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Background: Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in major metabolic pathways in the body and dyslipidemia is a major metabolic abnormality seen in thyroid disorders. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are now emerging as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the most important risk factor for CVDs is dyslipidemia. The lipid ratios that have a positive association with CVD risk are atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli’s risk index (CRI)-I and II, and atherogenic coefficient (AC). Clinically, both an excess and deficiency of thyroid hormones can exacerbate or induce CVDs and lipid ratio can be used as an inexpensive marker for predicting CVD risk. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the lipid ratios (AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC) in patients with thyroid dysfunction and compare the results with lipid ratios in euthyroid individuals. This study also aims to find any correlation, if exists, between lipid ratios and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The serum TSH and lipid profile were evaluated in fifty euthyroid, fifty hypothyroid, fifty subclinical hypothyroid, and fifty hyperthyroid patients. The lipid ratios (AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC) were calculated from the lipid profile. Results: The mean lipid ratios were higher in hypothyroid, followed by subclinical hypothyroid cases when compared to euthyroid controls and hyperthyroid patients. A positive correlation was observed between the TSH and lipid ratios in euthyroid, hypothyroid, and subclinical hypothyroid subjects. There was no significant correlation between TSH and lipid ratios in hyperthyroid patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the evaluation of lipid ratios along with TSH can provide an effective screening tool to assess the cardiovascular risk in patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, especially in the absence of imaging techniques in resource-limited centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India presently depends on imports of crude oil from overseas sources. However, the increasing demand for fossil fuels and the depletion of these finite resources are contributing to a rise in the costs associated with these imports. There has been a pressing demand for the development of cost-effective, renewable, and environmentally sustainable solutions. Biofuels, which are obtained from a wide range of biomass sources such as plants, animals, and microbes, present a potentially viable answer. Microorganisms exhibiting the ability to accumulate lipids in excess of 20% in the form of triacylglycerols and wax esters are commonly denoted as "oleaginous". The primary objective of this work was to isolate and screen bacterial strains with high lipid accumulation potential from soil samples collected along riverbanks. A total of fourteen strains were isolated and subjected to screening in order to assess their lipid production capabilities. Among these strains, Bacillus velezensis strain DAA1 exhibited the highest level of lipid synthesis. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize carbon and salt concentrations. The experimental findings indicated that the utilization of carbon at a concentration of 12.5 g/L with salt concentration of 17.07 g/L, resulted in a noteworthy lipid content of 79%. The major fatty acid found through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for lipid characterization was determined to be 12-methyltetradecanoic acid, constituting 41% of the overall lipid composition. This work highlights the potential of Bacillus velezensis DAA1 as a promising alternative for lipid production, with possible implications for biofuel generation in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agarwood oil is one of the costliest essential oils used in perfumery, medicine and aroma. Production of the oil traditionally involves a soaking/fermentation step. Studies have indicated a definite role of the diverse microorganisms growing during the open soaking step, and in the emergent aroma of the essential oil. However, the temporal nature of fermentation and a key functional aspect i.e., the enzymatic properties of the microbes from the fermentation basin have not been studied yet. A total of 20 bacteria and 14 fungi isolated from fermentation basins located in Assam, India, at different soaking periods classified as early (0–20 days), medium (20–40 days) and late (40–60 days) clearly pointed towards an early fungal domination followed by succession of bacteria. The physico-chemical transformations of the wood are controlled by enzymatic properties (cellulase, xylanase, amylase and lipase) of the isolates. The results indicated a strong lignocellulosic substrate modulation potential in the four isolates, viz- Purpureocillium lilacinum (0.354 mg/mL), Mucor circinelloides (0.331 mg/mL), Penicillium citrinum (0.324 mg/mL) and Bacillus megaterium (0.152 mg/mL). The highest culturable abundance (CFU/mL) was found in M. circinelloides (2 × 109) among fungi and B. megaterium (4.5 × 109) among bacteria. The highest cellulase activity was shown by P. lilacinum (0.354 mg/mL) while xylanase and lipase by M. circinelloides (0.873 and 0.128 mg/mL). An interesting revelation was that a substantial proportion of the isolates (70% bacteria and 78% fungi) were positive for lipase activity. This is the first report on the "culturable microbiome" of the agarwood fermentation basin from a temporal and functional bioactivity perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rosa species are rich sources of polyphenols with physiological functions. In this study a polyphenol-rich Rosa multiflora (var. platyphylala) petal extract (RoseFit™) was investigated for weight loss in humans. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial seventy overweight male and female subjects (20–50 years) with body mass index (BMI) 25–30 kg/m2 were randomly allocated to the active treatment group (RoseFit) and placebo group in a 1:1 ratio. The subjects received 300 mg capsules twice daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome measures included body weight, BMI, and body composition, as determined using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Secondary measures consisted of serum lipid profile and appetite marker (leptin and ghrelin) analyses. Safety analyses included biochemical and hematological assessments. Results: At the end of the study, a marked reduction in body weight (-1.20 ± 2.62 kg, p < 0.05) and BMI from baseline was observed in the RoseFit group. In addition, the body fat % (RoseFit = -1.69 ± 2.59%, placebo = 0.96 ± 3.21%; p < 0.001) and fat mass (RoseFit = -1.75 ± 1.80 kg, placebo = 1.61 ± 3.82 kg; p < 0.001) were significantly abated in RoseFit group. Importantly, the lean mass was maintained during the intervention. RoseFit ingestion significantly increased the serum leptin levels compared to the placebo (4.85%; p < 0.05). Further, RoseFit group showed reduction in the hunger hormone ghrelin level (2.27%; p < 0.001) from baseline to the end of study, compared to the placebo. The subjective evaluation of appetite using visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires further confirmed the appetite-suppression effects of RoseFit. The lipid profile significantly improved in RoseFit-treated subjects. No serious adverse events were observed during the study, indicating the tolerability of RoseFit. Conclusions: Supplementation with RoseFit significantly impacts body weight management and can thus be a potential nutraceutical ingredient for sustainable weight loss. Trial registration: CTRI/2019/10/021584 dated 09/10/2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To study the association of pro-inflammatory markers with incident diabetes in India. Methods: We did a nested case–control study within the CARRS (Centre for Ardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia) cohort. Of the 5739 diabetes-free individuals at the baseline, 216 participants with incident diabetes and 432 age-, gender- and city-matched controls at 2-year follow-up were included. We measured high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), adiponectin, leptin and fetuin-A in the stored baseline blood samples. We did multivariate conditional logistic regression to estimate association of inflammatory markers (as quartiles) and incident diabetes. Covariates were baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipids, body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, smoking and alcohol use. Results: Baseline hsCRP and TNF-α were higher, and IL-6 and adiponectin were lower among cases vs. controls. In multivariate conditional logistic regression models, only quartile-3 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.96 [95% CI:1.39, 6.30]) and quartile-4 (OR: 2.58 [95% CI: 1.15, 5.79]) of TNF-α and quartile-4 of MCP-1 (OR: 2.55 [95% CI: 1.06, 6.16]) were positively associated with diabetes after adjusting for baseline FPG and BMI. These associations did not remain after adjusting for family history. High level (quartile-4) of IL-6 was negatively associated with diabetes after adjusting for all factors (OR: 0.18 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.55]). Conclusions: Higher TNF-α and MCP-1 levels and lower IL-6 were associated with higher risk of developing diabetes. Better understanding and potential methods of addressing these biomarkers, especially in relation to family history, are needed to address diabetes in South Asians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Indians develop ASCVD about a decade earlier than Western populations. • Subclinical ASCVD reflects the susceptibility to develop adverse CV events. • LAI recommends coronary artery calcium scoring to stratify ASCVD risk in selected patients. • LDL-C goals recommended by the LAI are more aggressive than other guidelines. • Extreme risk category C patients require the most intensive LDL-C lowering. In 2016, the Lipid Association of India (LAI) developed a cardiovascular risk assessment algorithm and defined low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in Indians. The recent refinements in the role of various risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in prediction of ASCVD risk necessitated updating the risk algorithm and treatment goals. The LAI core committee held twenty-one meetings and webinars from June 2022 to July 2023 with experts across India and critically reviewed the latest evidence regarding the strategies for ASCVD risk prediction and the benefits and modalities for intensive lipid lowering. Based on the expert consensus and extensive review of published data, consensus statement IV was commissioned. The young age of onset and a more aggressive nature of ASCVD in Indians necessitates emphasis on lifetime ASCVD risk instead of the conventional 10-year risk. It also demands early institution of aggressive preventive measures to protect the young population prior to development of ASCVD events. Wide availability and low cost of statins in India enable implementation of effective LDL-C-lowering therapy in individuals at high risk of ASCVD. Subjects with any evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis are likely to benefit the most from early aggressive interventions. This document presents the updated risk stratification and treatment algorithm and describes the rationale for each modification. The intent of these updated recommendations is to modernize management of dyslipidemia in Indian patients with the goal of reducing the epidemic of ASCVD among Indians in Asia and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common disorder of pilosebaceous units affecting adolescents and young adults. The various causes include diet, stress, seborrhea, and premenstrual flare. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare lipid profile, insulin, and adiponectin levels in acne and controls. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients of acne from the age group of 12 to 25 years and 20 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were included in the study. Results: Patients with acne showed significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), higher levels (although not statistically significant) of triglyceride, and very LDL and significantly lower levels of high-density lipoprotein as compared to controls. Furthermore, individuals with acne had significantly lower levels of serum adiponectin and significantly higher mean levels of fasting serum insulin as compared to controls. Conclusion: Derangements in serum lipid profile, serum insulin, and serum adiponectin levels can predispose to acne in adolescent individuals. Thus, dietary and lifestyle modifications should be recommended in such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A heavy burden of cardiometabolic conditions on low- and middleincome countries like India that are rapidly undergoing urbanization remains unaddressed. Indians are known to have high levels of triglycerides and low levels of HDL-C along with moderately higher levels of LDL-C. The genomewide findings from Western populations need to be validated in an Indian context for a better understanding of the underlying etiology of dyslipidemia in India. Objective: We aim to validate 12 genetic variants associated with lipid levels among rural and urban Indian populations and derive unweighted and weighted genetic risk scores (uGRS and wGRS) for lipid levels among the Indian population. Methods: Assuming an additivemodel of inheritance, linear regressionmodels adjusted for all the possible covariates were run to examine the association between 12 genetic variants and total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C among 2,117 rural and urban Indian participants. The combined effect of validated loci was estimated by allelic risk scores, unweighted and weighted by their effect sizes. Results: The wGRS for triglycerides and VLDL-C was derived based on five associated variants (rs174546 at FADS1, rs17482753 at LPL, rs2293889 at TRPS1, rs4148005 at ABCA8, and rs4420638 at APOC1), which was associated with 36.31mg/dL of elevated triglyceride and VLDL-C levels (β = 0.95, SE = 0.16, p < 0.001). Similarly, every unit of combined risk score (rs2293889 at TRPS1 and rs4147536 at ADH1B)was associatedwith 40.62mg/dL of higher total cholesterol (β=1.01, SE=0.23, p < 0.001) and 33.97 mg/dL of higher LDL-C (β=1.03, SE=0.19, p < 0.001) based on itswGRS (rs2293889 at TRPS1, rs4147536 at ADH1B, rs4420638 at APOC1, and rs660240 at CELSR2). The wGRS derived from five associated variants (rs174546 at FADS1, rs17482753 at LPL, rs4148005 at ABCA8, rs4420638 at APOC1, and rs7832643 at PLEC) was associated with 10.64mg/dL of lower HDL-C (β = -0.87, SE = 0.14, p < 0.001). Conclusion: We confirm the role of eight genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci related to different lipid levels in the Indian population and demonstrate the combined effect of variants for lipid traitsamong Indians by deriving the polygenic risk scores. Similar studies among different populations are required to validate the GWAS loci and effect modification of these loci by lifestyle and environmental factors related to urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies have associated male androgenetic alopecia with the risk of cardiovascular disorders but very few studies have addressed this association in women with FPHL. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study in which a total of 50 women (18-45 years) were recruited. The objective was to measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by doppler ultrasound, Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, testosterone, Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), hs-CRP, ESR and fibrinogen, in pre-menopausal women having FPHL and to correlate these parameters with severity of FPHL. The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Insulin resistance were evaluated. Results: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were found in 12 (24%) and 17 (34%) cases respectively. Hypercholesterolemia, elevated LDL levels and hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels and hyperinsulinemia were found in 11 (22%), 31 (62%), 9 (18%), 17 (34%) and 7 (14%) cases respectively. 8 (16%) cases were diabetics. Elevated ESR, increased fibrinogen levels and elevated hs-CRP were found in 43 (86%), 10 (20%) and 21 (42%) cases respectively. CIMT was found to be within its normal range. Correlation of CIMT, anthropometric indices (BMI and WC), biochemical markers (serum cholesterol, triglycerides, FBS, and fibrinogen), and presence of metabolic syndrome with severity of FPHL in terms of Ludwig grade was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The determination of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and acute phase reactants such as hs-CRP and fibrinogen may be useful screening methods to detect increased cardiovascular risk in women with FPHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidaemia, a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, is rapidly increasing in Asian countries including India. In addition to the cardiovascular system, abnormal lipid levels are also known to cause complications in renal and hepatic systems. The data regarding dyslipidaemia and its relationship with liver enzymes has threatened. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate liver enzyme and dyslipidaemia in lipid induced hepatic diseases. Methodology: A total of 150 participants (100 males and 50 females) were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of TG, TC, LDL, HDL and liver enzymes including ALT, AST, GGT and ALP were analysed using standard methods. Dyslipidaemia and liver function tests abnormalities were defined according to the international standard guidelines. Results: Dyslipidaemia and liver enzyme abnormalities were higher in hypertensive participants than in the healthy participants. About 61% of participants with dyslipidaemia had at least one or more elevated liver enzymes. In regression analysis, an independent association was observed between serum GGT and all lipid components. Conclusion: Subjects with dyslipidaemia often have a higher chance of having liver diseases than subjects with no dyslipidaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is a crucial risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, there is limited data available on the differences in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between rural and urban populations in India. The aim of the present investigation is to describe the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the risk factors associated with adverse lipid profiles among adults residing in rural, sub-urban, and urban areas of India, and to assess its association with diabetes and hypertension. Methods: We enrolled adults over the age of 20 who lived in three distinct demographic areas in South India: rural, sub-urban, and urban. Data on demographics, lifestyle, disease history, family history, body weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and clinical characteristics were collected for this study. We used chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression to analyze demographic prevalence and risk factors related to lipid abnormalities among study participants. Results: This study enrolled 2976 randomly selected participants from rural, sub-urban, and urban communities in Tamil Nadu, India. Of these, 865 (29.1%) were rural residents, 1030 (34.6%) were sub-urban residents, and 1081 (36.3%) were urban residents. About 80% of women who lived in the suburban area had higher rates of low-HDL cholesterol. Compared to sub-urban (29.9%, 49%, and 21.1%) and rural (33.4%, 43.4%, and 24.1%) populations, urban populations had higher prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated LDL-C (37.3%, 52.5%, and 38.6%), respectively. Men were more likely than women to develop dyslipidemia before the age of 40, but after that age, men showed a reduced risk of dyslipidemia than women, except for low HDL cholesterol. Age group, gender, current drinker, overweight, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension showed a significant association (p < 0.05) with dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The study found that more than 85% of the sub-urban and urban population had dyslipidemia (at least one lipid abnormality) compared to rural residents (78.5%). The prevalence rates were higher among those with diabetes and hypertension in urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increased incidence of diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is attributed to the rising obesity rates, which is one of the major factors contributing to Insulin Resistance (IR). Although there is a close relationship between obesity and IR, not all cases of obesity lead to cardiometabolic complications. Visceral fat is considered to be the primary cause of IR. Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) is postulated as a new continuous biomarker of visceral adiposity. Aim: To determine the association between LAP and IR in T2DM. Materials and Methods: This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of three months at the Department of Biochemistry, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. A total of 60 Type 2 diabetic patients (including newly diagnosed and known cases) were recruited as cases, along with 30 healthy controls. Height, weight, and Waist Circumference (WC) were measured. Fasting blood samples were collected for laboratory biochemical estimation of glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and fasting insulin. Statistical analysis for continuous variables was performed using unpaired Student’s t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for group comparisons. Results: Fasting serum insulin (p-value=0.007), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p-value=0.001), and LAP index (p-value<0.001) were significantly higher in the case group. LAP index was divided into quartiles, Insulin and HOMA-IR showed statistical significance across the quartiles (p-value=0.005). The lipid profile analysis across LAP quartiles revealed a progressive increase in TG levels (p<0.001) and a decrease in HDL levels from Q1 to Q4 quartiles. Conclusion: The study concludes that increased LAP levels are associated with IR in T2DM. LAP can serve as a useful marker for cardiometabolic risk in early-stage T2DM, enabling better disease stratification for improved prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, are the most common thyroid disorders in India, affecting one in ten adults. Autoimmunity may play a significant role in the progression of hyperlipidaemia, which is one of the recurrent issues associated with thyroid disorders. Although serum lipids have been proven to control immunological and inflammatory responses, little is known about their relationship to thyroid autoimmunity. Aim: To investigate the association between Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (anti-TPO) and