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Oral cancer, a disfiguring and life threatening cancer, significantly affects the day-to-day life of not only the patients but also their family members in terms of life quality and financial burden. India records higher incidence of oral cancer every year and is mainly due to the habituation of tobacco products and alcohol abuse. Delay in diagnosis and treatment influences India's higher incidence of oral cancer, where annually 50,000–60,000 oral carcinoma cases are reported. 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced cancer in the oral cavity mimics human oral cancer in histopathological, molecular, and morphological aspects, and thus, by using this paradigm, the tumor inhibiting efficacy of medicinal plants or herbs and their components is scientifically validated. Ursolic acid, due to its multiple pharmacological effects, has been attracted, in recent years, for chemoprevention research program. Though, ursolic acid has been shown to have beneficial effects, its poor water solubility and bioavailability hinder to exert its 100% efficacy. Therefore, ursolic acid is encapsulated in either natural or synthetic polymers to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Chitosan is one of the natural polymers that have been employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles to improve the drug efficacy. The present study has thus chosen ursolic acid–loaded chitosan nanoparticles (UACNP) to assess its anticancer efficacy in the DMBA-induced oral carcinoma. The anticancer efficacy of UACNP in experimental oral carcinogenesis was assessed by employing the status of oxidative markers and detoxification cascade as an end point. DMBA-induced abnormalities in the status of oxidative markers and detoxification cascade were reversed by ursolic acid–loaded chitosan nanoparticles. The tumor inhibiting or suppressing effect of UACNP is thus explored in experimental oral carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The endemic plant of Seshachalam hills, Eastern Ghats, India, known as Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Pt). Objectives: It was examined in this study for its protective effects against oxidative damage in the kidney of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: After the induction of diabetes with Streptozotocin (40 mg kg-1 b.w), PTAq, an aqueous extract of Pt was directed orally at a dose of 750 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1. Results: Diabetic rats displayed significant decreases in Glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, and Vitamin E content (p<0.01) and significant elevations in lipid peroxidation (as MDA), uric acid content, and Xanthine Oxidase (XOD) activity (p<0.01). However, PTAq supplementation in the diabetic group resulted in significant (p<0.01) increases in Glutathione (GSH), Ascorbic Acid (AA), and Vitamin E content and declined MDA content, uric acid content, and XOD activity. Conclusion: The results advocate that Pt has the potential to avert diabetic complications triggered by oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats and could have therapeutic implications for diabetes management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salacia reticulata is a species of Salacia plants which are vine plants of the family Hippocrateaceae. The roots and stems of Salacia plants were used in traditional medicine in India and Sri Lanka to treat early diabetes and skin diseases. In this preliminary in vitro study, we examined the suppressive effects of leaf and stem extracts of S. reticulata on the production of aging odor components, such as 2-nonenal (2-NE) according to the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in in vitro system. Corn oil and palmitoleic acid were autoxidized by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 352 nm and 253.7 nm. The leaf or stem extracts of S. reticulata were added at final concentrations of 2% or 5% (w/w) to the oils before UV irradiation. The total levels of aldehydes and ketones produced from the oils were determined by a fluorometric method with 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD) or a colorimetric method with thiobarbituric acid (TBA). In addition, the amounts of 1-hexanal (HA) and 2-NE were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using ODS column. The levels of CHD reactive substances and TBA reactive substances were increased from corn oil and palmitoleic acid by UV irradiation for 120 min and 93 min, respectively. The addition of 2% stem extract of S. reticulata suppressed these levels. After UV irradiation for 48 min, HA was produced from corn oil and palmitoleic acid, whereas 2-NE was produced only from palmitoleic acid. The addition of 2% and 5% extracts of the leaf or stem suppressed the productions of these aldehydes. The effects of the stem extract on the production of 2-NE were almost the same as those of the leaf extract, while the effects of the stem extract on the productions of total aldehydes and HA tended to be stronger than those of the leaf extract. These results indicate that the extracts prepared from the leaf and stem of S. reticulata could prevent aging odor by the suppressive effects on the production of aldehydes in the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental contaminant-induced aquatic pollution threatens the aquatic biota and causes oxidative stress in the aquatic organisms. Mahananda River, the lifeline of Malda district, West Bengal, India is presently experiencing environmental crisis due to increasing level of contaminants which deteriorate the water quality along with its biota. Puntius sarana is an economically important edible fish species in the River Mahananda that seems to be declining, owing to environmental pollution. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the health status of Puntius sarana by evaluating different oxidative stress biomarkers. The sampling sites were selected according to population density and possible anthropogenic activities around the River Mahananda. Significantly higher concentration of Zn2+ (p < 0.01), Cu2+ (p < 0.05) in different sampling sites has been observed, compared to the control site. Results of the water quality index and water pollution index confirmed the pollution status of different sampling sites. Significant decreases were observed in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, compared to the control. The decreased values of reduced and oxidized glutathione ratio also indicate the increased oxidative stress of Puntius sarana. The principal component analysis showed that total hardness, calcium hardness, nitrate, manganese, zinc, copper, iron and arsenic were the main descriptors of the aquatic pollution. Therefore, findings of the present study demonstrate the ecotoxicological impacts of various anthropogenic activities which necessitates the need for continuous monitoring of the fresh water resources and its ecosystem from further contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various herbs are known to confer nephroprotectivity against renal damage of different origins. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is known to treat kidney disorders. Yet, a lacuna of studying the protective effect of the herb on drug induced nephrotoxicity at different time periods exists. Aim: To determine the protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers on drug induced nephrotoxic biochemical changes upon post-treatment with the herb. Material and Methods: An experimental study was carried out in Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2020 to October 2020. Gentamicin induced drug nephrotoxicity model was employed for the study. The ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia was prepared. Total 51 adult male wistar rats were housed under standard animal laboratory conditions for 30 days and were assigned to four groups: Control group (Olive oil, per os), Nephrotoxicity group (Gentamicin), Toxicity cessation group (Gentamicin-Olive oil) and Post-treatment group (Gentamicin T.cordifolia ethanolic extract) groups. To induce nephrotoxicity, gentamicin (100 mg/Kg) was administered through the intraperitoneal route for 8 days. The ethanolic extract of the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (400 mg/Kg) was administered orally for one, two and three weeks following nephrotoxicity induction. Levels of activity of Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Reduced Glutathione contentand Lipid peroxidation in the kidney were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post-hoc tests. Results: The reduction in superoxide dismutase (6.33±1.19 unit/mg/mt), catalase (57.56±25.89 mcm/mt/mg ptn), glutathione peroxidase (5.79±1.87 nm/mt/mg ptn) activity, and reduced glutathione (4.98±0.31mcm/g tissue) levels and increase in the lipid peroxidation (196.28±100.05 nm/g tissue) in the kidney due to gentamicin nephrotoxicity was reversed upon post-treatment with Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers extract for 1 week (7.06±0.25 unit/mg/mt, 119.69±22.79 mcm/mt/mg ptn, 7.08±1.73 nm/mt/mg ptn, 6.19±0.99 mcm/g tissue and 93.10±9.11 nm/g tissue), 2 weeks (7.03±0.43 unit/mg/mt, 181.79±39.00 mcm/mt/mg ptn, 5.07±0.81 nm/mt/mg ptn, 7.58±0.73 mcm/g tissue and 188.31±54.89 nm/g tissue) and 3 weeks (7.81±0.47 unit/mg/mt, 165.83±37.48 mcm/mt/mg ptn, 3.92±1.87 nm/mt/mg ptn, 7.03±1.28 mcm/g tissue, 214.40±72.93 nm/g tissue). Conclusion: Post-treatment with T.cordifolia (Willd.) Miers stem extract is protective in drug induced nephrotoxic condition, even upon 1 week of administration. Its therapeutic influence on the alterations in the oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels produced due to Gentamicin nephrotoxicity has been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Smoking, the leading cause of oral cancer in India, kills over 5 people every hour. As high mortality is due to late diagnosis, early detection is vital. Free radical-induced lipid peroxidation (LP) is known to promote multistep oral carcinogenesis. Free radicals generated by smoking damage polyunsaturated fatty acids releasing end product malondialdehyde (MDA). A simple, home-based test was devised to determine salivary MDA to assess early risk of oral precancer and cancer. It was hypothesized that heavier smokers would exhibit greater degree of salivary LP. Materials and Methods: A highly sensitive QuitPuff reagent was formulated which when heated with saliva, produces a color change, directly proportional to the amount of MDA. The MDA level was measured by matching the color change with a colorimetric LP index (LPI) chart. QuitPuff was tested on 500 subjects, validated using the gold standard, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Results: The mean LPI was consistently and significantly elevated (P < 0.001) in smokers with oral precancer and cancer (4.34) and smokers who smoked more than 20 (4.12), between 10 and 20 (3.43), and <10 cigarettes per day (2.43) as compared to nonsmokers (0.26). The mean LPIs of the test and validation methods correlated. Spearman's correlation indicated significant positive association between color changes and UV spectroscopy readings (r = 0.93). QuitPuff detected salivary MDA levels with 96% accuracy. Conclusion: Smokers exhibited greater degree of salivary LP as compared to nonsmokers; the heavier the smoker, greater was the degree of LP. QuitPuff has great potential as a point-of-care test for oral precancer and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Abundant use of organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorides and pyrethroid pesticides develop several hazardous health effects on nervous, respiratory, endocrine, reproductive and immune systems of humans as well as animals. All these effects of pesticides are due to generation of oxidative stress, either by producing free radicals or by developing variations in antioxidant status. Objectives: To access extent of oxidative stress developed by pesticides in pesticide sprayers of Satara District. Method: Forty pesticide sprayers having age group between 25-35 were selected in present study as subjects. Control group comprised of healthy farmers of same age, not involved in spraying activity. Measurements of anthropometry like height, weight and detail history were taken for each participant. Blood sample was collected in plain bulb and serum was separated for the analysis of estimation of lipid peroxide by Kei Satoh Method. Unpaired t test was used to find out level of significance by comparing mean and SD of both groups. Results: There was significant rise in MDA (t= 14.09, P value <0.0001) in pesticide sprayers as compared to controls. Conclusions: Pesticides generate free radicals that damage the cell by altering cell permeability, energy metabolism, intracellular and extracellular impairment in transport systems. All these results in development of lipid peroxidation which damages various systems of human being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small Alpine onion Allium humile (Alliaceae) is a common traditional Indian medicine used for blood purification, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic and seasoning agents. It is also used for the treatment of asthma, jaundice, stomach problems, cardiovascular disorders and anti-cancer agent. In this study, various extracts from the A. humile were taken and their therapeutic activity against dyslipidemia was evaluated in wistar rat models. The extraction was done by Soxhlet extraction and the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and aqueous) obtained were then tested for nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. The effective extracts i.e., methanol and ethyl acetate were then selected for in vivo studies in wistar rats. Dyslipidemia was induced in rats by feeding them high fat diet, and extracts of varying concentrations were administered to assess their potential for decreasing dyslipidemia. Statin was used as a positive control. After treatment, the blood was drawn and serum was separated for tests such as lipid profile, atherogenic index, lipid peroxidation and histopathological study. GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the types of compounds present in A. humile extracts and FTIR analysis of extracts was done to determine the types of chemical bonds and functional groups. The phytochemical screening of A. humile extracts revealed a high concentration of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, and saponins. Different extracts were evaluated to inhibit the nitric oxide at different concentrations. At the concentration of 700 μg/ml, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition of 78.26%, followed by ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous and hexane have shown 62.25%, 54.26%, 47.59% and 36.99% respectively. The GC-MS analysis of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts revealed many compounds. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of many functional groups pertaining to various compounds. The methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) was more active (P < 0.0001) than the ethyl acetate extract in lowering lipid levels, lipid peroxidation, and the decreasing development of the lipoidal layer in aortic wall and rupture of the intima and media confirmed by histopathological study. The results indicate that A. humile methanolic extract was more active than the ethyl acetate extract in lowering lipid levels, lipid peroxidation, inhibiting NOS production and the decreasing development of the lipoidal layer in aortic wall and thus could serve potential antihyperlipidemic agent to enhance cardiovascular health. [Display omitted] • The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with the onset of dyslipidemia, which is characterised by an increase in serum lipid levels. • The extracts from Allium humile were tested for nitric oxide radical scavenging and their ability to lower the risk of dyslipidemia. • Methanolic extract showed good efficacy in reducing cholesterol levels, lipid peroxidation, and atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic animals. • Development of atheroma, calcification, rupture of intima and media was also reduced in aortic tissue of rats confirmed by histopathology. • The compounds present in plant were characterised by GC-MS and FTIR which confirmed the presence of various medicinally essential compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) is an emerging soil pollutant of industrial origin. The unique physicochemical properties of ZnO NP viz. the bioavailability and subsequent ecotoxicological effects on organisms have made it an ecological concern. Lampito mauritii (Kinberg, 1866) is a common anecic earthworm and is considered as a keystone species of soil ecosystems in India. They are continuously exposed to various environmental toxins during their feeding and other activities. The current study aimed to estimate the immunotoxicological effects of ZnO NP in the coelomocytes, the chief immunoeffector cells of L. mauritii. The results of the study indicated decreased total count, phagocytic activity, antioxidative, and detoxifying potential of the coelomocytes in L. mauritii at 7 and 14 days of exposure. ZnO NP exposure resulted in the generation of oxidative molecules, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage within coelomocytes. The higher degree of cytotoxicity on ZnO NP exposure was suggestive of immunocompromisation in L. mauritii. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) guided methodology was also utilized in estimating the comprehensive effects of ZnO NP on the health of L. mauritii. The present study would provide useful information on the ZnO NP induced chemical stress in L. mauritii , with the selected endpoints having the potential to function as markers for ZnO NP toxicity. [Display omitted] • ZnO NP shifted density, oxidative and detoxifying status of coelomocytes. • High ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage by ZnO NP • ZnO NP inhibited phagocytosis of latex beads. • IBR index indicated higher ZnO NP toxicity in long span exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum (Al) is the third most abundant metal in earth crust, whose chemical form is mainly dependent on soil pH. The most toxic form of Al with respect to plants is Al3+, which exists in soil pH <5. Acidic soil significantly limits crop production mainly due to Al3+ toxicity worldwide, impacting approximately 50% of the world’s arable land (in North-Eastern India 80% soil are acidic). Al3+ toxicity in plants ensues root growth inhibition leading to less nutrient and water uptake impacting crop productivity as a whole. Rice is one of the chief grains which constitutes the staple food of two-third of the world population including India and is not untouched by Al3+ toxicity. Al contamination is a critical constraint to plant production in agricultural soils of North East India. 24 indigenous Indica rice varieties (including Badshahbhog as tolerant check and Mashuri as sensitive check) were screened for Al stress tolerance in hydroponic plant growth system. Results show marked difference in growth parameters (relative growth rate, Root tolerance index, fresh and dry weight of root) of rice seedlings due to Al (100 μM) toxicity. Al3+ uptake and lipid peroxidation level also increased concomitantly under Al treatment. Histochemical assay were also performed to elucidate uptake of aluminum, loss of membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation, which were found to be more in sensitive genotypes at higher Al concentration. This study revealed that aluminum toxicity is a serious harmful problem for rice crop productivity in acid soil. Based on various parameters studied it’s concluded that Disang is a comparatively tolerant variety whereas Joymati a sensitive variety. Western blot hybridization further strengthened the claim, as it demonstrated more accumulation of Glutathione reductase (GR) protein in Disang rice variety than Joymati under stressed condition. This study also observed that the emergence of lethal toxic symptoms occurs only after 48h irrespective of the dose used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (Asteraceae), an edible aquatic herb, is traditionally employed against toxic effects of heavy metals in India. The present study was planned to discover the protective effect of edible extract of E. fluctuans (AEEF) against Pb toxicity. Methods: The cytoprotective role of AEEF was determined on murine hepatocytes employing MTT assay and Hoechst staining. The effects on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, endogenous redox systems and the transcription levels of apoptotic proteins were studied after incubating the hepatocytes with AEEF (400 μg/ml) + Pb-acetate (6.8 μM). The defensive role of AEEF (100 mg/kg) against Pb-acetate (5 mg/kg) intoxication was measured in mice by in vivo assays. Biochemical, haematological and histological parameters, intracellular Pb burden and redox status were measured. Results: AEEF exhibited a concentration dependent cytoprotective effect against Pb-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Pb-acetate incubation significantly (p < 0.01) altered the extents of ROS production ↑, protein carbonylation ↑, lipid peroxidation ↑, endogenous antioxidant enzymes ↓ and GSH ↓ in vitro. Besides, Pb-acetate significantly (p < 0.01) induced apoptosis in the hepatocytes apparent from the altered expressions of apoptotic proteins viz. Apaf-1 ↑, Bad ↑, Bcl-2 ↓, Cyt C ↑, cleaved caspases↑, Bid ↑ and Fas ↑. However, AEEF (400 μg/ml) could significantly (p < 0.05–0.01) attenuate the Pb-acetate mediated toxic manifestation in vitro. In in vivo assay, Pb-acetate (5 mg/kg) treated mice exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) high intracellular Pb content. A high Pb-burden within the tissues caused significant (p < 0.05–0.01) patho-physiological alterations viz. ROS production ↑, protein carbonylation↑, lipid peroxidation ↑, DNA fragmentation ↑, ATP formation ↑, mitochondrial co-enzymes Q ↓, endogenous antioxidant enzymes ↓ and GSH ↓ within the selected tissues. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters were significantly (p < 0.05–0.01) different in the Pb-acetate treated mice. Finally, histological assessment imposed significant toxic occurrence within the organs of Pb-intoxicated animals. However, concurrent administration of AEEF (100 mg/kg) could significantly (p < 0.05–0.01) reinstate the Pb-acetate mediated toxicity. Conclusion: Presence of metal chelators and phyto-antioxidants within AEEF would offer overall protection through promoting Pb clearance coupled with restoring redox balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: S. sylvestre Wright is an extremely rare plant, found only in the sub-Himalayan Terai region of West Bengal and neighboring Sikkim foot-hills. The plant has never been evaluated for any pharmaceutical properties. The phytochemical status of the plant is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities and analysis of bioactive compounds present in S. sylvestre. Methods: S. sylvestre methanolic extract (SSME) was evaluated for different free radical scavenging activities such as hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging etc. Iron chelating capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were studied in addition to the assessment of haemolytic activity and erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity (EMSA). Chemical characterization of SSME were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The results indicate that SSME possess potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 113.06 ± 5.67 µg/ml, 63.93 ±4.16 µg/ml and 142.14 ± 6.13 µg/ml for hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and hypochlorous acid, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed presence of different phenolic secondary metabolites such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, myricetin, quercetin etc. GC-MS analysis displayed the predominance of γ-sitosterol, vitamin E and squalene in SSME. Conclusion: The present study provides a convincing evidence that S. sylvestre not only possess potent antioxidant activity but also can be used as a source of natural bioactive phytochemicals in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The burden of pulmonary tuberculosis is very high in India and developing countries. Aims & Objective: The main objective of present study was to assess the changes in body mass index and oxidative stress in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with antitubercular treatment. Materials and Methods: Fifty pulmonary tuberculosis patients and thirty healthy control were included in this study and they were matched for age, height and weight. The extent of oxidative stress was measured by blood level of malondialdehyde through spectrophotometer and changes in weight was measured by changes in body mass index. Results: The study showed a statistically significant decrease in blood malondialdehyde level and there was significant increase in body mass index between control and cases but there was not significant increase in body mass index between new case and follow up cases. Conclusion: Our study showed a negative correlation between oxidative stress and body mass index. It is suggested that antitubercular treatment increases body mass index and decreases oxidative stress even without antioxidant supplement and these physiological improvement is better if other factor of oxidative stress are avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Roots of medicinal plants are common ingredients in many folk and herbal medicines system to treat inflammation. The detailed study on C. burhia root was lacking to support their anti-inflammatory potential. Henceforth, present investigation was carried out to establish scientific basis for the traditional uses of Crotalaria buriha root as antiinflammatory agent. Aims & Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of four fractions of ethanolic extract of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. root in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of four fractions of ethanolic extract of Crotalaria burhia root (EtCB) was evaluated by Carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellets induced granuloma in rats. Animals were divided into eight groups (n=6), in which two control groups (25% DMSO and ddH2O), two groups treated with anti-inflammatory drugs (Indomethacin: 10 mg/kg and Diclofenac: 25 mg/kg of body weight) and four fractions treated groups [Hexane (300 mg/kg of bodyweight in 25% DMSO), chloroform (300 mg/kg body weight in 25% DMSO), ethyl acetate (300 mg/kg body weight in 25% DMSO) and aqueous (300 mg/kg of bodyweight in ddH2O)] were treated with oral intubations. Acute antiinflammatory response was evaluated by measuring paw volume at different time intervals after treatment of test and standard drug. Chronic anti-inflammatory response was evaluated after administration of test and standard treatment for seven consecutive days. On day eighth, four sterile cotton pellets (50 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of the rats. On the day 16th, the rats were sacrificed and the cotton pellets with granulomatous tissue were taken out, fresh and dry pellets were weighed. Liver tissues was also excised and stored in 0.9% saline at - 20 °C for biochemical analysis. Results: In acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and aqueous (AF) of EtCB were shown significant (p<0.05 & p<0.01) antiinflammatory activity when compared to respective control group. However, AF had shown negligible anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, EAF was founded more effective than HF and CF in this paradigm. Acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity of fractions was comparable with positive standard. Conclusion: The results of present study revealed promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of EAF. Thus, results indicate that the superiority in anti-inflammatory activity of EAF was largely due to its ability to modulate In vivo antioxidant parameters. The results presented here are the first pharmacological studies of EAF of EtCB as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Imbalances between the oxidant-antioxidant status have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including oral cancer. Majority of oral cancer are preceded by a well-recognized group of pre-malignant lesions. However, only a small fraction of those lesions, undergo malignant transformation. Hence, there is a great need to identify biological markers, which will assist in identifying lesion carrying high-risk. This study aims to evaluate and compare the status of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in tissue samples of patients with various clinicopathological stages of oral pre-malignancy. Materials and Methods: A case control study consisting of 20 new histopathologically proven leukoplakia patients and equal number of age, sex, and habit matched healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Their tissue samples were subjected to evaluation of lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) using spectrophotometric methods. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical comparisons were performed by independent Student's unpaired t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Pearson's correlation was performed for the biochemical parameters within the group and between the groups. For statistically significant correlations, simple linear regression was performed. P- value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) SOD and CAT (P < 0.001) was observed in the tissue of leukoplakia patients as compared to the healthy controls. On the other hand, GSH and GPx were significantly increased in tumor samples. Conclusion: Reduced lipid peroxidation and increased activity of GSH and GPx provides the suitable environment for the tumor growth and malignant transformation in the later stages. Among the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione reductase appears to have a profound role in carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The flower extract of Cassia auriculata, herb has been used traditionally in India for medicinal purposes. The plant has been reported to treat hyperglycemia and associated hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are known to accelerate coronary artery disease and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. The present work was undertaken to investigate the possible antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative effect of C. auriculata flower on hyperlipidemic rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by a single intravenous (iv) injection of Triton WR 1339 (300mg/kg b.w.) and it showed sustained elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Ethanolic extract of C. auriculata flowers (Et-CAF) (150, 300, 450mg/kg b.w./day) was administered to normal and hyperlipidemic rats for 14 days. Serum and liver tissue were analysed at three different time intervals for lipid profile, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants enzymes and the activity were compared to the cholesterol-lowering drug, lovastatin (10mg/kg/b.w.). Parameters were altered during hyperlipidemia and reverted back to near normal values after Et-CAF treatment or standard drug lovastatin. Lipid peroxidation decreased whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased in Et-CAF treated rats. Pronounced changes were observed at 450mg/kg b.w. of Et-CAF for 2 weeks and it was comparable to the standard drug lovastatin. The current study provides a strong evidence that Et-CAF has a beneficial effect in treating hyperlipidemia and ROS without any side effects at the dosage and duration studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Phytochemical and antioxidant activity studies of the leaves of Rauovlofia beddomei Hook. (Apocyanaceae) have been carried out. The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract yielded five compounds ( 1 - 5) identified as flavonoids: ( 1) kaempferol, ( 2) kaempferol-3-O-D-glucoside, ( 3) quercetin, ( 4) apigenin-3-O-D-glucoside, and ( 5) apigenin-7-O-neohespiridoside. The structures of compounds 1 - 5 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The antioxidant properties of the isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, to inhibit xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity, and to inhibit lipid peroxidation (LPO) in a liposome model system. Compound 3 was a strong scavenger of DPPH and superoxide anion radicals, inhibitor of XOD activity, and potent LPO inhibitor, showing some structure - activity relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) is widely used in traditional Indian medicines against renal afflictions including calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis and is known for antioxidant activity. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorating effect of aqueous extract of B. diffusa roots (BDE) in hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal cell injury. Material and methods: In vitro antioxidant activity of BDE was estimated in terms of total phenolic content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. Wistar albino rats were given 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol in drinking water to induce chronic hyperoxaluria and simultaneously BDE was given to nephrolithiasic treated rats at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. orally for 28 days. Urinary volume, oxalate, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GST, GPx) were evaluated. Results and discussion: BDE extract was found to posses a high total phenolic content and exhibited significant free radicals scavenging activity. Oxalate excretion significantly increased in hyperoxaluric animals as compared to control which was protected in BDE-treated animals. BDE treatment significantly reduced level of MDA and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes followed by reduction in BUN and serum creatinine. In addition, BDE reduced the number of CaOx monohydrate crystals in the urine. Histological analysis depicted that BDE treatment inhibited deposition of CaOx crystal and renal cell damage. Conclusion: The present study reveals that antioxidant activity of BDE significantly protects against hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal cell injury in urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) against radiation-induced oxidative stress, which is assessed in terms of inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Swiss albino mice were administered MoLE (300 mg/kg of body weight) for 15 consecutive days before exposing them to a single dose of 5 Gy of 60Co γ-irradiation. Mice were sacrificed at 4 hours after irradiation. Liver was collected for immunoblotting and biochemical tests for the detection of markers of hepatic oxidative stress. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and lipid peroxidation were augmented, whereas the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were decreased by radiation exposure. Translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus and lipid peroxidation were found to be inhibited, whereas increases in SOD, CAT, GSH, and FRAP were observed in the mice treated with MoLE prior to irradiation. Therefore pretreatment with MoLE protected against γ-radiation-induced liver damage. The protection may be attributed to the free radical scavenging activity of MOLE, through which it can ameliorate radiation-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated important nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function and oxidative stress (OS) among stable peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Their association with carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT) was also assessed. Thirty-eight adult patients (13 diabetics, 20 males) on PD for >6 months and 15 age and sex-matched controls were studied. Duration of dialysis (DOD), residual urine output (UO), weekly Kt/V urea, detailed biochemical and lipid profile were noted. OS was measured by serum concentration of antioxidants; vitamin C and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and pro-oxidant; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). High-resolution ultrasonography was used to determine CIMT and flow-mediated dilatation of brachial artery [endothelium-dependent dilatation (EDD)] and dilatation subsequent to nitrate spray [endothelium-independent dilatation (EID)]. Mean age, DOD, UO and Kt/V of study population were 49.3 ± 11.6 years, 19.4 ± 11.8 months, 508.2 ± 422.9 ml/day and 1.73 ± 0.24, respectively. As compared to controls PD patients had higher CIMT (0.46 ± 0.05 vs 0.50 ± 0.07 mm, P = 0.003) and TBARS (1.5 ± 0.4 vs 5.1 ± 2.3 nM/ml, P < 0.001) but lower Vitamin C (1.7 ± 0.3 vs 0.6 ± 0.2 mg%, P < 0.001), FRAP (990.8 ± 78.1 vs 328.7 ± 183.5 μM/L, P < 0.001) and EDD (26.2 ± 5.4 vs 9.8 ± 4.6 %, P < 0.001). TBARS correlated positively with DOD and negatively with hemoglobin. Vitamin C and FRAP correlated positively with serum albumin. EDD correlated positively with UO, Kt/V and hemoglobin. CIMT correlated negatively with Kt/V and hemoglobin. Among themselves CIMT correlated negatively with EDD and vitamin C. EDD correlated positively with vitamin C, while FRAP correlated positively with vitamin C and negatively with TBARS. PD patients have higher OS, poorer endothelial function and higher structural atherosclerosis. These parameters are closely linked to each other, hemoglobin, DOD, residual UO, serum albumin and small solute clearances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroalcoholic extract (70% ethanol extract) of tubers of Momordica tuberosa Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by qualitative tests. Nitric oxide scavenging activity was performed by Griess reagent method. And nephroprotective activity was assessed in gentamicin, cisplatin and paracetamol induced renal damage in wistar rats (150-200 g) by standard methods. The protective property of 70% ethanol extract was assessed by measuring the levels of body weight, blood urea, serum creatinine, tissue glutathione and lipid peroxidation in administered doses. The extract exhibited free radical scavenging activity in dose dependant manner. And 100 µg/ml dose produced significantly higher scavenging activity than standard sodium metabisulphate at 25 µg/ml. Also, it significantly reduced the renal damage caused by cisplatin, gentamicin and paracetamol at a dose of 40 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerative changes in the histoarchitecture of kidneys of diabetic rats were observed. Methanolic extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium barks suppressed the serum glucose and blood urea levels and normalized the body-kidney weight ratio. Treatment with these extracts also improved the kidney antioxidant contents with a decrease in the thiobarbituric acid-reactive oxygen species and normalized the kidney histoarchitecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was done to evaluate the effects of ambient air pollutants on physiological and biochemical characteristics of radish ( Raphnus sativa L. var. Pusa Reshmi) and brinjal ( Solanum melongena L. var. Pusa hybrid-6) plants grown in open-top chambers with filtered (FCs) and non-filtered (NFCs) treatments at a suburban site in Varanasi, India. Eight hourly mean concentrations of 11.8, 20.8, and 40.8 ppb for SO, NO, and O, respectively, were recorded. O was the most significant pollutant affecting the plant performance. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance declined in both the test plants in NFCs as compared to FCs. Lipid peroxidation was higher in NFCs, but the increase was more in radish compared to brinjal. The constitutive levels of the antioxidants as well as their increments upon O exposure were of higher magnitude in brinjal as compared to radish. Reduction in Fv/Fm ratio of the plants in NFCs was a regulatory mechanism to cope with the inefficiency of Calvin cycle. The data indicate that O triggered the protective mechanisms in plants which resulted in increments in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of O-exposed plants. The variability of the magnitude of responses in radish and brinjal due to O stress suggests that radish is more susceptible to ambient O injury compared to brinjal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of dietary nutrients against cadmium-induced hepatic and renal toxicities in male albino rats. The animals were randomly divided into eleven groups where the control group (Group I) received physiological saline (p.o.) and Group II was administered with cadmium chloride (2 mg/kg, s.c.) only. Groups III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX received 10 mg/kg dietary nutrients, i.e. thiamine, methionine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), melatonin, zinc (Zn), vitamin E and cystine, respectively. Group X received a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of selenium (Se) and Group XI was administered with a combination of NAC, Zn, vitamin Bj and melatonin. All treatments were administered orally for 21 days with a concomitant subcutaneous (i.e.) cadmium treatment. Cadmium-intoxicated rats exhibited hepatic and renal toxicities as indicated by elevation of lipid peroxidation and marked decline in Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase activities and total protein. However, a combined treatment with dietary nutrients, i.e. methionine, zinc, vitamin B) and N-acetylcysteine ameliorated cadmium- induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress as they provoked the antioxidant defense system more significantly, when compared to each of them alone and hence is suggested as protective against cadmium-induced hepatic and renal toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Withania somnifera root (W. somnifera) powder, an indigenous medicinal herb used in ayurvedic traditional systems for over 3000 years in India, on the circadian variations of gentamicin (GEN) induced nephrotoxicity. The circadian characteristics of 24 h variations such as acrophase, amplitude and mesor of lipid peroxidation products [Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were analyzed. Administration of GEN delayed TBARS (increased mesor) and advanced antioxidants (decreased mesor) acrophases. Treatment with W. somnifera alters these changes. Variations in amplitude and 'r' values were also found in between the nephrotoxic rats and other experimental groups. From this study, we conclude