Search

Research premised on the construct of idioms of distress has proliferated in the last 40 years. The aim of this work is to foreground the experiential and socially adaptive functions of cultural expressions of distress around the world. Researchers who work in this field often begin from very different starting points in terms of their prior knowledge of the research context, their interest in theoretical or applied implications of their work, and the target areas of distress that they study. While this multiplicity of approaches ensures that the literature captures diverse manifestations of suffering, it also creates confusion for those who are new to the field and who may not know where to begin. This article seeks to resolve some of that confusion by identifying common conceptual challenges across the idioms of distress literature, and then providing a detailed step-by-step methodological example of an idioms of distress study in India that could be adapted for similar work in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing a scholarly research article is a critical, creative and high level intellectual work. Preparing a research paper involves following a specific process. In which a collective approach is adopted. Which stops wasting the researcher's energy and time? Authors or researchers who prepare research articles usually have to use two types of resources. Primary or first class sources and secondary or second class sources. His research article is evaluated on the basis of these references. The researcher should understand the difference between facts and ideas. The fact is that what everyone has accepted in the form of truth does not require any evidence to prove the truth the research paper presents many ideologies and different observations. If there is any kind of doubt it is confirmed so the researcher should not mix facts and ideas. Doing so lowers the level of the research article. There is no fixed structure or template for writing a research article. Each researcher writes in his own way and in a certain way. There are different methods for doing research work, such as historical research method, descriptive research method, individual study method, survey research method, comparative research method, experimental research method, methods are used. Presents. Research Objectives Research is defined and a comprehensive outline is prepared based on observations and experience. A good type of research profile helps in preparing the structure of the study. Such as 1. Chapter Details 2. Research Problem 3. Related Research-Literature 4. Research Methodology 5. Data Analysis 6. Research Conclusion and Advice / Guidance. The Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Center, Gandhinagar is an Autonomous Inter-University Center (IUC) of the University Grants Commission, New Delhi (Ministry of Education, Government of India). It is a major national program launched by UGC in March 1991 as a project under IUCAA, it became an independent inter-university center in June 1996. INFLIBNET is involved in the modernization of university libraries in India using state-of-the-art. Techniques for the best use of information. INFLIBNET is a leading organization in India to promote scholarly communication between academics and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The veterinary drugs are broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics; it uses to cure the animal disease. Many countries have banned veterinary drug residues like nitrofurans metabolites, chloramphenicol. However, the people were administrated veterinary drugs to animals as illegal to increase the milk production in animals for economic benefit. The results of illegally use of veterinary drugs remain as a residue in animal product like milk and it is very harmful to whom consume it cause cancer and allergic for human being which has entered the concern among milk consumers. To control illegal use of veterinary drugs, the government of India has restricted its use in animals. For the identification and confirmation of veterinary drug residues in animal products, analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are available. These are very sophisticated equipments which are available nowadays and their methodologies for the analytical method validation are described by European commission 2002/657/EC. The use of veterinary drugs is a big challenge to effectively identify and authorization of their use. There are so many analytical techniques are using very effectively and taking very less time to protect the consumers from their adverse effects. These techniques take very less time to identify more groups of compounds such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, anthelmintic, and macrolides in single multi-residue method. These methods having validation parameters include system precision, calibration curve, accuracy, limit of detection, and quantification. Therefore, improvement in the existing technologies and accessibility of new screening methodologies will give opportunities for automation that helps in obtaining the results in very less time and improved sensitivity and specificity which contribute to better safety assurance, standard, and quality of various food products of animal origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As