serum lipid parameters among patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Parul Sevashram Hospital in Vadodara, Gujarat from November 2022 to May 2023. A total of 103 patients with hypothyroidism were included in the study. All patients underwent estimation of thyroid function parameters such as triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and ThyroidStimulating Hormone (TSH), as well as anti-TPO levels and selected lipid profile parameters such as Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), and LowDensity Lipoproteins (LDL). The association between anti-TPO and lipid levels was further analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 103 hypothyroid patients, 83 (80.6%) were females, while only 20 (19.4%) were males. Positive serum antiTPO antibodies were found in 79 (76.7%) patients, whereas negative Anti-TPO cases accounted for 24 (23.3%). The total serum cholesterol, with a mean of 226.88±37.44 mg/dL, and serum LDL, with 145.31±34.60 mg/dL, were significantly increased (p-value<0.01), whereas the serum TG with a mean of 181.06±52.13 mg/dL, and serum HDL, with 44.61±7.87 mg/ dL, were found to be non significant (p-value>0.05). Conclusion: Hypothyroid patients positive for anti-TPO antibodies are at risk of experiencing disrupted lipid levels. There was a significant association between positive anti-TPO status and TC and LDL in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim- Metabolic fuel detectors regulate energy balance at peripheral and central levels. The aim of this study is to assess association of serum Orexin levels with Metabolic risk markers in women of reproductive age group. Material And Methods- The study was conducted in campus of King George Medical University (KGMU), Uttar Pradesh Lucknow, INDIA. 150 apparently healthy women of reproductive age group i.e. 20-40 years of age were randomly selected. Fasting serum orexin and Serum insulin levels were measured using ELISA and weight, Body mass index, Fasting blood glucose, Lipid prole and Blood pressure were estimated in women. Result- The results show that Serum orexin levels has signicant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, weight, BMI and waist circumference along with a weak negative correlation with serum Insulin level. Conclusion- In present study Serum orexin levels signicantly correlate with weight, BMI, Fasting blood glucose and weak negative correlation with serum Insulin levels. serum orexin levels did not correlate with lipid prole of women of reproductive age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incidence of cardiovascular disease has increased rapidly in India. Serum lipid levels are among the most important causative factors which in turn related to lifestyle of an individual. Aim: This study was aimed to compare the lipid profile of sedentary workers with the athletes undertaking exercises regularly. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional analytical study. It was undertaken among 150 adult males of age 20-50 years. Participants were selected on the basis history of regular exercise and apparently healthy adult males with no athletic or exercise activity for comparison. Known sufferers of hypertension, dyslipidemia or on anti-hyperlipidemic drugs were excluded. All five athletic clubs in district town of Birbhum were selected for data collection. Estimation of serum lipids was done at the biochemistry laboratory of the district hospitals. Results: Mean total Cholesterol level (mg/dl) of the non-athletes (208.7 ± 30.7) was found to be more than athletes (197.3 ± 71.1) and the finding was statistically not significant (p = 0.21). Mean LDL level (mg/dl) non-athletes (131.5 ± 24.3) was found to be more than athletes (107.5 ± 15.5) and the finding was statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: Regular physical activity improves the HDL cholesterol which is known cardio-protective. Though the total cholesterol was lower in athletes compared to those with sedentary life style but the finding was not statistically significant. This study did include the diet history of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background- Additionally, the prevalence of prediabetes in India ranged from 10% to 14%, which is higher than the global prevalence of 8%. Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), elevated tri-acylglycerol (TG), and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), is linked to an augmented risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Consequently, the timely identification and management of dyslipidemia can significantly contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Methods- This is a Prospective observational cohort study, A total of 240 patients from Outpatient department (OPD) and Indoor patient (IPD) department of Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical college and Hospital, New Delhi, were taken for study considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected in a pre test proforma which includes various socio-economic parameters like age, sex, occupation, religion, etc Results - The mean age of participants was 53.020+-16.5 years, and mean BMI of 24.555±12.8 kg/m2. All patients, exhibited total cholesterol levels that fell within the range considered to be normal following the administration of the prescribed therapy. The mean total cholesterol level recorded was 141.2mg/dl. In the study, it was observed that 75% of the participants experienced a reduction in their cholesterol levels. On the other hand, a small percentage of 1.25% showed an increase in their cholesterol levels. Additionally, 23% of the participants demonstrated no significant change in their cholesterol levels, with a margin of error of plus or minus 10mg/dl, when compared to their baseline measurements. Conclusion- There was a notable enhancement in the average values (moving closer to the normal distribution) of each lipid profile parameter over time. The findings of the study indicate that the utilization of metformin resulted in improvements in lipid parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is a common cutaneous xanthoma often associated with dyslipidemia. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive method of monitoring subclinical atherosclerotic plaque formation and its progression. This study was conducted to assess the cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with XP by measuring the CIMT and serum lipid profile. Materials and Methods: A total of eighty patients aged between 18 and 80 years diagnosed clinically with XP and the same number of apparently healthy, age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study after giving informed consent. Detailed history taking, examinations, and investigations were performed for all patients. Results: Significantly raised triglycerides and LDL levels were seen in 56.3% and 66.3% of the cases, respectively. HDL levels were elevated in 63.8% of the cases and 95% of the controls, which was statistically significant. The mean levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL were 169.68 ± 39.91 mg/dL, 159.68 ± 28.61 mg/dL, 121.23 ± 30.13 mg/dL, and 43.09 ± 8.76 mg/dL, respectively. Elevated CCAIMT and ICAIMT were seen in 87.4% and 72.8% of the cases, respectively, which was significant. Conclusions: There was a significant elevation of triglyceride and LDL and a decrease in HDL among the patients with XP when compared to the controls, thus making lipid profile testing compulsory for all patients with xanthelasma. They also have an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis, as assessed by the significantly higher values of CCAIMT and ICAIMT. Hence, all xanthelasma patients should undergo CIMT as a screening procedure for the early detection and primary prevention of cardiovascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is uniformly regarded as a consistent noninvasive marker for subclinical atherosclerosis and is widely accepted for assessment of cardiovascular risk in high-risk individuals including diabetes. Objectives: The present study was conducted to estimate the CIMT in prediabetes, new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and those with disease of at least 5-year duration to analyze its relationship to this common metabolic disorder and other risk factors. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted on 75 patients, 25 in each Group A (with T2DM of more than 5-year duration), Group B (new-onset T2DM), and Group C (prediabetes). IMT was measured in common carotid artery (CCA) bilaterally using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Continuous variables in the three groups were evaluated by analysis of variance, and CIMT was correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile by Pearson's correlation. Results: The mean CIMT in the right CCA was 0.67 + 0.12 mm, 0.58 + 0.07 mm, and 0.53 + 0.07 mm and in the left CCA was 0.65 + 0.10 mm, 0.58 + 0.06 mm, and 0.54 + 0.07 mm in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between Group A and Group B as well as between Group A and Group C (P < 0.05). Patients with diabetes (DM) who had disease of over 5-year duration and relatively poor control of blood glucose (high HbA1c), and dyslipidemia, had significantly higher CIMT values than those with new-onset DM as well as prediabetes. Conclusion: All the three subgroups of dysglycemic individuals had higher CIMT as compared to historical data from healthy Asian Indian population. The CIMT values increased along the temporal continuum of hyperglycemia, being the lowest in individuals with prediabetes to the highest values in DM of at least 5-year duration. This indicates that subclinical atherosclerosis has an onset early in DM and CIMT has a linear relationship with the progression of hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is one of the commonest potentially malignant disorders in India. Hypolipidemia can be considered as one of the biochemical markers in early detection of cancer. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of serum lipids as tumor markers in the diagnosis of oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer. Aim: To evaluate the alterations in lipid profile in OSMF, OSCC patients and to compare the levels with respect to the clinical staging and histological grading of OSMF. Methods and Materials:70 patients of OSMF and 60 patients of OSCC diagnosed clinically and histopathologically were included as the study subjects. A group of 70 age and sex matched normal subjects were taken as controls. The serum lipid profile consisting of TC, TGs, HDL, VLDL and LDL were calculated using Roche Cobas III autoanalyzer. Statistical analysis used: one-way ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc was applied. Results: The serum lipid level was statistically significantly lowered in patients with oral cancer and OSMF when compared with normal control group. All the lipid profile parameters such as TC, TG, HDL, VLDL and LDL progressively reduced as clinical stage progresses and the histological grade advanced. Conclusion: There is an inverse relationship between serum lipid profile in oral cancer as well as in OSMF. The lower serum lipid status may be considered as a useful biochemical marker for early detection of cancer. The decreased serum lipid profile may be considered as a useful indicator for initial changes occurring in the cells of potentially malignant disorders like OSMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on heavy metal induced toxicity have been conducted in many water bodies across the globe and such effects have been evaluated in various fish species. The present study was designed to determine the load of some heavy metals in select sites in Southern Assam, India, along with estimating their concentration in tissues of Channa punctatus Bloch. inhabiting those niches. The effect of heavy metals in oxystress generation, genotoxicity and subsequent immune response in fish was also evaluated. In all of these sites, the concentration of Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr were above the permissible ranges while their concentrations were several folds higher in the piscine tissues due to bioaccumulation and possible biomagnification. Kidney showed the highest metal pollution index followed by liver and gills. Generation of ROS was significantly elevated and that in turn triggered oxystress, as is evident from enhanced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and respiratory burst activity. These were in association with the compromised antioxidant enzyme levels with concomitant damage to DNA as evident from Comet parameters. The innate immune potential was significantly impaired as evident from the compromised cell adhesion, phagocytosis, intracellular killing activity in head kidney macrophages (HKM) along with decreased release of nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Immunosuppression was further validated at protein levels where compromised release of cytokines viz. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 and cell signaling molecules iNOS and NF-κβ were noted. Thus the present study indicates genotoxicity along with a compromise in immune status of Channa punctatus Bloch. living in a habitat laden with heavy metals. Highlights: Heavy metal concentrations in select water bodies above the WHO, EPA, IS limits. Accumulation of heavy metals in fish tissues are above the FAO set range. MPI is maximum in the kidney followed by liver and gill of Channa punctatus. Metal induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and compromised innate immune potential. Heavy metal induced decreased cytokine release and immunocompromised state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To date, no reference interval is available for lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, etc., in a non-fasting state. Hence, the study was taken up with the objective of exploring the possibility of establishing a reference interval for non-fasting lipid profile consisting of serum TC, TG, LDL, HDL, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Materials and Methods A total of 1,350 apparently healthy subjects, including 636 healthy men and 714 healthy women of 18 years and beyond of age, were enrolled in the study. Reference individuals were recruited using cluster sampling method from various villages and semi-urban regions irrespective of their sex, religion, socioeconomic status, or any other demographic profile, and samples were analyzed in Beckman Coulter AU480 analyzer. Results The mean age of 1,350 participants was 38.23 ± 15.94 years. We found that all the test parameters require a different reference interval than the established fasting reference range, except for HDL cholesterol in females. The data were subdivided into subjects below 40 years, between 40 and 60 years, and older than 60 years of age. All five parameters in the lipid profile were individually analyzed and were compared age group-wise and gender-wise with the total study population. Significant differences in the various dataset were found. Conclusion A shift toward non-fasting lipid interval measurement is, thus, a piece of evidence-driven mechanism. Even from a patient's perspective, it sets in ease and convenience in lipid-profile testing, subsequently leading to a more compliant cardiovascular management and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) has named tobacco one of the greatest public health threats of the twenty-first century. Tobacco smoking is an escalating public health problem especially in a developing country like India. Material and methods: This is a Case control study was carried out in Department of Biochemistry on 159 cases(smokers) 159 controls(non-smokers) patients those fulfilling inclusion / exclusion criteria and attended the outpatient and in patients Department of Medicine. A Comparative case-control study with 159 chronic smokers and 159 non-smokers is undertaken to study the changes in lipid profile and fibrinogen levels in chronic smokers. Results: The mean serum triglycerides levels in non-smokers and smokers were 130.68±19.54 and 300.93±63.51 respectively. There is a significant raise in triglycerides in smokers with p value <0.001 The mean LDL-C and VLDL-C values in non-smokers were 83.74±14.73 mg/dl and 26.03±4.04 mg/dl respectively. But these values were significantly higher in smokers (LDL-C=149.74±17.68 mg/dl, VLDL-C =61.72±13.32 mg/dl) as compared to those of non-smokers. The mean HDL-C in non-smokers was 52.00±6.26 and 43.94±2.28 in smokers respectively (p value <0.001) This finding is similar to that of Rosenson 67 who reported that there is fall in HDL-C level by 3-5 mg/dl in smokers. Bai-Mei-He 68 Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion: Our study showed an increase in the lipid parameters and fibrinogen levels with significant p values when compared between smokers and non smokers. Also showed significant rise in the lipid parameters and fibrinogen levels in heavy smokers compared with moderate smokers and light smokers, with the exception of HDL cholesterol which is decreased in all smokers compared to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal blood lipid levels in the general population and adverse reproductive events among women have been associated with cognitive impairment (CI). However, their relationship has not been extensively studied in community settings. Hence, this study aims to explore the association of CI with blood lipid levels in both sexes and reproductive events/trajectory among women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a North Indian rural population. A total of 808 adults were recruited through door-to-door household survey. Data on socio-demographic variables, reproductive profile of women, and cognitive impairment status were collected. Fasting blood sample was collected to estimate serum lipid profile. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to test for association. Results: The study demonstrated a lack of association between lipid profile and cognitive impairment among males. Surprisingly, low HDL-C among females was found to be protective against moderate/severe cognitive impairment (value of p = 0.049). Further, menopausal women and those having five or higher live births were found to be at higher risk of CI than pre-menopausal women and those with 1--2 live births, respectively. Conclusion: The present study hints toward a gender-specific association of blood lipid levels with CI. Further, higher live births and menopause appear to be important risk factors for CI among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dyslipidemia and mental illnesses are significant contributors to the global noncommunicable disease burden and studies suggest an association between them. Aim: Using data from a noncommunicable disease risk factor survey conducted in Haryana, India, we undertook a secondary data analysis to examine the association between lipids and depressive symptoms. Methods: The survey involved 5,078 participants and followed the World Health Organisation STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance approach. Biochemical assessments were undertaken in a subset of participants. Lipid markers were measured using wet chemistry methods. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire--9. Descriptive statistics were presented for all variables; logistic regression was used for association analyses. Results: The mean age of the study population was 38 years and 55% of them were females. A majority of the participants belonged to a rural background. The mean total cholesterol was 176 mg/dL and approximately 5% of the participants were found to have moderate to severe depression. The association of total cholesterol (odds ratio [OR] 0.99, P = 0.84), LDL-cholesterol (OR = 1.00, P = 0.19), HDL-cholesterol (OR = 0.99, P = .76), and triglycerides (OR 1.00, P = .12) with depressive symptoms was not significant. Conclusion: This study did not find any association between lipids and depressive symptoms. However, further investigations using prospective designs are warranted to understand this relationship and complex interactions with other mediating factors better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) show increased mortality after 1st year of undergoing renal transplantation. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality in these patients. Oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction (ED) represent a key triad for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. The present study was undertaken to assess OS, inflammatory biomarkers, and ED as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis in stable RTRs. Materials and Methods: Thirty stable post-RTRs along with 30 healthy individuals as controls were included in the study conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India. Lipid profile; OS markers; malondialdehyde (MDA), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP); inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 (IL-6); ED markers nitric oxide (NO) and P-selectin were estimated using standard methods. Lipid indices were calculated. Carotid intima-media thickness, two-dimensional echocardiogram, and renal Doppler scans were done. Results: No difference in lipid profile was observed between the RTRs and the control groups. RTRs had significantly higher oxidant markers (MDA and IMA), inflammatory marker (IL-6), marker of ED (NO), and lower antioxidant marker (FRAP) (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. RTRs had significantly more number of carotid plaques compared to the control group. A positive correlation was observed between number of carotid plaque and OS, ED, and inflammatory markers. Conclusion: RTRs have increased CVD risk despite undergoing renal replacement therapy. This can be attributed to the increased OS and inflammation which is seen in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study appraises the nutraceutical potential of uncooked and cooked Ceylon spinach, the wild leafy vegetable Talinum triangulare occurring in southwest India. Materials and Methods Proximal properties (moisture, crude protein, total lipids, crude fiber, ash, total carbohydrates, and calorific value), mineral contents, amino acid composition, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), protein digestibility–corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), protein efficiency ratios (PERs), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were evaluated by following standard protocols. Results Total lipids, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, and calorific value were higher in cooked than in uncooked samples. Among nine minerals assessed, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, iron, manganese, and zinc were significantly higher in uncooked samples compared with cooked samples. Lysine, methionine, cystine, tyrosine, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine were higher and histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, glycine, and proline were lower in uncooked samples. Cooking improved