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The present study explores the status of nuclear energy developments for generation of electric power. Notably, India's pivotal role in advancing nuclear technology is highlighted, particularly with the development of a cutting-edge nuclear Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology-based power plant. India has been developing the latest nuclear Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology-based power plant having power generation capacity 10 times higher than the existing nuclear power plants. The review incorporates the most important component of the FBR system i.e. cold trap. Model Sodium Cold Trap (MSCT) is used by India to demonstrate the regeneration of secondary sodium cold trap.The development, advancements and challenges towards the Model Sodium Cold Trap (MSCT) are discussed in detail. It is possible to increase the maximum in-situ regeneration of MSCT up to 82%. This paper also reviews status of energy production using renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Finally, the scope in the advancements of nuclear reactor technology and related future opportunities has also been included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of Citrus indica Yu. Tanaka, which is considered a native and endangered species in northeast India. Moreover, C. indica seeds do not germinate well in their natural habitat, and the species does not have a good commercial standing in terms of valuable metabolite synthesis. Therefore, an efficient quick-growth method with improved phytochemical synthesis has been accomplished. For mass production employing micropropagation with embryos as explants, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with 0.2 µM, 0.4 µM, and 0.6 µM of SNP, 3.0 µM of 6-benzylaminopurines (BAP), and 4.0 µM of thidiazuron (TDZ). The results showed that 0.4 µM of SNP alone or in conjunction with 3.0 µM of BAP was sufficient to improve morphological characteristics. In addition, established clones were examined for membrane stability by measuring electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as photosynthetic pigment and carotenoids. In almost all the cases, high values were recorded when 0.4 µM of SNP was used, either singly or in conjunction with 3.0 µM of BAP in the MS medium. Clonally produced plantlets were also subjected to phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, wherein these tests also revealed incorporation of SNP exhibited enhanced phytochemical concentrations and antioxidant activities. This research can thus be used to mass produce in vitro plantlets with considerably higher quantities of secondary metabolites, which may make them more resistant to environmental challenges than their natural counterparts without treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to determine woody species composition and diversity in sub-temperate forests of Darjeeling Himalaya. In order to collect data, sample plots sized 20 m × 20 m were deployed and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of all woody species was measured. A total number of 609 individuals belonging to 30 families under 41 genera and 51 species were encountered. The most frequently occurring species were Cryptomeria japonica, Lithocarpus fenestratus, L. pachyphyllus, Quercus glauca, Eriobotrya dubia, Syzygium kurzii, Alnus nepalensis, Exbucklandia populnea and Magnolia lanuginosa. The values of Shannon and Menhinick indices were 3.870 and 2.067 respectively. Similarly, dominance was estimated as 0.022 while evenness showed a value of 0.984. Furthermore, the total basal area estimated was 186.632 m² ha-1 and the importance value index ranged from 2.013 to 16.855. Moreover, dominance-diversity (d-d) curve showed a log-normal species distribution. The regeneration status of dominant woody saplings revealed that 40% showed good regeneration, 20% had poor regeneration while 40% lacked regeneration. These findings provide an enhanced understanding of woody stands diversity and composition in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the problem of fluorosis has arisen in semi-urban and rural areas due to the intake of groundwater. The development and application of zinc oxide nanocomposite recently received a lot of attention for fluoride ion removal. Nanotechnology and nanocomposites are widely used by researchers to treat wastewater and control water pollution. Rice husk is extensively found in rice-producing countries such as India that contributes about twenty-two percent of worldwide rice production. Rice husk is used to synthesize nanocellulose using chemical and mechanical approaches. To increase the effectiveness, nanocellulose was modified and coated with a zinc oxide layer to form nanocomposite by chemical precipitation method. Functional groups and morphological, structural, and surface area analysis were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, XRD, and BET. Results revealed that zinc oxide modification on nanocellulose was observed at 440.29 cm−1 and 616.94 cm−1. Maximum fluoride ion removal was achieved at varied initial ion concentrations 2 ppm (86%), 5 ppm (84%), 8 ppm (82%), 10 ppm (80%), 13 ppm (76%), and 15 ppm (75%) at pH 5 using 0.8 g/50 ml at 30°C in 60 min using zinc oxide nanocomposite in the batch study. The isotherm model's best-fitted order was Langmuir (R2=0.999) > Sips (R2=0.996) > Baudu (R2=0.993) > Fritz-Schluender (R2=0.992) > Freundlich (R2=0.986). A pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2=0.989) fitted well with fluoride ion adsorption data showed chemical adsorption. The thermodynamic study showed the adsorption of fluoride ions due to physical adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biodiversity data are prerequisites for the sustainable management of a forest. We used quantitative ecological tools to determine the species composition, diversity (richness and evenness), population structure, distribution patterns, and regeneration status of trees in a Tropical Moist Sal Forest of Eastern Ghats, India. For this purpose, a field inventory was conducted during 2020–2022 in sixteen 1.0 ha forest stands along a human-induced disturbance gradient. A total of 161 species (61 trees, 40 shrubs, 60 herbs) belonging to 77 families and 143 genera were recorded in the 16.0 ha of forest area. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the tree and shrub species density, basal area, species richness, and diversity along the gradient of disturbance. However, in the case of herbs, the Shannon–Weiner diversity index increased significantly (p < 0.01) with increasing disturbance levels. Irrespective of forest types and disturbance levels, the tree diameter class (10–30 cm) accounted for the highest stem density in the forest. A mixed trend was found in the case of the basal area; the >41 cm diameter class constituted the highest basal area in the Pure Sal Forest while the 10–30 cm class was in the Moist Deciduous Forest without Sal. Tree species richness was found higher in lower diameter classes. Disturbances impacted the distribution pattern of trees; in the Pure Sal Forest, the contagious distribution of trees were 61.54%, 40%, and 12.5% in undisturbed, low-disturbed, and moderately disturbed sites, respectively. The percent of trees showing random and regular distribution increased with the increased level of disturbance in all forest types. The number of tree species having good regeneration decreased with the increased disturbance intensity in all forest types. Frequent grazing, repeated forest fires, and poor soil seed banks at the Moderately Disturbed site were the main reasons for the poor/no regeneration of Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Terminalia bellerica, and some other economical species. Significant changes in structural attributes of the tree community revealed the impact of human-induced disturbances in the Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats. The disturbance mosaics promoted the growth of many invasive weed species and lianas, depleting the number of valuable species in the forest. This study suggests the adaption of sustainable biodiversity conservation approaches through the active participation of the tribal so that the remnants the Moist Sal Forests of Eastern Ghats can be controlled to prevent further degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive plant Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. King & H. Robinson has invaded majority of the temperate forests in Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Information on A. adenophora invaded forest types, their structural attributes, population demography and regeneration status are still at rudimentary level. Considering this, the present study was conducted to assess the impacts of A. adenophora on vegetational attributes and regeneration status of three forest types, viz., Oak (Quercus oblongata D. Don), Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) and Cypress (Cupressus torulosa D. Don). We selected three sites for each forest type and each site was further purposively stratified into paired sampling plots of 1 ha each i.e., A. adenophora invaded and uninvaded sites. Our results showed large densities of cut stumps or felled trees throughout invaded sites, but with fewer fire signs in comparison to uninvaded sites. In uninvaded sites, total density and basal area calculated for woody species were relatively higher than those in invaded sites, although results were insignificant (p>0.05). With the exception for Cypress forests, vegetation indices showed low woody species richness and diversity in invaded Oak and Pine forests. Also, regeneration of Q. oblongata, P. roxburghii and C. torulosa tree species did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between invaded and uninvaded sites. These insignificant differences clearly imply that A. adenophora's presence has not entirely changed the perennial plant communities in terms of composition, structure and natural regeneration. However, tree species with poor or no regeneration status requires special attention and needs management strategies involving control of invasive species in forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the rural population of South India, tooth loss affects 48.7% of people. In addition, there are now more patients with more than five congenitally missing adult teeth. This may cause a person's quality of life to decline and cause them to experience both physical and psychological discomfort. Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over a period of month using a questionnaire-based survey (February 2022). Using G-POWER software version 3.1, the minimum sample size was calculated as 100 people, considering a study with an 80% power and a = 0.5. Results: Around 59.6% have answered right when asked about the source of dental stem cells (DSCs). 13.5 percentage have no idea about sourcing of stem cells, 6.7% state dental pulp stem cell, a very small population state periodontal tissue to be the source, while a minor group state it to be from apical papilla, <1% have no idea. Conclusion: Data of this study indicate that although there is typically good awareness regarding DSCs origins, uses, and clinical research best practises, there is not a comprehensive comprehension of these topics. The respondents have shown a quite favorable attitude toward improving their understanding of DSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the population and living standard of human beings rises, energy requirement also increases rapidly. In developing country like India, a major part of energy requirement is fulfilled by thermal power‐based plants. It generates pollutant gases and water vapor responsible for global warming and other environmental problems. To overcome these problems in controlled area, a continuous experimental investigation has been performed based on the hybrid solid–liquid desiccant (HSLD) containing CaCl2 (0.33 M), lithium chloride (0.66 M), titanium dioxide (0.026 M), silicon dioxide (0.316 M), copper oxide (0.067 M) for dehumidification, and CO2 removal from the atmospheric air. In addition, CO2 removal capacity of HSLD has been performed from CO2 + air mixture containing variable CO2 to air as 0.33–5.46 (wt ratio). Present study suggest relative humidity of air is reduced from 75% to ~40% at 21.5°C. Outlet air contain 36.41, 72.83, 127.45, 200.27, 291.31, 418.76 ppm, 655.45, 1238.07, 2075.57 ppm CO2 for inlet condition of 0.33 (400.66), 0.51 (619.20), 0.75 (910.60), 0.97 (1165.56), 1.18 (1420.53), 1.44 (1730.13), 1.80 (2167.22), 2.70 (3241.72), 3.85 (4625.83) g CO2/g dry air (ppm) respectively desiccant flow rate of 6 L/min. Overall proposed HSLD could be effective for dehumidification and CO2 absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Achieving regeneration of the lost periodontal structures after surgical approach plays a major role. This healing can be interrupted due to the presence of invasive bacteria which is present in the periodontal tissues. Aim: To compare laser-assisted and conventional flap surgery using microsurgical instruments and under surgical operating microscope with hydroxyapatite graft in the treatment of intrabony defects. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomised split-mouth clinical study was conducted in Department of Periodontology at Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India, from June 2020 to December 2021. A total of 24 bilateral intrabony defects were selected for the study. Control sites (n=12) received the graft after conventional open flap debridement. In the test group (n=12), graft placement was done followed by laser irradiation with diode laser (980 nm, power: 3.0 W; frequency 2.5 KHz) for 30 seconds. The entire flap surgery procedure was performed under Surgical Operating Microscope (SOM). Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, relative attachment level, were assessed at 3 months and 6 months. Healing index was assessed after 7 days of surgery. Radiographic parameters were assessed at baseline and 6 months using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance and Paired t-tests were used in data analysis. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software. Results: Intragroup comparison showed statistical significance in all clinical and radiographical parameters (p-value<0.001). Intergroup comparison between the test and control group did not show any statistical significance in terms of plaque index, gingival index, relative Clinical attachment level, probing depth (p-value≥0.05). Intragroup comparison of the depth of defect was statistically significant in both test (p-value=0.011) and control groups (p-values=0.002). Intergroup comparison did not show any statistical significance in linear bone fill (p-value=0.1). Intergroup comparison did not show any statistical significance in defect angle (p-value=0.773). No statistical significance was obtained in percentage fill (p-value=0.074). Intergroup comparison did not show any statistical significance in the clinical and radiographical parameters. Conclusion: The additional laser irradiation at the test site did not exhibit any significant benefits in the bone regeneration. All the outcomes were similar in test and control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Costus speciosus is an important herbal insulin plant, used as an herbal cure for diabetes and is often named 'insulin plant'. • As costus could not be multiplied rapidly by conventional propagation methods, in-vitro regeneration technology was experimented with to standardize explants to produce a greater number of plants in a shorter period. • Higher frequency of the regenerated adventitious shoot was obtained from nodal segments cultured onto MS medium fortified with 0.5 mg/l Thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2.0 mg/l of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). • Leaf-derived callus results in the greatest shoot regeneration response on TDZ (0.5 mg/l) and BAP (1.0 mg/l) reinforced MS medium. Costus speciosus is being rapidly eliminated in its natural habitats in India and driven to a nearly threatened degree of extinction because of non-selective collection and over-exploitation. The commercial cultivation of C. speciosus is impeded owing to its poor seed viability, reduced germination rate, and weak rooting potential of vegetative cuttings. As costus could not be multiplied rapidly by conventional propagation methods, in-vitro regeneration technology was experimented with to standardize explants in addition to the combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to fortify the growing media that helps to produce the enormous number of plants in a shorter duration. Several kinds of explants viz., leaves and nodes were cultured into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium reinforced with different combinations and doses of PGRs. A higher frequency (51.67 ± 1.7%) of the regenerated adventitious shoot was obtained from nodal segments cultured onto MS medium