teachers of writing, we carry knowledge about the centrality of students' experiences and the power of writing to provide culturally sustaining and supportive learning in uncertain times and unfamiliar teaching contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment is a pivotal element of competency-based curriculum. The implementation of competency-based undergraduate medical curriculum in India requires proper implementation of updates in assessment for which universities, colleges, and teachers need to plan and design internal assessment (IA) modules as well as guidelines. IA provides opportunity to assess many competencies and hence should be implemented judiciously. Multiple assessment methods should be used to improve utility of IA. The process should involve all the teachers of a subject and all competencies. Capacity building trainings should be organized by institutes in basic concepts of assessment as well as training in methods such as the objective structured clinical/practical examination, direct observation of procedural skills, and mini-clinical evaluation exercises. The culture of providing regular feedback needs to be instilled at institute levels. The learners who are not able to achieve competencies and required criteria in university examination should be provided predecided remedial measures for improving their performance. The article discusses all these aspects in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) have potential to sustainably address malnutrition, a growing problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Their consumption is however, limited by poor perceptions and lack of awareness of nutritional benefits. There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of community-focused information dissemination approaches in influencing participants’ perceptions and uptake of innovations in AIVs to address malnutrition. This article aims to fill this knowledge gap, using a case study focusing on pastoral communities in Monduli district in northern Tanzania. Target communities participated in a community-based nutritional outreach facilitated by the Good Seed Initiative (GSI), held at Monduli district hospital in September 2014. The results provide evidence of the achievements of the GSI intervention, and the effectiveness of alternative information dissemination approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines pivotal moments in the unfolding of a 5-year action-oriented inquiry into a concrete problem: the enclosure and eviction of the Katkari, a former “criminal tribe” and “particularly vulnerable tribal group” in rural Maharashtra, India. A property boom driven by Mumbai’s economic growth broke the patron–client relationship that provided some security for the landless Katkari, leaving them exposed to eviction from private lands and deepening their experience of inequalities grounded in practices of exclusion, exploitation, and deep-seated hierarchies. Participatory action research with and by the Katkari helped to make sense of the experience of rising inequality and guide actions that were mutually meaningful and useful. Achieving this outcome could not rely simply on mobilizing local knowledge understood as a fixed body of community views and ready-made assumptions about the problems at hand. The experience suggests that the challenge for action researchers committed to knowledge democracy is to facilitate emergent learning within and across social and cultural boundaries, building on what people know but also their capacity to learn, discover, and act on reality. This may also require scaling up participatory analysis through more advanced tools as a response to complexity and unpredictability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development field as a site for research and practice has largely escaped critical scrutiny in development studies. Accounts of the conceptualisation of the field have not been complemented with an examination of the practices that maintain the field as a site conducive to development. This paper draws on experiences working with small, local NGOs in India to examine how the field is maintained, and the underlying logic that underpins the relationship between developers and “developees”. In problematising the field, I draw attention to overlooked ethical and political implications of participatory development. Gâter la situation: réflexions sur le domaine de la recherche et du développement Le domaine du développement en tant que site pour les recherches et la pratique a largement échappé à un examen critique dans le cadre des études de développement. Les comptes rendus de la conceptualisation du domaine n'ont pas été assortis d'un examen des pratiques qui maintiennent le terrain comme un site propice au développement. Cet article s'inspire des expériences de travail avec de petites ONG locales en Inde pour examiner la manière dont le terrain est maintenu et la logique sous-jacente qui étaye la relation entre les « développeurs » et les « développés ». En problématisant le terrain, j'attire l'attention sur des implications éthiques et politiques oubliées du développement participatif. Estropear la situación: reflexiones sobre el campo de la investigación y el desarrollo El desarrollo, como ámbito para la investigación y la práctica, en buena medida ha escapado del