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Background: MRSA strains are the most common causes of community and hospital acquired infections. Antimicrobial medications have become a significant issue in the healthcare sector as a result of the increased death rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections, the appearance of methicillin-resistant and other multi-drug resistant strains. The study’s goals and objectives were determining the prevalence of MRSA and assessing the antibiotic efficacy of MRSA isolates from various clinical samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 395 MRSA were isolated from various clinical specimens and identified by using standard microbiological techniques at tertiary care hospital of Mysore, South India. Methicillin resistance was determined by standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test using cefoxitin 30μg disk. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined by automated Vitek2 system. Results: A total of 246 (62.27%) isolates were identified as MRSA out of 395 S. aureus isolates collected from various clinical samples such as pus samples (86.17%), blood (3.65%), Et swabs (3.65%), ear swabs (2.84%), sputum (1.6%), urine (0.81%), and other sterile body fluids (1.21%). All MRSA isolates were susceptible (100%) to vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin followed by other antibiotics like rifampicin (99%), tigecycline (96.74%), tetracycline (95.93%), teicoplanin (95.5%), gentamicin (73.17%). Most of the MRSA isolates were resistant to oxacillin (97.15%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (95.12%), Levofloxacin (93.49%), ciprofloxacin (92.68%), clindamycin (87.80%), erythromycin (63.41%). Conclusion: In our study, we found MRSA isolates were susceptible to most active and reliable routinely used antibiotics. Good infection control procedures like thorough hand washing, identifying and treating MRSA carriers, and prudent use of antimicrobial medicines are advised to prevent the formation of drug-resistant isolates. In addition to the Vitek 2 approach, we may conclude that cefoxitin disc diffusion is an essential test to diagnose MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent widespread human microbial disorders involving any part of the urinary tract. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent all over the world and are known to affect approximately 150 million people each year worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the demographic and bacterial profile of patients presenting with symptoms of urinary tract infections. Methods: A retrospective study on urine bacteriology over a period of one year between June 2021 to July 2022 was done in the Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical sciences and associated GTB Hospital, Delhi. The data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Chicago, version 20.0. Result: In this study, a total of 21359 samples were received for urine culture and sensitivity testing. 2265 samples were positive with an overall positivity rate of 10.60% with majority of the positive samples from females. The majority of positive samples (1559; 68.83%) were from age group between 21-60 years of age, females again being predominant gender (914; 58.62%). In outpatient department, inpatient department and in ICU services, Gram negative bacilli were the predominant microorganisms isolated. In case of Staphylococcus aureus, majority,i.e., 66 (61.68%) out of total 107 of isolates were resistant to methicillin. Conclusion: Our findings support the fact that females in the age group 21-60 are more prone to develop UTIs as compared to males. There is a shift in methicillin resistance of Staphyloccus aureus from hospital acquired to community acquired cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increased pre and postoperative care including screening procedures, improvement in the operating room environment, and controlled prophylactic antibiotic therapy, the health burden of Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) in India is far more escalated than that in developed countries. SSIs ranging from superficial skin infection to life threatening septicemia affect one third of the patient population undergoing surgery, thereby contributing to morbidity and mortality. One of the most dominant bacterial species that causes SSIs is Staphylococcus aureus, wherein Methicillin Resistant S.aureus (MRSA) alone contributes to a significant increase in both the cost and the length of hospitalisation along with an increased mortality rate among patients with SSIs. The rising resistance pattern among pathogens coupled with the concerns over the tolerance and safety of currently available agents against MRSA limits treatment options available for patients with SSIs. Levonadifloxacin and its oral prodrug alalevonadifloxacin are novel benzoquinolizine anti-MRSA agents which have recently been approved in India to tackle gram positive 'super-bugs'. Herein, the aim of this review article was to collate the possible factors contributing toward SSIs, its implications on health and economy, antibiotic resistance, possible preventive measures, and the need for new antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 28 (ST 28) and spa type t021 is a CC30, prototype of ST-30, Community Associated-MRSA (CA-MRSA) (lukS-lukF +). It is a multi-drug resistant strain harbouring staphylococcal endotoxins, haemolysins, ureolysin, serine protease, and antimicrobial resistance genes. In this study, we report the draft genome sequence of this MRSA isolated from the most commonly used food fish, ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus). The total number of assembled paired-end high-quality reads was 7,731,542 with a total length of 2.8Mb of 2797 predicted genes. The unique ST28/t021 CA-MRSA in fish is the first report from India, and in addition to antibiotic resistance is known to co-harbour virulence genes, haemolysins, aureolysins and endotoxins. Comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of CA-MRSA strain7 can help further understand their diversity, genetic structure, diversity and a high degree of virulence to aid in fisheries management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results: This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a major global healthcare problem, the prevalence of which varies from 25-50% in India. It is known to cause Skin and Soft tissue Infections (SSI), endovascular infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. Vancomycin is the drug of choice for treating severe MRSA infections. Ceftaroline, a fifth-generation cephalosporin has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for treating acute bacterial SSI caused by susceptible micro-organisms including MRSA, Community acquired respiratory tract infection, MRSA bacteremia and endocarditis. Aim: To assess the susceptibility of clinical isolates of S. aureus to ceftaroline, in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of a Tertiary Care Hospital over a period of two months from June 2019 to July 2019. S.aureus isolates from various clinical samples were screened for methicillin resistance by disc diffusion method using cefoxitin disc and ceftaroline susceptibility of these isolates was assessed by E-strip method. The isolates were classified as ceftaroline susceptible, Susceptibility Dose Dependent (SDD) and ceftaroline resistant respectively as per CLSI guidelines. A descriptive analysis of the data was done and the results were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: All the S.aureus isolates were found to be susceptible to ceftaroline. Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates had lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) when compared to MRSA. The highest MIC among MRSA was 0.5 μg/mL. Conclusion: Ceftaroline can be considered as an effective alternative for treatment of infections caused by MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nosocomial infections remain a major challenge to the healthcare system and the patients in Intensive care units(ICU) are more prone for acquiring these infections. Carriage of drug resistant organisms by the health care workers (HCW) is a potential method of transmission of these organisms in the hospital environment. The objective of this study was to determine the multidrug resistant organisms among HCWs attending ICU. Materials and Method: 60 HCWs belonging to different cadres attending the ICU were screened. Samples from hands and anterior nares were collected using sterile swab sticks and aerobic bacterial culture performed. Results: A total of 83 isolates were obtained from 120 swabs. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) (12.9%), Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative staphylococci(MR CONS) (36.3%), and Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing gram negative bacilli(GNB) (50%)were the common drug resistant organisms detected. MRSA was more commonly seen in the anterior nares and among the nurses. MR CONS and ESBLs were obtained mainly from hands and among the house keeping staff and the doctors. Inducible clindamycin resistance was also noted in staphylococci. Majority of the hand swabs from the nurses yielded scanty or no growth while that of housekeeping staff and doctors exhibited drug resistant organisms. Conclusion: Multidrug resistant organisms were commonly carried by the HCWs attending ICU. Commensal organisms are becoming resistant to multiple drug classes. HCWs serving the critical care areas need periodic screening, followed by decolonisation/eradication measures with more emphasis on those who are not restricted to ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causing numerous diseases in humans, have become resistant to antibiotics, hence, urging the need for alternative medicines. Methods: In this study, the Indian medicinal weed, Ruellia patula (R. patula) extracted and fractioned through column chromatography was subjected to antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activity against S. aureus and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results: The obtained results confirmed fraction F44 to have significant effect as antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent against both the micro-organism. Therefore, few of such highly active fractions were chemical finger printed using GC-MS and the compounds identified were further docked with DNA binding (LytTR) domain of agrA, which revealed that compounds identified from fraction were interactive to the protein. Conclusion: R. patula is promising antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent against S. aureus and MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common pathogens that causes hospital- and community-acquired infections. The use of molecular typing methods is essential for determining the origin of the isolates, their clonal relations, and also epidemiological investigations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant MRSA investigate the accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and perform multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration of MRSA isolates was determined for vancomycin and daptomycin. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fi fty-nine MRSA isolates were collected from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Coimbatore. Disk diffusion method was employed to assess the sensitivity of MRSA isolates to selected antibiotics and genetic analysis was performed using SCCmec, agr, and MLST typing by multiplexpolymerase chain reaction strategy. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using Ezy MIC (vancomycin) and Biomerieux (daptomycin) E-test strip. Results: Of 259 MRSA isolates, 209 (80.7%) were confirmed as methicillin resistant. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that all the MRSA isolates were 100% sensitive to linezolid, rifampicin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. MIC results showed that of 209 MRSA isolates, 10 were found to be vancomycin intermediate S. aureus and 100% of the MRSA isolates were daptomycin-susceptible. The agr group I and SCCmec Type III were the major type among MRSA isolates. In addition to these MLST typing revealed the prevalence of sequence type (ST) 239 (SLV of ST8) among the MRSA isolates. Conclusion: This study confirms that ST239 (Brazilian clone) of MRSA is predominant in this region which is responsible for the hospital-acquired MRSA infections. Thus, the study also suggests that vancomycin and daptomycin can still be used as an alternative drug for treating severe MRSA infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Growing incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enteroccoci (VRE) is posing a therapeutic problem due to limited drug options. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to check susceptibility of MRSA and VRE isolates against new antimicrobials such as daptomycin and linezolid. Methods: A total of 586 Gram-positive isolates comprising 442 S. aureus and 144 enterococci isolated from hospitalized cases included in the study, were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method. One hundred twenty four enterococci obtained from rectal swabs of neonates were also included. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for daptomycin, linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin against 50 each isolates of MRSA and VRE by E strip. Results: Among the staphylococci, 326 (73.85%) isolates were MRSA. MIC for vancomycin and teicoplanin among MRSA was ≤3 μg/ml. MIC for daptomycin among MRSA was found to be in the range of 0.064-1.5 μg/ml. Percentage of VRE among clinical samples was 14.29 per cent while it was 47.06 per cent among enterococci from rectal swabs of neonates. MIC was >256 μg/ml for vancomycin among VRE and was associated with van A genotype. MIC range for daptomycin among VRE was 0.38-3 μg/ml. MIC for linezolid among MRSA and VRE was in the range of 0.25 to 1 and 0.38 -1.5 μg/ml, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study showed a rise in MIC to vancomycin for sizable number of MRSA and growing percentage of VRE at our centre. Daptomycin and linezolid showed 100 per cent activity against MRSA and VRE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]