fortified with 0.5 mg/l Thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2.0 mg/l of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). TDZ in combination with BAP and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) exhibited a remarkable effect on shoot multiplication and elongation. Further, MS medium with 0.5 mg/l TDZ, 1.0 mg/l 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 0.5 mg/l IAA yielded a great range of callus initiation (86.66 ± 1.6%) from leaf explants. Leaf-derived callus results in the greatest shoot regeneration (56.66 ± 1.7%) response on TDZ (0.5 mg/l) and BAP (1.0 mg/l) reinforced MS medium. Elongated shoots from node and callus cultures when inoculated with the MS medium reinforced along with 1.0 mg/l of IAA and 0.5 mg/l of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) produced optimum rooting (88.33 ± 1.66%). The rooted young plantlets were effectively acclimatized to the environmental climate and their greenhouse survival rate was 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the immemorial benefaction of man for the existence and welfare of the human race. Being an agricultural country, it is the prime source of livelihood in India. This review focused on the present scenario of Indian Agriculture with respect to crop production, factors affecting productivity, and agricultural waste-related issues in India. Agrowaste can be helpful to farmers but economic costs are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for profitable use. In this consequence, the review has presented considerable information on the alternative use of agrowaste to control water pollution. The review focused the light on the replacement of conventional chemicals with agrobased waste to develop fully green and sustainable biosorbents. It also highlighted the potential of biosorbents and biosorption technology in terms of their adsorption capacities, cost-effectiveness, binding mechanisms, and interfering factors such as pH, temperature, initial concentration, dose, and pre-treatments. Biosorption isotherms and sorption kinetics models were used for the characterization of agrowaste and developed biosorbent, and recovery of sorbent was also reviewed. The review concluded that further research is required to investigate novel biosorbents that may be a good option for bioremediation for the removal of a large range of toxic heavy metals. The utilization of plant waste as biosorbent will also open a new window of agricultural waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacred forests protected through nature beliefs have undergone successional stages to form the climax vegetation harbouring rich biodiversity. The study on the effect of population structure on the regeneration status of tree species is limited in the sacred forests. The present study was carried out in four sacred forests of Assam wherein 57 tree species belonging to 51 genera under 28 families were recorded. The correlation of girth class with species richness, density, and basal area of trees showed a significant negative relationship. One-way ANOVA on ranks proved a significant impact of girth class on the number of individuals of species, F(10) = 36.46, p < 0.05. A reverse J-shaped GBH-density distribution revealed that most species have higher individuals in lower girth classes (0–30 cm) with steady growth. The regeneration capacity of tree species in the sacred forests showed seedlings (741) > saplings (485) < adults (514). Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. and Bauhinia purpurea L. recorded as the dominant species having maximum density ha−1 in the seedling stage. Overall, the regeneration of tree species showed maximum status in 'fair' followed by 'good', 'poor' and 'not regenerating' category. Sacred forests are privileged to have rich diversity; however, considerable changes due to environmental stress or interference exerted by human activities may distress the structural and functional composition of the forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pulpotomy is the complete removal of the coronal part of the dental pulp, followed by the application of an appropriate dressing or medicament to promote healing and maintain the viability of the teeth in the dental arch. Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial properties which can be used as a pulpotomy medicament. Simvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication has recently emerged as a potential medicament in regenerative dentistry. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Hence, it can be used as a pulpotomy medicament. Aim: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of Aloe Vera paste and Simvastatin paste as pulpotomy medicament against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. faecalis Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study will be conducted in Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry at Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, in which Aloe Vera paste and Simvastatin paste will be prepared in an aseptic environment. The antimicrobial activity of simvastatin paste and Aloe Vera paste against E.faecalis and pseudomonas will be assessed using the agar diffusion method. It will be cultured overnight in brain heart infusion broth. On blood agar media, pseudomonas aeruginosa will be inoculated. 4 mm wells will be punched out on plates with a puncher and will be instantly loaded with freshly customised test materials. The agar plates shall then be incubated in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours and 72 hours before being analysed. Statistical analysis will be done using Chi-square test, ANOVA test and multiple comparision 2k test. Expected Results: Aloe Vera and Simvastatin in the paste form shall be able to show its antimicrobial efficacy as a pulpotomy medicament. Conclusion: Aloe Vera paste and Simvastatin paste shall provide antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and pseudomonas and prove to be a better pulpotomy medicament for primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors affecting successional processes are critical determinants of the structural and compositional changes in a plant community. The present study examines the role of plant traits, such as seed size and dispersal mode, habitat factors such as canopy closure, leaf litter, soil moisture, disturbance, fire frequency, and landscape forest cover, in arrival and establishment of tree species in the oak-pine forests of the Western Himalayas. For this, we compared the regeneration, abundance, and composition of tree species in pine forests (pioneer stage) with that in oak-dominated hardwood forests (climax stage). The microsite factors and landscape forest cover varied significantly between the two stages. While species diversity was comparable across seedling, sapling, and pole stages, density of regenerating individuals was relatively lower in oak forest sites. The extent of overlap in species composition between oak and pine forest sites was also found to be low for both regeneration and adult stages. The amount of forest cover surrounding the study sites (landscape forest cover) did not significantly impact regeneration. Instead, factors related to establishment were determined to be more important. Regeneration density decreased with an increase in canopy closure (light environment) and litter depth, implying their crucial role in driving the successional trajectories. When plant traits were considered, all three regeneration stages of large-seeded and animal-dispersed species were of comparable densities in pine and oak forests, suggesting an absence of dispersal or arrival limitation. However, anthropogenic disturbance was found to negatively impact density of zoochorous species while fire frequency negatively influenced the diversity of large-seeded species. Control of extractive pressures, reducing incidence of fire, and retention of protected oak stands may be necessary to enable regeneration of zoochorous and of large-seeded species and thereby, natural succession to oak-dominated hardwood forest in this human-dominated landscape. • Successional trajectory largely dependent on microsite factors. • No evidence of dispersal limitation in oak and pine forests. • Disturbance negatively affected regeneration of zoochorous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation of riparian vegetation throughout the world is a major challenge due to its various ecological functions. Assessment of degeneration of riparian vegetation