escrutinio crítico de los estudios realizados en torno a él. Las investigaciones sobre su conceptualización no han sido respaldadas por un análisis de las prácticas que hacen que el campo sea un sitio propicio para el desarrollo. El presente artículo se basa en diversas experiencias de trabajo con pequeñas ONG locales de India. Dichas experiencias han sido realizadas para determinar de qué manera se mantiene este ámbito y, a la vez, para comprender la lógica subyacente que sostiene la relación entre sujetos y objetos del desarrollo. Al emprender esta problematización del desarrollo,la autora se centra en las implicaciones éticas y políticas pasadas por alto cuando de desarrollo participativo se trata. Estragando a situação: reflexões sobre o campo de pesquisa e desenvolvimento O desenvolvimento como área de pesquisa e prática tem em grande parte escapado de uma análise crítica em estudos de desenvolvimento. As considerações sobre a conceituação da área não têm sido complementadas por um exame das práticas que a definem como um instrumento que conduz ao desenvolvimento. Este artigo baseia-se nas experiências de trabalho com ONGs pequenas e locais da Índia para examinar como a área é mantida e a lógica subjacente que sustenta a relação entre desenvolvedores e “os que serão desenvolvidos”. Ao problematizar a área, eu chamo a atenção para as implicações éticas e políticas do desenvolvimento participativo que são negligenciadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that discussion of religion and development sees religion in over-institutionalised ways and is biased towards Christianity over other traditions. It explores this through analysis of the World Bank-sponsored study, Voices of the Poor, and the authors' own research in India. This shows that religious identities and practice can be quite fluid, especially amongst people in lower castes. People identify religion not just in terms of particular affiliations, but in relation to an underlying moral order. The extent to which religions provide welfare and moral leadership varies between religious communities and types of organisation. La vie que mène une personne : religion, bien-être et développement en Inde Ce document soutient que la discussion sur la religion et le développement voit la religion de façon excessivement institutionnalisée et présente un biais en faveur du christianisme plus que toute autre tradition. Il examine cet aspect en analysant l'étude soutenue par la Banque mondiale « Voix des pauvres » et les résultats des recherches entreprises par l'auteur en Inde. Il apparaît que les identités et les pratiques religieuses peuvent être assez fluides, en particulier parmi les membres des castes inférieures. Les personnes identifient la religion non seulement en termes d'affiliations particulières, mais aussi par rapport à un ordre moral sous-jacent. La mesure dans laquelle les religions sont source de bien-être et de direction morale varie d'une communauté religieuse à l'autre et d'un type d'organisation à l'autre. A vida que uma pessoa vive: religião, bem-estar e desenvolvimento na Índia Este artigo argumenta que a discussão sobre religião e desenvolvimento vê a religião de forma institucionalizada em demasia e possui uma inclinação para o Cristianismo em detrimento de outras tradições. Ele examina isto através de análise do estudo financiado pelo Banco Mundial, Voices of the Poor, e a própria pesquisa dos autores na Índia. Isto mostra que as identidades e práticas religiosas podem ser bastante flexíveis, especialmente entre pessoas de castas mais baixas. As pessoas identificam a religião não apenas em termos de afiliações particulares, mas em relação a uma ordem moral de base. Até que ponto a religião oferece bem-estar e liderança moral varia entre comunidades religiosas e tipos de organização. Cómo una persona vive la vida: religión, bienestar y desarrollo en India Este ensayo sostiene que el debate sobre religión y desarrollo aborda la religión desde un marco excesivamente institucional y además está sesgado hacia el cristianismo en detrimento de las otras religiones. El ensayo examina este planteamiento a través del análisis del estudio Voces de los pobres, patrocinado por el Banco Mundial, y de las investigaciones de los autores en India. Demuestra que las identidades y las prácticas religiosas pueden ser muy flexibles, en especial entre las personas de las castas inferiores. Las personas perciben las religiones no solo en términos de adscripciones particulares, sino con respecto a un orden moral subyacente. Las distintas comunidades religiosas y organizaciones proporcionan diferentes grados de bienestar y de liderazgo moral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory research is increasingly being used with poor and marginalised populations in developing countries. However, there has been relatively little attention paid to ethical considerations in participatory research. We argue that there is a need for additional strategies to promote ethically sound participatory research, especially when working with marginalised groups. We present our experiences from a participatory research initiative with an indigenous population in rural India, in which we developed and implemented a Code of Research Ethics and sought community consent as well as individual consent. The challenges that we faced