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Purpose: This study aims to answer if inter-state migrants in India play a more active role than their intra-state counterparts in labor force participation and entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: A recursive bivariate probit model is used with an instrumental variable (IV) of the total of inter-state migrants in a city over their historical numbers to tackle the endogeneity issue of the migration decision of the migrants. Findings: Inter-state migrants did a better job than their intra-state counterparts in labor force participation and female inter-state migrants did a better job than their counterparts in wage employment and being day laborers. Research limitations/implications: The data are from IPUMS and there is no updated nationwide data regrading migration and employment for recent years. Practical implications: A randomized controlled trail can be carried out near the borders of two states where there are both significant amounts of inter-state and intra-state migrants. Social implications: The government and international organizations shall focus on cultivating the skills of the female migrants as well as encouraging the entrepreneurship of both types of migrants. Originality/value: The study focus is on the comparison between intra- and inter-state migrants based on nationwide survey data and the usage of recursive bivariate model and an effective Instrumental Variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bangong–Nujiang Suture Zone (BNSZ) is one of the main suture zones in the Tibetan Plateau and indicates the existence of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo‐Tethys Ocean (BNO). It was formed by the collision between the Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks after the closure of the BNO. However, its evolutionary processes and subduction polarity remain controversial. Research on the BNSZ is of great significance for exploring plate tectonic evolution and ocean–continent connection. The scarcity of the BNSZ structural data is one of the most important reasons for the debate of the BNO tectonic evolution. Based on structural analysis in the field and combined with previous petrology and palaeomagnetic data, this paper has determined that the closure time of the BNO is progressive and scissor‐like, from Middle Jurassic in the east to Early Cretaceous in the middle and late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous in the west. There was a three‐stage deformation in the BNSZ: (a) N–S‐directed compression induced by the initial collision; (b) WNW–directed transpression related to the stress adjustment; and (c) NE–SW‐directed compression caused by the low‐angle NE‐directed subduction of the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Ocean. The different structural pattern along the eastern segment of the BNSZ may have resulted from orogenic bending due to the later Himalayan Orocline caused by the India–Eurasia collision in the Cenozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of ancient Tethys ocean basins have been consumed beneath the Indian Ocean and are hard to observe due to their subduction below the southern Eurasian margin. The presence of the delaminated Gondwana fragments beneath the Indian Ocean also has long been suspected. These microplate tectonics lead to a fairly complex shallow crust and deep mantle configuration, which makes it difficult to reconstruct East Gondwana and discuss the geodynamics of continental rift-drift-collision in the Tethyan Realm. Lithospheric or crustal thinning due to the dehydration of the underlying stagnant slab is a good tracer of the subducted plate. Using the gravity-derived oceanic crust and Euler rotation method, we obtained an asymmetric crustal thickness across the Indian Ocean ridges. Areas of anomalous intra-plate crustal thinning were revealed and applied to track the possible subducted slabs. Then, combined with other geophysical data, two Meso-Tethyan slabs, one Neo-Tethyan slab, and two Indian slabs were delimited. From north to south, the slabs beneath India and the Northeast Indian Ocean constitute a south-dipping and step-shaped architecture. It requires a double subduction zone or a two-stage India-Eurasia collision model to be driven by the slab pull, which is still open for debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]