structure, diversity and their subsequent restoration through screening of indigenous species are rare information from Indian perspective. The present study was designed to assess the ecology of riparian vegetation through phytosociological attributes, their subsequent restoration and management. Our results revealed that the vegetation layer of two respective rivers reflected significant variation among themselves. For two rivers, tree layer was represented by 33 species (22 families), sapling by 26 species (18 families), seedling layer by 22 species (6 families), shrub layer by 13 species (11 families) and herb layer by 21 species (15 families). Higher diversity of tree and herb layer was observed in Maini and seedling, sapling and shrub layer reflected higher diversity in Machhli site. Further, the results reveal that Machhli represented diverse vegetation size class than Maini river. Shorea robusta and Syzygium cumini reflected strong association between them with good regeneration potential in Maini and Bridelia retiosa, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu and Gmelina arborea showed strong association with good regeneration potential in case of Machhli river. The overall regeneration potential for Maini river was 31.03% and for Machhli river it was 47.62%. Our findings reflect phytosociological dynamics of riparian vegetation community under tropical condition and therefore would act as good scientific dataset from developing country perspective. Species-oriented plantation practices can give successful results for restoration of these ecological system. Such restoration practice improves the stand quality of vegetation and subsequently soil health. It also paves the way of conserving riparian vegetation through species with high regeneration potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study analyzes the tree diversity and regeneration status of species between repeated forest fires and unburned areas of the tropical dry deciduous forest of Panna Tiger Reserve (PTR), Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Fire frequency maps were prepared with the help of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images, and the study area was classified into seven fire frequency classes (B1 to B7) and one control class (B0). Five plots were laid in every fire class including the control. A total of 45 tree species belonging to 33 genera and 20 families were recorded during the study period and of these, 44, 26, and 25 species were recorded in the three-growth stages: trees, saplings, and seedlings, respectively. Of the 7873 individuals recorded, 2667, 1243, and 3963 were seedlings, saplings, and trees, respectively. Our results showed that tree species diversity was higher at moderate fire frequencies than controls, but decreased with increasing fire frequency classes. Regeneration of species was significantly different among all fire frequency classes. Certain fire-tolerant species were increasingly dominant with increasing fire frequency classes. With fires left to continue unabated, the dry deciduous forest of the Central Indian region could have lower tree diversity in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decades, regeneration patterns of forest species have played an important role in mitigating future climate impacts. This study analysed impact of disturbances due to grazing on the regeneration status of temperate reserve forest species in Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, located in Western Himalaya of India spanning a wide range of altitudes. For analysis of vegetation, quadrat method was used to assess regeneration status and level of disturbance (grazing intensity). We found that seedling and sapling density and species richness decreased with increasing altitude. Overall, a fairly good regeneration potential was observed for tree species, and few of them reported poor regeneration exclusively due to grazing disturbances at higher altitudes. The forest growing at lower altitudes showed better regeneration than the forests growing at higher altitudes. Majority of dominant and co-dominant tree species showed a reverse j-shaped curve, but Quercus semecarpifolia and Rhododendron arboreum showed an inverse j-shaped curve. The study concluded that poor regeneration of species at higher altitude could be attributed to grazing and harsh environmental factors and, therefore, recommends adoption of suitable management measures at different phases of forest reproduction for successful forest establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in Hamta Pass area of Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh, India with a focus on Betula utilis populations. Totally 16 populations of B. utilis representing four habitats and three aspects were studied. The maximum sites were represented by moist and moist, shaded habitats with northwestern aspect. Totally 188 plant species representing trees, shrubs and herbs were recorded. Acer acuminatum, Abies pindrow, Prunus cornuta and Quercus semecarpifolia were the major associated species of B. utilis in the subalpine zone of Hamta Pass. Based on importance value index five tree communities, namely A. acuminatum, A. pindrow, B. utilis, Q. semecarpifolia and B. utilis--P. cornuta mixed were identified. Among the communities, total density of trees, shrubs and herbs was recorded from 160 to 270, 300 to 515 and 21 to 33 individuals m--2 respectively. The total basal area recorded was 6.94--42.10 m2 ha--1, species richness 15--127, and species diversity for trees 0.4--0.9, shrubs 0.0--2.1 and herbs 1.7--4.2. The density and regeneration (i.e. seedlings and saplings) of B. utilis in most of the populations revealed that this species will continue to grow in the area. However, continued anthropogenic activities, climate change and other factors may cause population depletion in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson, a medicinal plant of the family Schisandraceae, is an Endangered species listed by the IUCN. A decline in population of this plant due to climate change as well as increasing human influences on the natural resources has been a matter of great concern among the researchers. In order to estimate the existing population of this plant, a field-based study employing linear transect method was conducted in four phases, May-June 2017, May-June 2018, April-May 2019, October-November 2019 covering an area of 700km² (approx.) in West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh that lies within the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. The study recorded 3,044 live individuals of I. griffithii including 1,372 seedlings, 1,358 saplings, and only 314 mature trees. Additionally, 126 dead trees were also recorded. The study confirmed that the plant has a good regeneration rate but with a poor survival rate of saplings. Besides, large-scale collection of its fruits for trade and anthropogenic disturbances in the study area appears to be the major threat to its existing population. Therefore, proper training of the local people on large-scale cultivation of this plant together with awareness towards judicious harvesting of fruits from the wild may be the significant approach to conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (Synthograft, Bicon USA) in periodontal osseous defects in comparison to open flap debridement (OFD). Method and Materials: Twelve patients showing clinical and radiographic evidence of almost identical bilateral infrabony defects were selected. The infrabony defects in the 12 patients were treated with OFD+β-TCP on one side and OFD on the other side. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline and 6 months following therapy. Results: No differences in probing depth (PD) reduction or clinical attachment level (CAL) gain were observed, although a statistically significant difference was observed for the defect fill between the two groups. Six months after therapy, sites treated with OFD+β-TCP showed a reduction in mean PD from 9.67 ± 2.35 mm to 4.00 ± 1.60 mm (P < .05), a change in mean CAL from 9.92 ± 3.15 mm to 5.00 ± 3.86 mm (P < .05), and the mean defect fill was 2.92 ± 0.90 mm. In the sites treated with only OFD, the mean PD was reduced from 7.58 ± 1.08 mm to 2.67 ± 0.65 mm (P < .05), the mean CAL changed from 6.83 ± 1.34 mm to 1.83 ± 1.64 mm (P < .05), and the mean defect fill was 0.83 ± 0.39 mm. Reduction of 5 mm in PD was observed in 5 of the 12 defects (42%); 4 of the 12 defects (33%) gained 3 mm of CAL in the test sites. PD reductions and CAL gains of 3 to 6 mm were measured in the majority of the cases (60% to 75%) regardless of treatment modality. Conclusion: Within the constraints of this study, both therapies resulted in significant PD reductions and CAL gains 6 months after surgery. Sites treated with OFD+β-TCP showed a significant defect fill compared to those treated with OFD alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• At the ecotone, A. spectabilis shows poor regeneration while R. campanulatum shows good regeneration. • Tree-ring investigation shows treeline migration upward at the rate of 10 m/decade for the past 200 years. • Tree growth climate relationship shows precipitation of current year April month is conducive for A. spectabilis. • Temperature of the previous year's September and current year's April, May shows negative relation with radial growth. • Temperature of winter month shows positive correlation with radial growth indicating the sensitivity of A. spectabilis to warming scenario. In the natural treeline ecotones, population structure and tree recruitment dynamics are strong indicators of vegetation responses to global climate change. We dendroecologically investigated age-structure, regeneration and tree-growth climate relationship of Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb. forests along an elevational gradient at high altitude treeline ecotone (3020–3450 m asl) in the Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary, western Himalaya, India. The stand age structure of A. spectabilis was determined by ring counts of tree individuals (n = 95) core and bud scar count in seedlings and saplings. Years taken to reach coring height (CBH-1.37 m) were determined by fitting height-age regression model. Range shift and radial growth-climate relationships were studied to capture the advancement rate and climatic influence on tree growth. The result shows poor regeneration of A. spectabilis and low seedlings and sapling recruitment at the treeline ecotone (∼3340 m), in contrast higher recruitment of Rhododendron campanulatum in meadows zone, forming krummholz line at ∼ 3550 m. The stand age structure shows that older tree individuals were recruited at lower elevations while younger ones were at higher elevations. The treeline migrated upward at ∼10.01 m/decade. A 263-year old ring-width chronology of A. spectabilis shows precipitation of the current year's April month was conducive for radial growth, while the previous year's September and current year's April, May temperature negatively influenced radial growth. The presence of a few A. spectabilis seedlings and saplings within the ecotone limit could be attributed to the combined response of climate change and anthropogenic factors. Despite rapid warming, A. spectabilis treeline in the Tungnath, western Himalaya, has little advanced upslope in contrast with central Himalaya. Positive correlation with winter month's (DJF) temperature indicated its sensitivity to warming scenario in western Himalaya. It appears that the beneficial effect of warming on tree growth is offset by water stress caused by increased evapotranspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lantana camara is a dominant invasive shrub in many protected areas of India including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR). We conducted a study to assess the regeneration potential of endemic native (shola) trees under different levels of Lantana infestation in the upper plateau of NBR. A total of 61 plots in a total area of 0.73ha were sampled, out of which 0.57ha was in Lantana dominated sites and 0.16ha in undisturbed shola forests. The plots were classified as per the level of Lantana infestation (intensive, moderate, and low infestation). We found that regeneration of shola trees, including endemics decreased with increasing intensity of Lantana invasion. No regeneration occurred in the intensively infested plots whereas regeneration was high in undisturbed shola forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizostachyum dullooa is a semelparous, thin walled bamboo that grows in the moist forests of India, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The species has great potential in upliftment of socioeconomic conditions of the rural areas of North East India. The long flowering interval in S. dullooa has hindered documentation of its demography and its influence on regeneration of canopy trees. We hypothesized that mass flowering and death of S. dullooa opens a window of opportunity creating space for the regeneration of canopy tree seedlings. We studied the flowering pattern and seedling demography of this species between the years 2010 and 2015 in the Barak Valley, and evaluated if seedling abundance of canopy tree species increased after the flowering event. We followed five successive seedling cohorts to determine variation in survival of canopy tree seedlings, seedling attributes [i.e., maximum height (cm), diameter (cm) and density (individuals per 0.01 ha)]. At the local scale, mast flowering extended over 4 years in small patches of about 100 m2 where flowering and non-flowering culms were often mixed. At the landscape scale, sites with mast flowering stands were interspersed with sites that did not have flowering stands indicating spatially discontinuous flowering patterns. Mortality rate of bamboo seedlings was high during the first year. At the end of the study, 15-26% of the initial bamboo seedlings in each cohort survived and S. dullooa was able to re-colonize sites it previously occupied. Mass flowering significantly increased seedling density and growth of canopy trees compared to non-flowering sites. It is concluded that flowering and death of S. dullooa facilitates the regeneration of canopy trees, with implications for the structure and function of the forest ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both natural and anthropogenic disturbances are key drivers of forest dynamics that alter species composition and diversity, which in turn determine the successional trajectory of the forests. The present study aimed to investigate the community composition, population structure and regeneration status of tree species in relation to anthropogenic disturbances in temperate pure coniferous forests of Kashmir Himalaya. Comparable forest sites with varying degree of disturbance were selected and the regeneration status of the tree species was determined by measuring the population size of seedlings and saplings. The seedling, sapling and tree density were significantly greater in the less disturbed (LD) sites as compared to the highly disturbed sites (HD). Moreover, the LD sites showed highest frequency of lower tree girth classes, resulting in the formation of an inverse J-shaped curve, while as the HD sites showed unimodal distribution with maximum number of individuals in higher girth classes. Such a shift in forest structure from inverse J-shaped to unimodal distribution alters the niche space and facilitates the colonization of non-resident oak species (Quercus baloot, Q. incana), which otherwise are component of relatively low-altitude mixed temperate forests of the region. The results of the present study provide baseline ecological indicators in characterizing and quantifying the human-driven changes in forest composition and structure; and can help in developing scientifically-informed policy tools for the effective management and ecological restoration of human-modified forest landscapes in this Himalayan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the MODIS time series NDVI datasets to detect greenness regeneration over Western Rajasthan and the Gujarat region of India. Time series analysis was applied to 17-years (2000-2016). MODIS NDVI satellite data product. Rainfall data for the same period were also analyzed to understand its impact over vegetation. NDVI time series datasets of MODIS 16-day composite proved sufficient for deriving statistically significant trend values for identifying areas of change in vegetation cover. Areas showing positive changes in NDVI trend was clearly correlated with areas which were brought under irrigational network over these areas, indicating an increase in vegetation, due to availability of water supply. Trends in NDVI were also compared with the trends in rainfall over the selected locations from Gujarat and Western Rajasthan. NDVI was positively correlated with the rainfall in both the regions. The NDVI time series trend analysis successfully detected the changes in greenness regeneration areas in Gujarat and western