and how we attempted to overcome them are also discussed. Dans le sens de recherches participatives robustes sur le plan éthique avec des populations marginales : expériences d'Inde Les recherches participatives sont de plus en plus utilisées avec des populations pauvres et marginalisées dans les pays en développement. Cependant, une attention relativement faible a été accordée aux considérations éthiques dans les recherches participatives. Nous soutenons qu'il est nécessaire d'adopter des stratégies supplémentaires pour promouvoir des recherches participatives robustes sur le plan éthique, en particulier au moment de travailler avec des groupes marginalisés. Nous présentons nos expériences d'une initiative de recherche participative avec une population autochtone dans une zone rurale de l'Inde, dans le cadre de laquelle nous avons élaboré et mis au point un Code d'éthique en matière de recherche et tenté d'obtenir le consentement de la communauté ainsi que celui des individus. Les défis auxquels nous nous sommes heurtés et la manière dont nous avons tenté de les relever font aussi l'objet d'une discussion. Em direção a uma pesquisa participativa eticamente sœlida com populaçóes marginalizadas: experiéncias da Índia A pesquisa participativa está cada vez mais sendo utilizada com populaçóes pobres e marginalizadas em países em desenvolvimento. Porém, tem havido relativamente pouca atenção a consideraçóes éticas na pesquisa participativa. Argumentamos que há uma necessidade de estratégias adicionais para promover pesquisa participativa eticamente sœlida, especialmente quando se está trabalhando com grupos marginalizados. Apresentamos nossas experiéncias a partir de uma iniciativa de pesquisa participativa com uma população nativa na zona rural da ëndia, na qual desenvolvemos e implementamos um Cœdigo de èica de Pesquisa e buscamos o consentimento da comunidade e também o consentimento individual. Os desafios que enfrentamos e o modo como tentamos superá-los também são discutidos. Hacia una investigación participativa ética con poblaciones marginadas: experiencias de India La investigación participativa se aplica cada vez más con poblaciones pobres y marginadas de los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, se ha prestado poca atención a los aspectos éticos de este tipo de investigación. Los autores sostienen que sería conveniente contar con nuevas estrategias para promover la investigación participativa con sólidas bases éticas, en especial a la hora de trabajar con grupos marginados. Los autores presentan los resultados de una investigación participativa con una población indígena del sector rural de India, donde elaboraron e implementaron un Código de Ética para la Investigación que incluía el consentimiento tanto comunitario como individual. El ensayo también expone cómo los autores afrontaron los retos que surgieron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the early stages of a funded UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) project, 'Widening Participation: Diversity, isolation or integration in Higher Education?? The project is concerned with greater equity, social justice, integration and social cohesion within the global market of higher education (HE). The main aim of this three year project is to explore the nature of social integration and separation, equality and discrimination experienced by diverse, minority, disadvantaged and under-represented students attending higher education in UK and India. In year 1 students and staff from five HEIs across both countries were invited to keep a record of what for them were important and relevant events on campus relating to the teaching, learning and social situations they encountered. Getting the target sample of 90 respondents proved difficult and the researchers were left pondering whether the record keeping method was appropriate, if there were important local differences in gaining access to participants, and if there was a general reluctance to talk about diversity issues. This paper addresses the problems encountered in gaining that initial sample, how they were eventually overcome and with what result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rickshaw pulling is a large, labour-intensive, unorganised sector in India, involving 8 million individuals belonging to the lowest social strata. The article describes an initiative to increase the daily earnings of rickshaw pullers by training them to retail branded products, on a 'bulk-buying retail-selling' model. The article reports on a project that began with 30 rickshaw pullers in Jaunpur, a semi-urban district of eastern India. Critical issues related to the sustainability and future of such projects on a large scale are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we compare and contrast the view on poverty of lay people, who are affected by the policies, with that of academics and policy-makers. Drawing from fieldwork in a village in Kerala, India, and applying the 'participatory numbers' approach, we devise a 'local method' to identify poor households, based on the villagers' poverty criteria. The local method is then compared with the official methods used by the national and the state governments. Based on the results, we argue for the need to take into account local dimensions of poverty, in addition to