IVPD, PDCAAS, and PER. Capric and linoleic acids were higher in uncooked samples, while palmitic, 1-pyrrolidinebutanoic, and ɑ-linolenic acid acids were higher in cooked samples. The total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFAs) were higher in cooked samples; however, the total saturated fatty acids (TSFAs) were lower in cooked samples. The ratio of TUFA to TSFA was higher in uncooked than in cooked samples. Conclusion The protein content of T. triangulare is comparable to those of legume seeds and consists of low fat, high fiber, and high carbohydrates along with increased calorific value. The Na/K (<1) and Ca/P (>1) ratios are favorable to combat blood pressure and prevention of calcium loss, respectively. The indispensable amino acids are comparable to or higher than soybean, wheat, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO-WHO) standards. Improved IVPD, PDCAAS, and PER in cooked samples of T. triangulare support its nutraceutical potential in human diet to tackle the protein-energy malnutrition and supplement of its flour strengthens the value of fortified foods. The nutraceutical potential has possible roles to combat lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancers, and cardiac ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Over the last few years, the importance of leptin in energy metabolism has been extensively studied in both animal models and in humans. Very few results are available on the association between human leptin gene (LEP) variants and obesity traits in India. We designed this study to analyse the polymorphisms in human leptin gene and the association of sequence variants with obesity among the population in Kerala, South India. Methods. In this case-control design of 148 study participants, data were collected on socioeconomic aspects and anthropometric measurements. Plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and lipid profile were measured. Genotyping was done by automated DNA sequencing. Results. The common Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of 5′-UTR of LEP − 2548G/A was found to be present in the study population with "A" variant as dominant allele. A novel synonymous mutation Thr5Thr of exon 2 of LEP was identified in heterozygous form in one subject with morbid obesity with hyperleptinemia. A novel missense mutation Phe17Leu was observed in two subjects with obesity in heterozygous condition. A novel missense mutation Lys36Arg in exon 2 of LEP was observed in one subject with abdominal obesity and decreased serum leptin level. Conclusion. LEP − 2548G/A at 5′-untranslated region was found to be common with the mutant "A" variant in the study population. SNPs of exons in LEP were found to be rare but associated with morbid obesity and altered levels of serum leptin in the study population in Kerala, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most common metabolic disorder affecting the human population is diabetes mellitus with increasing prevalence globally including in India. Various cardiovascular complications and lipid disorders have been found to have an association with diabetes mellitus. Aim: The present clinical study was conducted to assess the lipid profile and effect of the therapeutic intervention in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: The present case-control clinical study included 120 subjects having diabetes mellitus and 12 subjects as controls well-matched for gender and age. In fasting blood samples of study subjects, HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C), Triglycerides (TG), and Total Cholesterol (TC) levels were assessed using a spectrophotometer by liquid chemistry, and results were assessed. Results: The study results showed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels were higher in subjects in a study group with cases compared to the controls. Also, a significant correlation was seen in fasting blood sugar (FBS) and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in subjects with type-2 diabetes mellitus, and no correlation in Type-2 diabetes mellitus and HDL levels. Conclusion: The present study concludes that increased levels of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol lead to higher blood glucose levels in subjects with diabetes mellitus, and no correlation exists between HDL levels and type-2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) were found to be more depressed compared to individuals without diabetes, but the reason remains unclear. An objective marker for the screening and management of depression could reduce the subjective variation commonly observed with existing questionnaire-based screening. No study has been conducted to observe the impact of lipid ratios on depression in T2D individuals. Hence, this study aimed at investigating the best association between depression with lipid ratios, an important indicator of cardiovascular status, and its cut off value for identifying the presence of depression. Subject and method: Depression was assessed among 50 consenting healthy individuals and 50 T2D patients in Uttarakhand using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The association between PHQ-9 score, lipid ratios and markers of insulin resistance and cut off value were analysed using regression analysis and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Result: A negative correlation between insulin sensitivity and depression was noted among total participants (p value < 0.001). Lipid ratios and depression were positively associated, both among total participants and those with diabetes (p value <0.001) which persisted even after adjustment with age. Among all the ratios, triglycerides (TG)/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was found to have the best association with depression (rho = 0.8 and AUC = 0.8, p < 0.001). A TG/HDL-C value of 1.90 was identified as a cut-off point for the presence of depression (PHQ-9 score > 10), with a sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 80.4%. Conclusion: The ease and wide accessibility of the TG/HDL-C ratio make it ideal for use as a screening tool for depression in individuals with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The two most prevalent public health issues are dyslipidaemia and iron deficiency anaemia, notably in developing nations such as India. There is a correlation between these two serious disorders, however research on Indian people is lacking in this area. Methods: This is a prospective study to assess the effect of iron treatment on Indian Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) patients and their effect on serum lipid profile post iron therapy. In this study, 52 patients with confirmed iron deficiency anaemia with dyslipidaemia were examined, with a mean age of 49±11 years and a gender distribution of 37 females and 15 men. The serum lipid profile was tested for changes in (TGL, TC, LDL, HDL, VLDL cholesterol) and After three months of oral iron supplements, the patients were reassessed and monitored. Results: The outcomes are reported as mean and standard deviation. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels were considerably (P < 0.001) higher in the iron deficiency anaemia group (272.2+29.2 mg/dl and 170.1+17.1mg/dl) than in the post iron therapy group (218.00 28.3 mg/dl and 123.7 + 20.3mg/dl) and the level of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) was considerably (P = 0.02) higher in IDA group (61.3+10.7 mg/dl) compared to the post iron therapy group (44+8.9 mg/dl). Similarly, before therapy IDA and dyslipidaemia group free serum iron was (40.8+8.4) after iron therapy it significantly enhanced to 124.1+14.5. Conclusion: Present finding concluded that aberrant serum lipid profiles are linked with IDA in Indian adults and iron therapy has a considerable beneficial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background /purpose: Leptin—a protein hormone that plays vital role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, involved in regulating the circadian rhythms of gonadotropic, thyrotropic and adrenal axes in the endocrine system. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to correlate serum leptin levels and other demographic and biochemical parameters between prediabetic cases and control subjects of Kashmiri population. Furthermore, association of serum leptin levels with various demographic and biochemical parameters along with insulin resistance in pre-diabetic subjects was elucidated. In our study, pre-diabetic cases (n = 212) and healthy controls (n = 196) were enrolled. Methods: All study subjects underwent anthropometric assessment. Serum samples of all study subjects were analysed for biochemical parameters employing the principle of spectrophotometry and leptin levels using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Insulin levels of prediabetic cases were deduced by chemiluminescent micro particle immunoassay (CMIA) technology and thereby calculating their insulin resistance. Results: The cases had statistically increased leptin levels, lipid profile and obesity as compared to controls (p ≤ 0.05). Our study, showed a positive correlation between elevated leptin levels and increased lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides; TG and very low density lipoproteins-cholesterol; VLDL-C) in prediabetics (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Beyond adiposity, leptin levels may increase the risk of pre-diabetes in Kashmiri population. Since the secretion, estimation and measurements of leptins are modest in contrast to insulin levels; therefore, leptin levels can also be included in the routine measurement as an indicator of metabolic syndrome and/or T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) appears even in patients with normal level of conventional lipid parameters. But due to lack of specific guidelines on Indian population, involving detection of advanced lipid indices, has resulted in inadequate finding, management, and control of cardiovascular disease risks. This emphasises the need of advanced lipid indices for prediction of CAD at younger age. Aim: To evaluate the reliability of advanced lipid indices compared to conventional lipid parameters for diagnosis of CAD. Also, to determine the effectiveness of advanced lipid indices in screening young Indian for the risk of Premature CAD (PCAD). Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, between January 2020 to January 2022. The study enrolled total 983 subjects which were divided into cases and controls. The estimation of usual lipid profile {Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and Total Cholesterol (TC)} and advanced lipid parameters, oxidised LDL, Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), lipoprotein (a), small density LDL (Sd-LDL), and Apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B) was studied for each enrolled individual. These lipid parameters were used to calculate various lipid indices like Lipid Pentad Index (LPI), Lipid Tetrad Index (LTI), Atherosclerotic Index (AI), and Advanced Atherosclerotic Index (AAI); and TC/HDL ratio. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Fisher'sexact test, multivariate logistic regression, and Student's t-test/Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Results: Mean age of participants in case group was 32.31±5.42 years and in control group was 32.13±5.21 years. Among case group, 427 (88.04%) enrolled males had PCAD. In case group, total 45 (9.28%) had diabetes, 51 (10.51%) had family history of PCAD and 230 (47.42%) patients were smokers. The values of TC (p-value=0.009), LDL (p-value<0.001), Apo A1 (p-value<0.001), HDL (p-value<0.001) were significantly lower among cases compared to controls, lipoprotein (a) (p-value=0.04), Sd-LDL (p-value<0.001), TG (p-value<0.001) were significantly higher among cases compared to controls. Among the calculated lipid indices, the values of AI (p-value<0.001), LTI (p-value<0.001), LPI (p-value=0.001) and AAI (p-value=0.01) were significantly higher among cases as compared to controls. Conclusion: Advanced lipid indices are statistically more reliable than conventional lipid parameters. Newer advanced lipid indices are effective in screening young Indian individuals for the risk of PCAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microalga Scenedesmus rotundus, isolated from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India was designated as Scenedesmus rotundus-MG910488 after morphological and molecular identification. In this study, the effects of various autotrophic growth media on the physiology and lipid accumulation of this microalga were investigated. The cell density, amount of photosynthetic pigments, the productivity of biomass and lipid content and the cell morphology of the microalga were shown to be significantly affected by the variation in growth media. The highest biomass of 754.56 ± 14.80 mg L−1 with biomass productivity of 37.73 ± 0.74 mg L−1 day−1 was achieved when this microalgae was cultivated in the Zarrouk's medium, whereas the highest lipid content of 33.30 ± 1.21% was observed in the BG-11 medium. The results confirm that the BG-11 is a cost-effective and efficient growth medium for this microalga. It also shows that the ingredients of the growth medium and its concentration influence the growth and synthesis of biomolecules produced by microalga. The biodiesel produced from obtained lipids was qualitatively estimated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H, 13C NMR) and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), which indicate the presence of oleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester and palmitic acid methyl ester as the leading fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the samples, which make this strain an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipids play a central role in the virus life cycle and are a crucial target to develop antiviral therapeutics. Importantly, among the other lipoproteins, the 'good cholesterol' high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been widely studied for its role in not only cardiovascular but several infectious diseases as well. Studies have suggested a role of serum lipids and lipoproteins including HDL, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in several viral infections including COVID-19. This disease is currently a major public health problem and there is a need to explore the role of these host lipids/lipoproteins in virus pathogenesis. Methodology: A total of 75 retrospective COVID-19 positive serum samples and 10 COVID-19 negative controls were studied for their lipid profiles including TC, HDL, LDL, and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and TG. Results: Systematic literature search on dyslipidemia status in India shows that low HDL is the most common dyslipidemia. In this cohort, 65% (49) of COVID-19 patients had severely low HDL levels whereas 35% (26) had moderately low HDL and none had normal HDL levels. On the other hand, ~ 96% of samples had normal TC (72) and LDL (72) levels. VLDL and TG levels were also variable. In the controls, 100% of samples had moderately low HDL but none severely low HDL levels. Conclusion: HDL likely plays a crucial role in COVID-19 infection and outcomes. The causal relationships between HDL levels and COVID-19 need to be studied extensively for an understanding of disease pathogenesis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lipids are fundamental biomolecules of the body. Infections like Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) with intricate immune response in some patient’s leads to acute complications by affecting metabolic pathways at multiple levels. Metabolism of cholesterol, triglyceride and High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) is deranged by cytokines and multiple inflammatory mediators. The sex differences in lipid metabolism may contribute in susceptibility, severity and outcome COVID-19. Performing lipid profile in COVID-19 patient may help in assessing severity and prognosis of disease. Aim: To assess the relationship between lipid profile and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients and also to evaluate the gender-wise differences in lipid parameters and their correlations with inflammatory markers. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry at SHKM, GMC, Mewat, Haryana, India (tertiary care health centre) on COVID-19 positive patients attending Outpatient Department (OPD) and Inpatient Department (IPD), from October 2020 to December 2020. The data of 85 patients with COVID-19 positive, confirmed by Reverse TranscriptionPolymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and who were prescribed for lipid profile along with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and serum ferritin were included in the study. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, CRP and ferritin were measured in the subjects. Data was statistically analysed using Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Total 85 (46 males and 39 females) COVID-19 patients were included in the study. Mean age in male and female patients were 43.02±15.52 years and 42.02±15.25 years, respectively with a range of 5-82 years. Mean value of Serum triglycerides, HDL-C and total cholesterol was 204.94±141.27 mg/dL, 42.97±13.38 mg/dL and 187.058±45.75 mg/dL, respectively. Serum triglycerides were statistically significantly higher in males than females (p-value=0.0413). The HDL-C, however, was significantly higher in females than males (p-value=0.0006). In male patients, r-value between cholesterol and CRP was -0.3538, and p-value was 0.016. Ferritin had a significant negative correlation with HDL-C (r-value=-0.3578, p-value=0.00079). Weakly positive correlation was noted between triglyceride and ferritin (r-value=0.2285, p-value=0.035). Conclusion: High levels of serum triglycerides, low total cholesterol, and low HDL-C correlates with inflammatory markers like CRP and ferritin in COVID-19 patients. Lipid profile may be used as a potential marker in all COVID-19 patients in assessing prognosis of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics around the globe have been a matter of grave concern due to the unavoidable habits of human mankind. Taking waste statistics in India for the year 2019–20 into account, the data of 60 major cities show that the generation of plastic waste stands tall at around 26,000 tonnes/day, of which only about 60 % is recycled. A majority of the non‐recycled plastic waste is petrochemical‐based packaging materials that are non‐biodegradable in nature. Vegetative/food waste is another global issue, evidenced by vastly populated countries such as China and India accounting for 91 and 69 tonnes of food wastage, respectively in 2019. The mitigation of plastic packaging issues has led to key scientific developments, one of which is biodegradable materials. However, there is a way that these two waste‐related issues can be fronted as the analogy of "taking two shots with the same arrow". The presence of various bio‐compounds such as proteins, cellulose, starch, lipids, and waxes, etc., in food and vegetative waste, creates an opportunity for the development of biodegradable packaging films. Although these flexible packaging films have limitations in terms of mechanical, permeation, and moisture absorption characteristics, they can be fine‐tuned in order to convert the biobased raw material into a realizable packaging product. These strategies could work in replacing petrochemical‐based non‐biodegradable packaging plastics which are used in enormous quantities for various household and commercial packaging applications to combat the ever‐increasing pollution in highly populated countries. This paper presents a systematic review based on modern scientific tools of the literature available with a major emphasis on the past decade and aims to serve as a standard resource for the development of biodegradable packaging films from food/vegetative waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased serum uric acid (SUA) level is considered a risk factor for kidney diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Deranged lipid profile in T2DM is an overall risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Aim: This study aimed to find the correlation between SUA and serum lipid profile in T2DM patients who had serum creatinine levels within normal limits. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Serum creatinine level was measured first. Then, patients with serum creatinine levels within normal limits were recruited as the final sample. Anthropometric measurements were conducted by an experienced clinician. A 12-h fasting venous blood sample was used to measure serum urea, lipids, sugar, and glycated hemoglobin. Results: A total of 176 (male = 104 [59.1%], female = 72 [40.9%]) T2DM patients with a median age of 46 (Q1–Q3 = 40–55) years participated in the study. There was no gender difference in fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P = 0.57), SUA (P = 0.42), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.17). Females showed higher total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.0001), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.002), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.0002), and very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) (P = 0.01). SUA showed significant positive correlation with TG (rs = 0.65, P < 0.0001) and VLDL-C (rs = 0.63, P < 0.0001) and significant negative correlation with HDL-C (rs = −0.35, P < 0.0001) and FBS (rs = −0.45, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: A higher level of SUA, an indicator for kidney disease in T2DM patients, may be associated with a higher TG and VLDL-C and lower FBS and HDL-C. Thus, SUA should be monitored along with lipid profile for early detection of the risk of kidney diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer accounts for 25% of all female cancer cases in India. Although, lipids and free radicals like Nitric Oxide (NO) have been related to breast cancer, but its pathogenesis remains controversial. Aim: To estimate NO, endothelial NO Synthase (eNOS) and lipid profile in serum of breast cancer patients and also to determine their possible role in patients of breast cancer in Indian women. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based case-control study conducted for a period of 24 months from July 2012 to June 2014 in Dr. V.M. Government Medical College, Solapur, with a total of 100 women (50 breast cancer cases and 50 healthy age-matched controls) of age group 35-65 years. Fasting venous blood samples were collected. Biochemical parameters analysed in the study were serum NO, serum eNOS, serum Total Cholesterol (TC), serum Triglycerides (TG), serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Results were expressed as mean±Standard Deviation (SD) and Student's unpaired t-test was used to compare the pairs of means. Results: There was no significant difference in mean age between cases (49.73±8.16 years) and controls (48.23±8 years). Serum levels of NO, eNOS, TC, TG and LDL were significantly higher in cases than in controls (55.92±6.54 µmol/L vs 49.58±6.74 µmol/L for NO; 175.4±22.92 U/mL vs 148.6±9.77 U/mL for eNOS; 271±9.16 mg/dL vs 177.58±6.41 mg/dL for TC; 180.70±8.48 mg/dL vs 107.57±8.98 mg/dL for TG; 177.39±6.21 mg/dL vs 98.16±8.90 mg/dL for LDL). However, serum HDL levels did not showed significant difference in case group (57.55±6.40 mg/dL) when compared with control group (57.15±5.35 mg/dL). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that high serum levels of NO, eNOS and lipids are associated with breast cancer and thereby, suggests that increased NO, eNOS and abnormal lipid profile may have a role in pathogenesis of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Dyslipidemia is a multifactorial disease in which lipoproteins play an important role as one of the early markers for coronary heart disease (CHD). Mixed dyslipidemia is common in people with diabetes mellitus, but nondiabetic dyslipidemics (NDD) remain unidentified for the risk of developing dyslipidemia and eventually CHD. Objectives This pilot study attempts to analyze the genetic basis of lipid metabolism alterations, emphasizing the association between fatty acid-binding protein-2 (FABP2-Ala54Thr) and apolipoprotein-C3 (APOC3-rs5128) genetic polymorphism, as a risk for developing dyslipidemia and CHD in NDD. Methods and Design Total 90 subjects—30 DD, 30 NDD, and 30 apparently healthy subjects representing Central India—were included. Biochemical analysis and DNA genotyping were done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical Analysis The biochemical parameters were reported as means ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance test was used to compare biochemical parameters of three groups. Chi-squared test was done to compare genotype distributions. The strength of association was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical analysis was done using SPSS-PC software and Graph Pad. Results In NDD, maximum polymorphism was observed followed by DD and least polymorphism was observed in controls. There was a significant association of APOC3 G allele with occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia (p < 0.05); however, no such association was found for FABP2 A allele (p > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed APOC3 polymorphism to be significantly associated with dyslipidemia (OR = 2.6667, 95% CI = 1.0510–6.7663, p = 0.0341); no such association was found for FABP2 polymorphism (OR = 0.4643, 95% CI = 0.1641–1.3136, p = 0.1347). The triglyceride and cholesterol values in individuals with homozygous genotype indicate that genetic study is comparable to the biochemical findings in carriers of polymorphic allele than noncarriers, especially in NDD patients. Conclusions Pilot study indicates that the presence of APOC3 gene polymorphism is associated with pro-atherogenic dyslipidemia in nondiabetic patients and may raise risk of CHD. This information could be used for preventive strategies in NDD group that may otherwise go unnoticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hodgsonia heteroclita has been known as an important traditionally consumed medicinal plant of North-East India known to have antidiabetic properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of the ethanolic fruit extract of Hodgsonia heteroclita against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by using streptozotocin (STZ) treated diabetic mice. The fruits of H. heteroclita were collected from the various parts of Kokrajhar district, Assam India (Geographic coordinates: 26°24′3.85″ N 90°16′22.30″ E). Basic morphological evaluations were carried out by the Botanical Survey of India, Eastern circle, Shillong, who also certified and identified the plant. Hexane, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts of the fruit of H. heteroclita were investigated for α-amylase inhibition assay as a rapid screening tool for examining anti-diabetic activity. The efficacy of ethanolic extract at a dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight was tested for 21 days in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The body weight, fasting plasma glucose and serum lipids, and hepatic glycogen levels were measured in experimental animals to examine the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic efficacy of the extract. Both HPTLC and LC-MS analysis was performed to examine the phyotochemicals present in the ethanolic extract of H. heteroclita. It has been observed that treatment with the ethanolic extract dose-dependently reduced the plasma glucose levels, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, and increased the body weight, liver glycogens and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in STZ treated diabetic mice. HPTLC demonstrated the presence of triterpene compounds and LC-MS analysis revealed the presence Cucurbitacin I, Cucurbitacin E, and Kuguacin G as the triterpene phytoconstituents. The present study demonstrated that ethanolic fruit extract of H. heteroclita improved both glycemic and lipid parameters in mice model of diabetes. Graphical abstract depicting the beneficial role of Hodgsonia heteroclita in the regulation of anti-hyperglycemic and anti - hyperlipidemic activities. [Display omitted] • Diabetes is a chromic metabolic disorders affecting worldwide population. • Hodgsonia heteroclita is a traditionally consumed medicinal plant of North-East India with antidiabetic properties. • Ethanolic fruit extract of H. heteroclita improved glycemic and lipid profiles in diabetic mice. • H. heteroclita can be used for the development of effective new medications for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in dialysis patients. Compared to general population, dialysis patients have lower lipid levels and higher vascular events. This paradox is popularly known as reverse epidemiology. Present study is an attempt to understand reasons for low lipids in dialysis patients. Subjects and Methods: This was a prospective observational multicentric study involving three stages across six dialysis units with Care Hospitals, Hyderabad. Maintenance hemodialysis patients were studied with fasting lipid profiles [TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, and TG], pre- and post-dialysis blood lipids and effluent water lipid profiles. Other parameters studied were use of statins, interdialytic weight gain, and ultrafiltration. All patients had uniform dialysis protocols regarding filter used and dialysis duration. Results: Of the 91 patients studied, we observed significant rise in post-dialysis TC, LDL, and HDL [P < 0.01] and lower lipids [P < 0.01] just before the next dialysis. Lipids were least filtered across the membrane except HDL, which was found in effluent water for more than 60% of patients. Single use of dialyser was associated with higher rise in post dialysis lipids as well as HDL getting filtered in effluent [P = 0.24]. Rosuvastatin was associated with lower lipid values [P = 0.08] and BMI [P = 0.19]. Conclusions: Low lipid levels in dialysis patients are due to dilutional hypolipidemia and needs correction with an equation proposed in present study. Corrected lipids should be used for risk stratification and deploying treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study is uncovering potential strains of microalgae from Indore, Madhya Pradesh situated in central India with a diverse climate for sustainable production of different bio‐products. Assessing the entire biochemical profile is crucial to select species‐ specific metabolites for sustainability of algal bio‐refinery processes. In the current study, seven algal species (C. proboscideum, Desmodesmus psuedocommunis, Asterarcys quadricellulare, Ettlia texensis, Pediludiela daitoensis, Coelastrella sp., Pectinodesmus sp.) were isolated and identified using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18 s rRNA sequences, and these species found to be from the Chlorophyta phylum. The highest biomass productivity (51.25 ± 1.96 μg/ml/day) with chlorophyll content (33.07 ± 0.63 μg/ml) was observed in A. quadricellulare on 21st day (P < 0.0001). Biochemical profiling of isolated species showed each species is unique in its biochemical composition (total lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins). Coelastrella sp. and Pectinodesmus sp. was found to be accumulating considerable quantities of (P < 0.0001) carbohydrates (303.3 ± 1.11 μg/mg dry cell weight) and lipids (212.67 ± 2.53 μg/mg per dry cell weight), respectively. Whereas P. daitoensis was found best (P < 0.0001) for protein production (205.78 ± 2.56 μg/mg dry cell weight), on 21st day. Highest total fatty acid content was detected in Pectinodesmus sp. (115.74 μg/mg) on 21st day, which has shown good saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentage, inflicting high quality biodiesel production. Confocal microscopy further supported the data. Assessing the biochemical profile at different phases of growth for each species therefore reduce the production time of biofuels as well as make this process much more cost‐effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In menopause, changes in body fat distribution lead to increasing risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Therefore, the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by the presence of risk factors is of importance in elderly women. Objective: To find out the conicity index (CI) and its association with different CVD risk factors among rural elderly women of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 236 rural elderly women, selected randomly from 30 villages of Amdanga block, West Bengal. Components of metabolic syndrome (MS), body fat percentage, different lipid profile fractions, CI, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Statistical tests were calculated using SPSS software version 20.0. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High CI (median 1.25 and interquartile range 1.05–1.45) was found. The proportion of participants with high CI were significantly higher among those with MS (87.95%), waist circumference having 80 cm or more (99.09%), blood pressure having ≥ 130/85 mm of Hg (75.66%), body fat percentage ≥25% (80.14%), and BMI ≥23 (93.18%). Conclusion: High prevalence of CI existed among rural elderly women. Significant correlation existed between CI and different CVD risk factors as well as some of the components of MS indicating a possible coexistence of different CVD risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is ever-increasing in India, and at present, ~77 million people live with diabetes. Studies have established that T2DM increases the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to determine the age-related prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM patients in the Indian population and to identify link between cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients and serum lipid composition through untargeted and targeted lipidomic studies. Using a cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1278 T2DM patients with Montreal cognitive assessment test (MoCA) and digit symbol substitution test (DSST) for cognitive functions. As per MoCA, the prevalences of MCI in T2DM patients in age groups below 40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80 and 81-90 years were 13.7, 20.5, 33.5, 43.7, 57.1 and 75% with DSST scores of 45.8, 41.7, 34.4, 30.5, 24.2 and 18.8% respectively. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed serum HbA1c ≥ 7.51, duration of T2DM over 20 years, age above 41 years, and females were independent contributors for cognitive dysfunction in T2DM patients. Preliminary studies with untargeted lipidomics of the serum from 20 T2DM patients, including MCI and normal cognition (NC) group, identified a total of 646 lipids. Among the identified lipids, 33 lipids were significantly different between MCI and NC group, which comprised of triglycerides (TGs, 14), sphingolipids (SL, 11), and phosphatidylcholines (PC, 5). Importantly, 10 TGs and 3 PCs containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were lower, while 8 sphingolipids were increased in the MCI group. Since brain-derived sphingolipids are known to get enriched in the serum, we further quantified sphingolipids from the same 20 serum samples through targeted lipidomic analysis, which identified a total of 173 lipids. Quantitation revealed elevation of 3 species of ceramides, namely Cer (d18:1_24:1), Hex1Cer (d16:0_22:6), and Hex2Cer (d28:1) in the MCI group compared to the NC group of T2DM patients. Overall, this study demonstrated an age-related prevalence of MCI in T2DM patients and highlighted reduced levels of several species of PUFA containing TGs and PCs and increased levels of specific ceramides in T2DM patients exhibiting MCI. Large-scale lipidomic studies in future could help understand the cognitive dysfunction domain in T2DM patients, while studies with preclinical models are required to understand the functional significance of the identified lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal iodine (I) status is critical in embryonic and foetal development. We examined the effect of preconception iodine supplementation on maternal iodine status and on birth outcomes. Non‐pregnant women in Guatemala, India and Pakistan (n ~ 100 per arm per site) were randomized ≥ 3 months prior to conception to one of three intervention arms: a multimicronutrient‐fortified lipid‐based nutrient supplement containing 250‐μg I per day started immediately after randomization (Arm 1), the same supplement started at ~12 weeks gestation (Arm 2) and no intervention supplement (Arm 3). Urinary I (μg/L) to creatinine (mg/dl) ratios (I/Cr) were determined at 12 weeks for Arm 1 versus Arm 2 (before supplement started) and 34 weeks for all arms. Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationship of I/Cr with arm and with newborn anthropometry. At 12 weeks gestation, adjusted mean I/Cr (μg/g) for all sites combined was significantly higher for Arm 1 versus Arm 2: (203 [95% CI: 189, 217] vs. 163 [95% CI: 152, 175], p < 0.0001). Overall adjusted prevalence of I/Cr < 150 μg/g was also lower in Arm 1 versus Arm 2: 32% (95% CI: 26%, 38%) versus 43% (95% CI: 37%, 49%) (p = 0.0052). At 34 weeks, adjusted mean I/Cr for Arm 1 (235, 95% CI: 220, 252) and Arm 2 (254, 95% CI: 238, 272) did not differ significantly but were significantly higher than Arm 3 (200, 95% CI: 184, 218) (p < 0.0001). Nominally significant positive associations were observed between I/Cr at 12 weeks and birth length and head circumference z‐scores (p = 0.028 and p = 0.005, respectively). These findings support the importance of first trimester iodine status and suggest need for preconception supplementation beyond salt iodization alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among executive and nonexecutive workers in an urban public sector office setting. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional survey of employees in a public sector office in Eastern India was done using a structured questionnaire to collect data on demographic and lifestyle details and health conditions. Clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, blood sugar, and lipid levels were measured. The employees were divided as executives and nonexecutives based on whether they held gazetted or nongazetted posts. Results: A total of 502 participants were surveyed - 140 executives and 362 nonexecutives; majority were male (88.23%). The executive group had a significantly greater number of participants with older age, hypertension (57.9% vs. 39%), and overweight (40% vs. 30.6%) than the nonexecutive group. Significantly, more nonexecutives had a physically active lifestyle and relatively less presence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and weight. The prevalence of ≥3 cardiovascular risk factors was significantly high in executives (27.9%) as compared to nonexecutives (14.1%). Conclusion: A higher prevalence of mostly lifestyle-related modifiable cardiovascular risk factors was seen among the executives in an urban public sector office setting in Eastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachtin (AZA) is the most abundant bioactive secondary metabolite (BASM) in neem seed oil extract (NSOE) of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. AZA is localised in different parts of the plant (seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, stem, bark and root) however, with varying degree of concentration. It has been documented that maximum concentration of AZA is present to the tune of 48000 μg g-1 in the seeds. It has been established that the environmental conditions determines the overall content and composition of BASM in different parts of the plant. Neem plant parts are most commonly used as therapeutic agents in remote villages in India for its ethnomedicinal therapeutic potentials; however, its physicochemical, druggable and pharmacological properties inadequately described. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical, druggable and pharmacological properties of Azadirachtin in NSOE of A. indica from ADMET perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In the wake of COVID-19 pandemic, strict lockdown measures posed many challenges in managing chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. The impact of lockdown on physical and biochemical parameters along with contributing factors was assessed. Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty consecutive patients with chronic illnesses attending medicine outpatient department during unlock down phase I were enrolled. A 5 point Likert scale was used to determine the effect on diet, exercise, pain, physical and psychological symptoms, and a personal interview to assess the contributing factors. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations were done to compare between pre and post lockdown status and appropriate statistical tests were used. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.53 ± 6.4 years with a female preponderance. Mean duration of illness was 8.93 ± 2.4 years and majority had hypertension (21%), diabetes (19%) or both (12%), hypothyroidism (18%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (8%). While physical symptoms and pain did not show a significant change, 41.3% had worsening of psychological symptoms, 53.3% diet, and 70.6% exercise noncompliance. Weight, blood pressure, lipids, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone showed little change. Glycemic control was deranged in 72.5% with HbA1c increasing from 6.47 ± 1.9 to 8.1 ± 2.4 (P = 0.007). Contributing factors, 52.3% reported lack of exercise, 40% financial problems, 36% transport difficulties, and 30% unavailability of medicines. Conclusion: Lockdown negatively affected the management of chronic diseases with significant worsening of psychological symptoms, diet, and exercise adherence. Glycemic control worsened in diabetics. Lack of transport and unavailability of medicines were the significant contributing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate results of lipid screening of American Asian Indian adolescents in a primary care setting. Methods: An administrative database was used to select American Asian Indian adolescents (10-20 years) with lipid profiles in 2013. Demographics, obesity/overweight and summary of lipid measures defined as acceptable, borderline and high were analyzed. Dyslipidemia was defined as combined if triglyceride to the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was more than 3 and multifactorial if total cholesterol was 200 mg/dL or more and/or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 130 mg/dL or more. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, chi-square, and multivariate regression. Data presented as proportion, mean and odd ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: Of 244 American Asian Indian adolescents studied (55.7% males), dyslipidemia borderline and high was classified in 151 (61.9%), and between 75 adolescents with high dyslipidemia, 32 (42.7%) had combined and 20 (26.7%) multifactorial dyslipidemia. The increased risk for overweight and obesity was associated with high dyslipidemia (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.03, 2.11) and (OR 1.78, 95%CI 1.10, 2.87), respectively. Moreover, 65.5% of patients with combined and 55% with multifactorial were overweight or obese. Conclusions: Lipid profiles were abnormal in the majority of the study group, including one-third with high dyslipidemia, defined as combined and/or multifactorial, and significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Study findings allow for better understanding of the prevalence of dyslipidemia in this population, and therefore, increase parental and pediatricians' responsiveness to reduce the risk for further progression to cardio-vascular diseases in Asian Indian adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: South Asia has emerged rapidly as an epicentre of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) specifically diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence rate, risk factors and aetiology of NCDs in different socio‐demographic settings are not clearly understood. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis and their risk factors in urban, sub‐urban and rural communities of South India. Methods: Three communities [Nallampatti (rural), Thadagam (sub‐urban) and Kalapatti (urban)] in South India were selected for participation in the KMCH‐NCD Studies. Study volunteers were administered a detailed questionnaire, underwent anthropometric measurements, clinical measurements including blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), non‐fasting lipid profile and serum creatinine. Carotid intima‐media thickness was measured using B‐mode ultrasound. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to understand the association of risk factors with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Results: A total of 2976 native participants, ≥20 years of age were screened. The prevalence of diabetes was 16%, 26% and 23% respectively in the rural, sub‐urban and urban study populations. Association of obesity with diabetes was observed in only urban population while hypertension and dyslipidaemia showed association in both urban and semi‐urban populations. Association of diabetes with atherosclerosis was observed in urban and semi‐urban populations. Hypertension in semi‐urban and obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban population showed association with atherosclerosis. Conclusions: Diabetes and atherosclerosis burden reported in the three different communities were higher than previous reports, especially in rural and sub‐urban regions. No traditional risk factor is identified to be associated with prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis in rural population. These findings suggest an urgent need for investigation into the role of non‐traditional risk factors like environmental or occupational exposures may help to better understand the aetiology of diseases in non‐urbanized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]