Rajasthan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the patterns in distribution, population density and uses of medicinal plant species in Dhauladhar mountain range of Himachal Pradesh in Indian Himalayas. The study area was stratified into three zones on the basis of forest types and altitudes. In each zone, quadrats were laid down for sampling of plant species, and the local people were interviewed for gathering information on medicinal uses of plants. A total of 184 plant species were encountered in the sampling plots, of which 86% had medicinal uses. Among woody plant species, the use of bark was highest, whereas in herbaceous species the use of leaf and root was highest for treatment of over 32 groups of diseases. In terms of density, Pinus roxburghii was the most dominant tree species in subtropical forests, which declined in temperate regions and was absent in subalpine forests. Rhododendron arboreum was the most dominant tree species in temperate region whereas in subalpine forests it was replaced by Abies pindrow, in terms of density. Berberis asiatica and Vitex negundo were the most dominant shrubs in subtropical forests besides Lantana camera, whereas Berberis lycium dominated the temperate and Juniperus indica dominated the subalpine forests. The heavy infestation of Lantana camera in sub-tropical forests has degraded the habitats of native medicinal plant species. Spearman’s correlation indicates positive correlation between local uses and density of respective medicinal plant species (P < 0.05). The results are further discussed in light of medicinal plants conservation in this part of the Indian Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Anantmoola) is an important medicinal plant of India, which is being used in many pharmaceutical as well as ayurvedic preparations. The present study deals with the development of an efficient rapid shoot regeneration along with their biosynthetic potential. Shoot cultures were established from nodes of H. indicus using Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium fortified with sucrose (3%), different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins viz. benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (Kn), auxins viz. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Optimum number of shoots (11.00 ± 0.24 shoots/explant) were observed in MS medium supplemented with combination of BA (10 μM) and Kn (5 μM). These shoots were subcultured to IAA (2 μM) supplemented medium for another eight weeks, and shoots grown in cytokinin [BA (10 μM) and Kn (5 μM)] and auxin [IAA (2 μM)] based media were analyzed for their biosynthetic potential using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Chemical fingerprinting and lupeol quantification was carried out to check biosynthetic potential. The fingerprints of the wild and in vitro samples showed similar bands in cytokinin fortified medium whereas variation in chemical constituents was observed in terms of number of peaks and band on HPTLC plate in shoots from auxin fortified medium. Maximum lupeol content (0.187 ± 0.01 mg/g) was estimated in shoots regenerated in BA (10 μM) and Kn (5 μM) which was slightly higher than wild shoots (0.185 ± 0.00 mg/g). This protocol can be utilized for mass propagation, conservation and production of lupeol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re-sprouting from roots and cut stumps as multiple sprouts after disturbance as an important regeneration mode is studied in Pterocarpus santalinus, an endemic tree of kadapa hill ranges of southern Eastern Ghats. The study was carried out in dry deciduous forests of Sri Lankamalleswara wildlife sanctuary. The inventory of different regeneration life stages - seedling, sapling, regenerating trees was undertaken in two sites namely site 1 and site 2 of one hectare each by laying transects of 10 × 100 size. The inventory has yielded a range of 198-240 seedlings ha-1, 45-58 saplings ha-1 and 38-74 regenerating plants ha-1. Among them 47% of seedlings, 71% of saplings and 7% of regenerating trees comprised of multiple shoots. It reveals that the re-sprouting of stems after a disturbance helps the plant to progress from seedling to sapling and then successfully to a regenerating tree stage. Re-sprouting was observed in both the transects affected by fire and animal browsing, but a higher level of deaths occurred due to the later disturbance. Thus, animal browsing seems to be major factor than fire that affects the seedling survival. A negative relationship between the cut-stump size class and proportion of stumps with sprouts was observed. The 51-70 cm gbh class of cut stumps has registered higher percentage of cut stumps with sprouts as well as mean sprouts per stump. Majority of fruits comprised of two locules with only one seed, the abort of one seed may be helpful to have a better dispersal advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental stem cells derived from tooth structures are adult stem cells that have received attention of researchers over the past decade. Dental stem cells can be used to regenerate dental tissues as well as non dental organs. These dental stem cells are readily accessible as compared to other sources of stem cells and can be obtained and stored for future use through minimally invasive procedures. Research in this field is growing at a fast pace and it is essential that awareness regarding the same should be present amongst professionals.Aim: This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and attitude of Indian dentists regarding dental stem cells.Material and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive, questionnaire based survey based on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) was conducted and a total of 823 dentists from Maharashtra, India participated in the survey. The Pearson's Chi-Square Test and percentages of the total were used for statistical analysis.Results and Conclusion: A total of 823 dentists completed the questionnaire survey; out of which 396 were male and 427 were female. Maximum respondents (53%) were dental graduates, followed by post graduates (45%) and PhD (1.7%). Data from the study revealed that there is good awareness regarding stem cells in general. However; the awareness, knowledge regarding sources, applications, uses and clinical research guidelines regarding dental stem cells is lacking amongst most dentists. Despite this lack of knowledge, dentists are keen on updating their knowledge regarding dental stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assesses distribution and population status of Saraca asoca from Sahyadri-Konkan ecological corridor. Eighteen localities at various protection levels ranging from wildlife sanctuary to private forests were selected and spatially mapped to arrive at a distribution map. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated that the size class distribution of S. asoca from the sacred groves differed both from formally protected sites and private forest. S. asoca trees from sacred groves had the highest mean girth at breast height (GBH) values than the other two protection levels. GBH of S. asoca was in inverse proportion with the cumulative disturbance index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The treatment of molar furcation defects remains a considerable challenge in clinical practice. The identification of clinical measurements influential to treatment outcomes is critical to optimize the results of surgical periodontal therapy. The present study aimed to explore the clinical and radiographical effectiveness of autologous platelet-rich fibrin ( PRF) and autologous platelet-rich plasma ( PRP) in the treatment of mandibular degree II furcation defects in subjects with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods Seventy-two mandibular degree II furcation defects were treated with either autologous PRF with open flap debridement ( OFD; 24 defects) or autologous PRP with OFD (25), or OFD alone (23). Clinical and radiological parameters such as probing depth, relative vertical clinical attachment level and horizontal clinical attachment level along with gingival marginal level were recorded at baseline and 9 mo postoperatively. Results All clinical and radiographic parameters showed statistically significant improvement at both the test sites ( PRF with OFD and PRP with OFD) compared to those with OFD alone. Relative vertical clinical attachment level gain was also greater in PRF (2.87 ± 0.85 mm) and PRP (2.71 ± 1.04 mm) sites as compared to control site (1.37 ± 0.58 