objective/universal dimensions, in the design of poverty reduction programmes. Our findings also suggest that effective risk-mitigation strategies must be devised to help poor households cope with shocks and stresses as well as to prevent the vulnerable non-poor from falling into poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to increase agricultural sustainability has induced the government of India to promote the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM). An evaluation of cotton-based conventional and IPM farming systems was conducted in India (2002-2004). The farmers managing the IPM farms had participated in discovery-based ecological training, namely Farmer Field Schools (FFS). The evaluation included five impact areas: (1) the ecological footprint and (2) occupational hazard of cotton production; and the effects of IPM adoption on (3) labour allocation; (4) management practices; and (5) livelihoods. The analysis showed that a mix of approaches increased the depth and the relevance of the findings. Participatory and conventional methods were complementary. The study also revealed different impacts on the livelihoods of women and men, and wealthy and poor farmers, and demonstrated that the value of the experience can be captured also in terms of the farmers' own frames of reference. The evaluation process consumed considerable resources, indicating that proper budgetary allocations need to be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Inventories monitoring students' learning approaches are widely used in medical education research. It is important that teaching interventions adopted in medical schools aim to develop a deep approach to learning in medical students. Objective To study the changes in medical students' approaches to learning before and after the incorporation of clinically orientated physiology teaching (COPT) in the undergraduate physiology curriculum, using the Short Inventory of Approaches to Learning (SIAL). Methods Medical students ( n = 223) at Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus) undertake a 9-week learning block of endocrine, reproductive and renal physiology in Year 1. During this period, COPT was incorporated along with regular didactic lectures with the intention of enhancing the use of the deep approach and decreasing the use of the surface and strategic approaches to learning taken by the students. The SIAL, which focuses on the learning approaches of students to physiology, was distributed both before and after COPT. Results The implementation of COPT seemed to affect the learning approaches of students as measured by the SIAL. After the introduction of COPT, there was a significant increase in the use of the deep learning approach, while the majority of subscales for the surface approach showed decreased use. Nevertheless, use of the strategic approach was found to have increased after COPT. Conclusions The SIAL was found to be a fairly reliable tool with which to determine the learning approaches of medical students. Clinically orientated physiology teaching was successful in enhancing use of the deep approach to learning and reducing use of the surface approach among undergraduate medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Slums develop at different rates, but most do not convert to formal areas over time. • Movement out of slums is limited, and people rarely move out to non-slum areas. • Many slum households experience upward mobility, but the level plateaus. • Volatility is high in slums; upward gains remain precarious for slum residents. Nearly one sixth of the global population lives in urban "slums" – areas characterized by inadequate infrastructure and tenure security. This figure continues to grow as developing countries rapidly urbanize. Yet, the implications of these trends for urban poverty and social mobility are not well understood. While some argue slums provide temporary housing for rural migrants as they accumulate savings and eventually move to middle class neighborhoods, others argue slum residents are stuck in poverty traps. Deficits in longitudinal data on slums make it difficult to analyze the extent of social mobility. We iterate between satellite analysis and field knowledge to build an original sample of more than 9000 slum households across more than 200 slums from three Indian cities. To address the limitations inherent in cross-sectional data, we employ multiple methods and triangulate findings across household survey data, neighborhood focus group data, longitudinal satellite data, and in-depth qualitative interviews. While no one analysis is definitive on its own, all of these results point to the same conclusion: slum residents are neither stuck in poverty traps nor are they on a steady trajectory to joining the middle class. Movement out of neighborhoods, particularly to non-slum neighborhoods, is rare. Most households experience upward mobility within their neighborhoods, but the extent of improvement is capped at a low level, and, as opportunities increase, volatility increases in parallel. Plateauing and volatility are features present in low-end, and even more, in high-end slums. Engendering better livelihood opportunities requires reducing downward mobility while addressing the causes of plateauing upward mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]