolates belonging to 31 species. Lactobacilli constituted 37.7% of the bacterial isolates with 10 species and other Lactic Acid Bacteria (39.61%) represented another 10 species, some of which are opportunistic pathogens. The remaining of the communities are mostly dominated by species of Staphylococcus (14.28%) and rarely by Propionibacterium avidum (3.90%), Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, Janthinobacterium lividum, and Kocuria kristinae (each 0.64%). Interestingly Lactobacillus mucosae and Enterococcus faecalis, which are globally uncommon vaginal microbes is found dominant among women of Northeast India. This tentatively reflects adaptability of particular Lactobacillus species, in distinct population, to better compete for receptors and nutrients in vaginal epithelium than other species. Further, intrageneric 16S rRNA gene exchange was observed among Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and two species of Lactobacillus, and deep intraspecies divergence among L. mucosae, which pinpointed possibility of emergence of new strains with evolved functionality. Lactobacilli percentage decreased from young pregnant to aged non-pregnant women with maximum colonization in trimester II. Conclusion: The study highlighted importance of assessment of vaginal microbiota, Lactobacillus in particular, across different population to gain more insight on female health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Renal function reserve is the ability of the kidney to increase its GFR when stressed. Donor nephrectomy has been shown to demonstrate renal function reserve in remaining kidney. After unilateral nephrectomy the remaining kidney increases its GFR by 25% to 40% within four weeks. Factors affecting the renal function reserve of the remaining kidney include pre nephrectomy GFR, age, and gender. Our objective was to study these factors in the Indian donors and compare it with western literature. Methods: Kidney donors undergoing surgery in Army Hospital over a period of two years had their GFR estimated using DTPA scintigraphy at two times, pre nephrectomy and one month post nephrectomy. Data was analyzed to asses renal function reserve of the remaining kidneys and compare the increase in GFR with respect to age and gender. Results: GFR increased in 71 patients, remained same in 2 patients and decreased in 7 patients. 1 month post nephrectomy GFR of the remaining kidney increased by19.3%. GFR in male and female donors increased by17.5% and 20.43% respectively. The GFR increased by 32.14% in 18-30 yrs, 15.8% in 31-40 yrs, 12% in 41-50 yrs, 20% in 50-60yrs and by 13% in above 60 yrs group. Conclusions: Renal function reserve in Indian donors is less than their western counterparts. Primary factor predictive of post nephrectomy GFR is the pre nephrectomy GFR, age and gender are other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: A long forgotten JJ stent is encountered rarely in urological practice. Management of such a case is difficult due to stent encrustation. We report the longest forgotten stent to the best of our knowledge after a comprehensive literature search. Methods: A 48 years old lady underwent right ureterolithotomy with JJ stenting 15 years back at Mumbai. She presented with right flank pain and Dysuria. Plain radiograph revealed a right JJ stent in situ with heavy stone encrustation along its whole length. IVU revealed bilaterally normally functioning renal units with mild right hydronephrosis. She underwent right ureteric meatotomy and URS with intracorporeal lithotripsy and JJ stent removal with JJ stenting. A plain radiograph after one month revealed stone fragments aggregated at the lower end of right Ureter with JJ stent in position. She underwent URS with intracorporeal lithotripsy with JJ stenting again. Results: Repeat radiograph showed some fragments still in the lower ureter and she has been planned for third stage surgery. Conclusion: Long forgotten JJ stents can be managed using minimally invasive surgery. Morbidity is reduced but multiple staged procedures may be required. We propose that a stent registry should be maintained at every urological centre so that every stent is accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]