mm), and relative horizontal clinical attachment level gain was statistically significantly greater in both PRF and PRP than in the control group. Conclusions The use of autologous PRF or PRP were both effective in the treatment of furcation defects with uneventful healing of sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regeneration and adsorption of desiccant wheel for producing the dry air was experimentally investigated. The air needed for regeneration was heated in an evacuated tube solar collector with surface area 4.44 m2. The desiccant wheel is regenerated at the temperature in the range of 43.9–72.6°C. The regeneration and adsorption performances are affected by the regeneration temperature, wheel rotation, air flow rate (process and regeneration) and ambient conditions. By comparing the adsorption and regeneration performance at different air flow rate and constant rph, it was found that maximum adsorption and regeneration rates are obtained at air flow rate of 210.789 kg/h. Regeneration temperature directly affects the effectiveness of the desiccant wheel. Maximum desiccant wheel effectiveness of regeneration sector and adsorption sector is obtained at air flow rate of 105.394 kg/h. The regeneration performance of desiccant wheel with evacuated tube solar air collector is suitable for the Indian climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global and national recognition of Garhwal Himalaya as sacred and protected land has not spurred conservationists to investigate these sacred and protected forests and recognize their importance at large scales. Little is known about the role of sacred conserved forests in influencing the regeneration of species in Garhwal Himalaya. In the present study we investigated the regeneration status of tree species in five sacred and protected forests of Garhwal Himalaya. Seedling and sapling density was used as an indicator of regeneration status of present species. A total of 47 species of trees were recorded from five sacred and protected forests, among which only 7 species showed either good or fair regeneration in all the five sites, whereas a majority (17 species) showed either poor or no regeneration. The dominant species were Quercusspp.,Rhododendron arboreum, Myrica esculenta, and Lyonia ovalifolia. Sapling density ranged from 8.84 to 15.2 saplings/100 m2 and seedling density ranged from 11.36 to 18.74 seedlings/100 m2 in different study sites. Our study showed the regeneration status of lesser (auxiliary) species in the forests was low as compared to dominant ones. Girth class distribution of individuals showed a reverse J-shaped curve for all the species at all the sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Performance of cities is fundamental in growing the local economy by exploiting the opportunities for development and enhancing competitiveness. Cities engage in regeneration and business strategies linked to the property sector to advance their competitiveness. In this paper, a hierarchical model for city competitiveness linked to regeneration and business strategies is applied to five cities with different economic profile in India. The capacity of the model to evaluate the competitive performance of cities in emerging economies is assessed across three levels – cities, six operational components and 32 identified factors. The paper draws inferences concerning the linkages across regeneration strategies and property-led business strategies to advance the competitiveness of cities in India. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Myristica dactyloides is characteristic of the mid- and high-elevation evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India. Aril and seeds of the species are valuable nontimber forest products and are harvested extensively. We made visual estimates of fruit crop size in nine populations. We assessed disturbance using five variables: distance from road, method of harvesting fruits, nonforest matrix around the population, seedling regeneration, and protected area status. Unsustainable harvest and proximity to road impacted fruit crop, as did the nonforest matrix (F = 38.17 df = 5,102, p < .001). While high protection and measures against harvesting keep some populations safe, the harvest method plays a crucial role in determining total fruit production and seedling recruitment in the species. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Mangroves are most productive ecosystems of the world. These ecosystems are subjected to various anthropogenic and climatic disturbances leading to ecological degradation both in quality and quantity. The human population living around the mangrove areas depends on these natural resources for sustaining their livelihood. Bhitarkanika mangroves in Orissa located on east coast of India occupy an area of 2021 sq. km are highly diverse but witnessing decrease in vegetation cover. The influence of tidal waves coupled with anthropogenic pressure does have impact on regeneration potential of these mangrove species of Bhitarkanika. The present study was done to assess the regeneration and seedling establishment in Bhitarkanika sanctuary by collecting data on seedling recruitment for 2 years. The seedling establishment is highest in rainy season (followed by Winter and Summer seasons) due to favorable factors of low salinity and high level of nutrients. Among the species Excocaria agallocha produced maximum number of seedling across all three seasons followed by Hertiera fames, Sonneratia apetala and Avecenia officinalis. The correlation between number of seedlings and rainfall was highly significant. Old tree species in all stands are extremely limited that may be due to natural events like cyclonic storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) play a major role in the maintenance and repair of gingival connective tissue. The mitogen insulin with IGFs etc. synergizes in facilitating wound repair. Although curcumin (CUR) and insulin regulate apoptosis, their impact as a combination on hGF in wound repair remains unknown. Our study consists of: 1) analysis of insulin-mediated mitogenesis on CUR-treated hGF cells, and 2) development of an in vitro model of wound healing. Materials and Methods: Apoptotic rate in CUR-treated hGF cells with and without insulin was observed by AnnexinV/PI staining, nuclear morphological analysis, FACS and DNA fragmentation studies. Using hGF confluent cultures, wounds were mechanically created in vitro and incubated with the ligands for 48 h in 0.2% fetal bovine serum DMEM. Results: CUR alone showed dose-dependent (1-50 mM) effects on hGF. Insulin (1 μg/ml) supplementation substantially enhanced cell survival through up-regulation of mitogenesis/ anti-apoptotic elements. Conclusions: The in vitro model for gingival wound healing establishes that insulin significantly enhanced wound filling faster than CUR-treated hGF cells over 48 h. This reinforces the pivotal role of insulin in supporting CUR-mediated wound repair. The findings have significant bearing in metabolic dysfunctions, e.g. diabetes, atherosclerosis, etc., especially under Indian situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four communities, formed as a result of locally varying site conditions, were identified and studied along the timberline ecotone in part of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS). Communities on the vicinity of pilgrimage site and along gentler slopes were highly disturbed having sharp timberlines, while those located far and in the steep slopes were less affected, forming a little broader transition. The tree density ranged from 340 to 780 trees/ha, while the basal cover of communities varied greatly and ranged from 6.4 to 55.1 m2/ha. Birch dominated community had lowest basal area among all the communities, while mixed community had the highest. In all the respective communities, from subalpine zone, density and basal area was higher than that of timberline zone. The Importance Value Index (IVI), which used to determine the overall importance of each species in the community structure, of dominant species at timberline was more than 200 in all the communities, except in the mixed community. Influence of the anthropogenic disturbances was apparent on the regeneration performance of all the studied tree species. Rhododendron campanulatum was the dominant shrub species of the area and formed krummholz, while distribution of other species varies greatly with forest type. The shrub density decreased from high to low disturbance, while the herbaceous species