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Urbanization produces substantial land use changes by causing the construction of different urban infrastructures in the city region for habitation, transportation, industry, and other reasons. As a result, it has a significant impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) by disrupting the surface energy balance. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of land-use/land-cover (LU/LC) dynamics on urban land surface temperature (LST) of Bhubaneswar City in Eastern India during 30 years (1991–2021) using Landsat data (TM, ETM + , and OLI/TIRS) and machine learning algorithms (MLA). The finding reveals that the mean LST over the entire study domain grows significantly between 1991 and, 2021due to urbanization (β coefficient 0.400, 0.195, 0.07, and 0.06 in 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 respectively) and loss of green space (β coefficient − 0.295, − 0.025, − 0.125 and − 0.065 in 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 respectively). The highest class recorded for agricultural land (49.60 km2, accounting for 33.94% of the total land area) was in 1991 followed by vegetation (41.27 km2, 28.19% of the total land area), and built-up land (27.59 km2, 18.84% of the total land area). The sharp decline of vegetation cover will continue until 2021 due to increasing built-up areas (r = − 0.531, − 0.329, − 0.538, and − 0.063 in the 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 respectively). Built-up land (62.60 km2, accounting for 42.76% of the total land area, an increase of 35.01 km2 from 1991) as the highest class followed by water bodies (21.57%, 32.60 km2 of the land area), and agricultural land (31.57 km2, 21.57% of the land area) in 2021. Remote sensing techniques proved to be an important tool to urban planners and policymakers to take adequate steps to promote sustainable development and minimize urbanization influence on LST. Urban green space (UGS) can help improve the overall liveability and environmental sustainability of Bhubaneswar city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the history and accomplishments of CSIR-NGRI over the past 60 years, related to elucidating the seismic structure of the crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian shield. Extensive investigations have been carried out in diverse geological and tectonic provinces of India, employing seismic reflection, refraction/wide-angle reflection and passive seismology to decipher (a) the evolution of the Indian plate through geological time, (b) hazard and its mitigation and (c) accumulation and disposition of natural resources. These endeavours entailed the application and development of state-of-the-art methodologies. Synthesis of the results from active and passive seismology reveals that the thickness of the crust varies between 28 and 65 km in the Kachchh and Aravalli regions respectively, consistent with their evolutionary histories. The thickest crust is observed in the western Dharwar craton (WDC) and the shallowest lies in the west coast. The crust in the shield region is mostly thicker, while it is thin beneath the rift zones. Results from coincident reflection and wide-angle seismic reflection studies broadly suggest a three-layered crust with magmatic underplating. Interestingly, the seismic sections traversing the Aravalli fold belt, central Indian suture zone, Dharwar craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) depict paleo-collision and subduction environments. The diverse character of the Moho, crustal fabrics and structure in different geological provinces indicate that contrasting tectonic environments might have influenced their evolution and support the hypothesis that plate tectonic processes were operative since Neoarchean. The thickness of the lithosphere estimated from receiver functions varies from 80 to 140 km. An undulation in the Lithosphere Asthenosphere Boundary reveals evidence for a flexure on a regional scale, owing to the continental collision of the Indian and Asian plates. However, the lithospheric thickness derived from surface wave dispersion studies is somewhat larger, ranging from 100 to 250 km, with some body wave tomographic studies suggesting it to be ∼400 km, in consonance with the concept of Tectosphere. The thickness values derived from both the methods agree at a few locales such as the Eastern Dharwar Craton, SGT, Cambay, Singhbhum and western DVP. However, a broad disagreement prevails in WDC and northern part of the Indian shield where surface wave tomography reveals the thickness of lithosphere to be 140 to 200 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Continent-continent collision induced up-dipping upper and mid crustal layers are delineated. • A 50 km wide hidden Ridge structure related to India-Antarcatica collision is imaged. • For first time mid-crustal floating reflectors are identified in the Cuddapah basin, India. • Unprecedented thick (20 km) magmatic underplating is recorded above the Moho. • Coeval Proterozoic sedimentation in Cuddapah and East Coast Sedimentary basins is proposed. • 5 to 10 km thick Metasomatized LVZ (Vp: 7.00 km/s) layer is delineated in the uppermost mantle. The origin and evolution of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin located in the eastern Dharwar craton and its relationship with adjoining geotectonic terrains towards east, remained a subject of considerable debate for several decades. In the present study, an attempt has been made to decipher the deep crustal seismic structure and tectonics of the northern part of the Cuddapah basin and adjoining terrains, like Nellore Schist Belt, Eastern Ghats Belt and Nizampatnam Bay, by reprocessing the Deep Seismic Sounding data acquired along the Alampur-Koniki-Ganapeswaram profile. During Paleo-Mesoproterozoic period, this zone underwent prolonged sedimentation, magmatism, oceanic subduction, multiple accretion and continent–continent collision. Our modelling results, based on the first arrival refraction and wide angle reflection travel times data, reveals presence of 1.9 km thick sediments below the Nallamalai Fold Belt and 2.8 km in the Kurnool basin on its western side. In comparison, a much thicker Gondwana and Proterozoic succession is recorded in coastal basins, located east of the Eastern Ghats Belt, indicating wide-spread Proterozoic sedimentation during Columbia and Rodinia supercontinental assembly periods, than hitherto known. A 50 km wide hidden ridge structure known as Darsi-Addanki high which is bounded by two major faults, is mapped below the Nellore Schist-Eastern Ghats Belt region, that separates the Proterozoic basins on either sides. This feature, which parallels the east coast, may corresponds to collisional structure, formed by the India-east Antarctica collision, after the cessation of Mesoproterozoic supra-subduction. Related up-dipping of upper crustal layers can clearly be seen east of the hidden ridge structure below the bay of Nizampatnam. Further, for the first time, we introduced floating reflectors to match the strong reflection phases, which are restricted to upper and mid-crustal level below the Nallamalai basin and Nellore Schist Belt. Presence of unprecedently thick (up to 20 km) high velocity (Vp: 7.0–7.4 km/s) differentiated magma layer above the Moho, would indicate crust-mantle thermal perturbation and massive subcrustal erosion. An unusual 5–10 km thick metasomatized LVZ, characterized by Vp: 7.0 km/s, is also mapped in the upper part of the lithospheric mantle. This study supports presence of a totally different allocthonous geological terrain, east of the Cuddapah basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damodar river is one of the most polluted rivers in this country. Chemical pollution and bacteriological pollution, both are high--leading to rising trend in different industrial health hazards in the Damodar basin.