density increased with prevalence of a few species favoring the high disturbance (grazing). The shrub and herb species richness was higher in the ecotone zone. Some uncommon species like Balanophora involucrata and Aralia cissifolia were also found at timberline. Three species of Lady's Slipper orchid were reported together from Betula utilis community at timberline ecotone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Reporting the feasibility of the Denis Browne (buried strip) principle along with tunica vaginalis (TV) pedicled wrapping of the strip in reoperative urethroplasty in hypospadias. Materials and Methods: Over a period of 5 years, 32 patients presented with failure of previous urethroplasty and the range of failure was between 2 and 6 times; mean 2.5 times. Mean age was 12.9 (range 2 to 26 years) years. "Buried strip" urethroplasty (i.e., without tubularization of urethral plate) and wrapping with TV were done along with supra pubic cystostomy (SPC) for diversion of urine. Mean follow-up was 29.8 (range 12 to 56 months) months. Results: One patient had fistula and vertical slit meatus was possible in 26 patients. The flow of urine was satisfactory in 31 patients and one patient developed pouch in penile urethra. Conclusions: The buried strip along with the additional coverage with TV was found to be simple and effective in salvaging the failed urethroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The population status and regeneration of a data-deficient tree species were examined in both protected and unprotected areas. The target species was found in six habitat types, seven aspects between 2,100- to 3,300-m altitude, and sites dominated by different species. The species was best represented in a shady moist habitat, north and northwest aspects, altitudinal range >2,700 m, and sites dominated by Acer caesium in both protected and unprotected sites; but the generalized linear model indicated nonsignificant effect of sites, habitat, altitude, and dominance except for aspects. Difference in sapling and seedling density among aspects and sites only was significant. Probability of use and resource use index indicated poor preference and less pressure as fuel. It can be concluded that the species is not under any significant threat in the study area. But, further studies on population status, regeneration, and relationship with environmental factors in a wider geographic region are suggested to evaluate species and place under suitable priority category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipterocarpaceae is one of the important timber families of Andaman Islands whose members were largely exploited for their timber in the past. The current study discusses in detail about the family Dipterocarpaceae of North Andaman forest with reference to its species composition, population structure and other ecological entities. Data was analyzed using various ecological and statistical methods. Dipterocarps were encountered in 97 plots, occupying 80% of the sampled area with 68 stems ha-1 and basal area of 8.2 m2 ha-1. Dipterocarpaceae ranked 3rd with reference to stem density (11%) and 1st with respect to basal area (18%). The family showed five species viz., Dipterocarpus alatus, D. costatus, D. gracilis, D. grandiflorus and Hopea odorata compounded from two genera - Dipterocarpus and Hopea. Keeping in view of the species demographic structure as well as regeneration status, conservative measures are suggested along with certain research questions which need immediate attention in the fragile insular ecosystems of Andaman Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, grafting has been effective among higher plants. An attempt was made to graft some commercially important red seaweeds in the shallow waters at Thonithurai, Mandapam on the south-east coast of India to study the possible effects of grafting on seaweeds. Lower group plants of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Ka), Gelidiella acerosa (Ga), Gracilaria verrucosa (Gv) and Gracilaria dura (Gd) were selected for intergeneric grafting. The graft combinations were Ka + Ga, Ka + Gv, Ka + Gd, Ga + Gv and Gv + Gd. Similarly, three different colour strains (green, red and conventional) of Ka were selected for intrageneric grafting. Four different combinations were made: R + C, R + G, G + C and R + G + C. Among intergeneric grafted plants, Ka + Ga was found attached after 29 days but could not survive after 60 days from the date of grafting whereas the plants of intrageneric grafts showed more than 80% survival rate. Grafts of R + C and G + C were attached after 3 weeks and R + G + C were attached after 25 days. There was good difference in their growth rate and the biomass yield. R + G + C gave an average yield of 443.3 g fr. wt plant-1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that intrageneric grafts between different strains of Ka had significant variations in their daily growth rate (F ratio = 1.20096E and P = 0.000). This study supports the feasibility of intrageneric grafting in seaweeds. Due to fast and easy regenerative potential, high grafting success is achievable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand natural and anthropic control of mangrove vegetation in the Gulf of Kachchh, a study was undertaken of its vegetation structure. Over 2 years (1999-2000) at three sites, mangrove vegetation was studied, including tree density, tree height, tree girth at breast height (GBH), canopy index, regeneration class and recruitment class, together with physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediment and the textural aspects of sediments. Reflecting the hot, arid hinterland of Gujarat, ambient temperatures and salinities are high in this macrotidal estuary, decreasing somewhat during the monsoon. The littoral soil supporting the mangrove is abundant in silty loam, silty clay and slity clay loam. The density of mature trees (Mangrove plants of GBH>25 cm) ranged from 2088/ha to 3011/ha, the height of the trees ranged from 1.42 m to 9 m and the maximum mean GBH at all three sites was 33 cm, and the mean canopy indices ranged between 4.77 m² and 10.45 m². The maximum density of regeneration stages was 100,800/ha while that of recruitment stages was only 3,040/ha. While quite severely impacted by anthropic exploitation at one site, the mangrove ecosystem of Gulf of Kachchh was found to be mainly healthy and supporting associated organisms. The ecological and social role of the mangrove, and the potential for its future conservation are briefly discussed in the light of current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Ecology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tropical Ecology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this short commentary, we reflect upon the fascinating paper by I.A. Niazi entitled "Background to work on retinoids and amphibian limb regeneration: Studies on anuran tadpoles -- a retrospect." originally published in J. Biosciences (1996), and herein reproduced with the kind permission of the author and the Journal of Biosciences. It is fitting that this landmark publication is included in this India-related Special Issue of the Int. J. Dev. Biol., because it sketches the background to what is arguably one of the two most significant discoveries in Developmental Biology to come from an Indian laboratory. Besides being of intrinsic interest, it spawned an entire area of research, one that deals with the role of retinoids in morphogenesis and development generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A floristic survey and structural studies of Jadkal forest, which forms a part of the Mookambika Wild Life Sanctuary, near Kolhlr, India, were carried out In the 5000 m2 study area, 103 species belonging to 46 families, of these 62 tree species belonging to 30 families, had girth at breast height (gbh) > 10 cm. The endemism is fairly high; 32 species were endemic to the Western Ghats. This secondary semi-evergreen forest with the dominance of members of Dipterocarpaceae like Hopea parviflora, H. ponga and Vateria indica is not homogeneous. Canopy characters are unique and there is no change in the forest composition towards evergreen. The regeneration in the forest is rated to be good. This forest is partly natural and partly the result of planting of H. parviflora and other tree species. Because of exploitation by the local people the forest is partially degraded which has resulted in openings in the canopy of the forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]