that W. somnifera would work in a dynamic way in modulating the temporal redox status by directly scavenging the radicals by enhancing the antioxidant defense system during nephrotoxic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylenediurea (EDU) is suggested for use to evaluate plant response under ambient ozone (O3) concentrations. Four EDU treatments, viz. 0 (non-EDU), 150, 300 and 450mgL-1, applied as soil drench at 10 days interval to carrot (Daucus carota L. var. Pusa Kesar), grown at a tropical suburban site of Varanasi experiencing mean O3 concentration of 36.1ppb during the experimental period. EDU treated plants showed significantly higher antioxidative defense, assimilation capability and reduced membrane lipid peroxidation, which led to better growth and significant yield increments compared to non-EDU treated ones. The magnitude of positive responses was highest at 150mgL-1 EDU treatment at 60 DAG, representing the metabolically most active phase of root filling in carrot. This study suggests that the lowest EDU concentration was sufficient to provide protection against negative effects of O3. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chlorophytum borivilianum is a very popular herb in traditional Indian medicine and used as a potent “Rasayana” drug in “Ayurveda” as a rejuvenator. Currently, a large body of evidence supports the key role of free radicals in diverse pathological conditions such as aging and atherosclerosis. The present investigation essentially focuses on the comprehensive account of in vitro antioxidant activity exerted by C.borivilianum root extracts (i.e., aqueous and ethanolic), to clarify the pharmacological antagonism of chemicals/metals-mediated oxidation. Graded-dose (25 to 1000 µg/ml) of aqueous extract exhibited higher antioxidant potency as evidenced by powerful nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl, DPPH and ABTS·+ radicals scavenging activity along with reducing capacity (Fe3+/ferricyanide complex and FRAP assays), metal chelating ability, as well as markedly suppressed the lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial fractions as compared to ethanolic extract. Further, aqueous extract significantly decreased ( P < 0.05) copper-mediated human serum and kinetics of LDL oxidation, as demonstrated by prolongation of lag phase time with decline of oxidation rate, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. In addition, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of aqueous extract were higher than that of ethanolic extract, which indicated a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and contents of total phenols. The IC50 values of both extracts were also compared with appropriate antioxidant standards. Overall, aqueous extract of C.borivilianum root has significant powerful antioxidant activity and may favorably affect atherosclerosis risk status by reducing LDL oxidation susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghee, also known as clarified butter, has been utilized for thousands of years in Ayurveda as a therapeutic agent. In ancient India, ghee was the preferred cooking oil. In the last several decades, ghee has been implicated in the increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Asian Indians due to its content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol and, in heated ghee, cholesterol oxidation products. Our previous research on Sprague-Dawley outbred rats, which serve as a model for the general population, showed no effect of 5 and 10% ghee-supplemented diets on serum cholesterol and triglycerides. However, in Fischer inbred rats, which serve as a model for genetic predisposition to diseases, results of our previous research showed an increase in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels when fed a 10% ghee-supplemented diet. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 10% dietary ghee on microsomal lipid peroxidation, as well as serum lipid levels in Fischer inbred rats to assess the effect of ghee on free radical mediated processes that are implicated in many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. Results showed that 10% dietary ghee fed for 4 weeks did not have any significant effect on levels of serum total cholesterol, but did increase triglyceride levels in Fischer inbred rats. Ghee at a level of 10% in the diet did not increase liver microsomal lipid peroxidation or liver microsomal lipid peroxide levels. Animal studies have demonstrated many beneficial effects of ghee, including dose-dependent decreases in serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides; decreased liver total cholesterol, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters; and a lower level of nonenzymatic-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate. Similar results were seen with heated (oxidized) ghee which contains cholesterol oxidation products. A preliminary clinical study showed that high doses of medicated ghee decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters in psoriasis patients. A study on a rural population in India revealed a significantly lower prevalence of coronary heart disease in men who consumed higher amounts of ghee. Research on Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 (MAK-4), an Ayurvedic herbal mixture containing ghee, showed no effect on levels of serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), LDL, or triglycerides in hyperlipidemic patients who ingested MAK-4 for 18 weeks. MAK-4 inhibited the oxidation of LDL in these patients. The data available in the literature do not support a conclusion of harmful effects of the moderate consumption of ghee in the general population. Factors that may be involved in the rise of CAD in Asian Indians include the increased use of vanaspati (vegetable ghee) which contains 40% trans fatty acids, psychosocial stress, insulin resistance, and altered dietary patterns. Research findings in the literature support the beneficial effects of ghee outlined in the ancient Ayurvedic texts and the therapeutic use of ghee for thousands of years in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead toxicity is a public health problem particularly to the children and to occupationally exposed adults. Evidence is mounting successively regarding the adverse health effects of lead at low levels. This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant status of lead-exposed residential and commercial painters of Lucknow city in Uttar Pradesh, India. Thirty-five painters aged 20 to 50 years who had blood lead levels ≤400 µg L-1 were selected for the study from a population of 56 male painters initially screened for blood lead. The control group included an equal number of subjects of the same age group without any occupational exposure to lead. We studied the association between low lead level exposure and antioxidant status and found that blood lead levels in painters were approximately seven times as high as in controls [(219.2 ± 61.9) µg L-1 vs. (30.6 ± 10.1) µg L-1, respectively]. Among the biomarkers of lead toxicity a significant decrease in the level of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [(9.13 ± 4.62)UL-1 vs. (39.38 ± 5.05)UL-1] and an increase in the level of zinc protoporphyrin [(187.9±49.8) µg L-1 vs. (26.4 ± 5.5)/µg L-1] were observed in painters compared to controls. Among antioxidant enzymes, painters showed a significant decrease in catalase [(56.77 ± 11.11) UL-1 vs. (230.30±42.55) UL-1] and superoxide dismutase [(0.64±0.19) UL-1 vs. (2.68±0.62) UL-1] compared to controls. Lipid peroxidation was monitored by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TSARS) that were expressed in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents, Concentration of MDA in plasma was higher in painters than in controls [(7.48±1.31) nmol mL-1 vs. (3.08±0.56) nmol mL-1]. Significant changes were also observed in reduced and oxidised glutathione levels. The strong association between blood lead levels and oxidative stress markers in this population suggests that oxidative stress should be considered in the pathogenesis of lead-related diseases among people with low level environmental exposure to lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the antioxidant potential in herbal extract barks of five therapeutically important medicinal plants native to India, i.e. Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham., Buchanania lanzan Spreng., Aegle marmelos Corr., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., and Cedrela toona Roxb. Methods Standardized aqueous alcoholic extracts from the selected barks having different target radicals, such as superoxide radical, nitric oxide, ABTS radical, and peroxidative decomposition of phospholipids, were prepared and screened by multiple in vitro assays. These extracts were also tested for total phenolic and tannin Content and correlated with antioxidant capacity. Results Total phenolic and tannin Contents were found to be the highest in C. nurvala (195 GAE mg/g and 218.3 mg/g CE). SOD mimetic activity was found to be the highest in Crataeva nurvula, although all barks showed activity more than 100 units/mg extract. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential was found to be the highest in Crataeva nurvala (83.4% inhibition of MDA formation/10 µg extract), and also showed a comparatively high NO quenching capacity (45.5% per 10 µg extract). The highest NO quenching potential was found in Aegle marmelos (47.3% per 10 µg extract). Cedrela toona showed the lowest LPO inhibitory potential and NO quenching capacity (50.5% and 30.5%, respectively). Buchanan in lanzan, a medicinal plant extensively used for inflammatory disorders and Dalbergia sissoo also showed 72.5% and 69.1% LPO inhibitory potential/10 µg extract. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.24 to 0.39 mmol/L TEAC/mg extract, indicating that all the barks tested had ABTS+ radical quenching capacity. Conclusion Bark of Crataeva nurvula has the highest antioxidant capacity and a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and their plendic content was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Present study was to assess lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the blood of the Parkinson''s disease (PD) patients in the Indian population. It may be useful to develop peripheral markers, for the diagnosis and prognosis of Parkinson''s disease during lifetime. Malondialdehyde content was increased in patients with PD (2 fold), with respect to the activity of superoxide-dismutase (p<0.001). The levels of glutathione (p<0.001) and blood thiols were decreased. No changes were observed in gamma-GTP, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione levels and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the blood of PD patients indicate oxidative stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. root (EHI), an indigenous Ayurvedic medicinal plant in India, was studied in rats with ethanol-induced nephrotoxicity. Administering 5 g/kg body weight/day of ethanol for 60 days to male Wistar rats resulted in significantly elevated levels of serum urea, creatinine and uric acid as well as kidney thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and conjugated dienes (CD) as compared to those of the experimental control rats. Decreased levels of kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E were also observed on alcohol administration as compared with those of the experimental control rats. EHI was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight/day for the last 30 days of the experiment to rats with ethanol-induced kidney injury, which significantly decreased the levels of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine as well as kidney TBARS, LOOH and CD and significantly elevated the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, vitamin C and vitamin E in kidney as compared to that of untreated ethanol-administered rats. Histopathological observations also correlated with the biochemical parameters. Thus, the data indicate that treatment with EHI offers protection against free radical-mediated oxidative stress in kidney of animals with ethanol-induced nephtrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen methanol extracts from thirteen medicinal plants collected from Western Ghats, India, were screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using different models. The methanol extract of C. aromaticus was found to be more active with low IC50 value in most of the methods. The extracts of A. indica, C. arietinum, M. alba, O. dillenii, P. procumbens, S. androgynus, and S. oenopila showed potent antioxidant activity against ABTS free radicals. Potent activity was observed for the extracts of B. calicynum against DPPH free radicals and for the extracts of O. dillenii and C. aromaticus in the lipid peroxidation assay. Many of the extracts showed high total phenol content. The leaf extract of C. aromaticus merits further investigation in animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are a major fruit crop in the world. Grapes seem to confer health benefits due to their antioxidant activity. We have evaluated the antioxidant potential of 11 grapes varieties from India and nearby Asian countries. The assays employed involve different levels of antioxidant action like ferric reducing antioxidant power, radical scavenging by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferrylmyoglobin/2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents were also estimated. Our study indicates that cv. Mango is the most potent followed by Sharad Seedless. Ethanolic extracts were found to be more effective than aqueous extracts. Cv. Sharad Seedless, Mango, and Manikchaman also had high ORAC values. Their HPLC analysis showed the presence of various antioxidant polyphenols. In conclusion our studies identified some varieties of grapes with high antioxidant activities and showed that their high antioxidant potential may be due to their phenolic and flavonoid contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tuberous roots of Decalepis hamiltonii (Dh) are consumed in southern India as pickles and beverage for their health benefits. The antioxidant potential of the roots was measured using various in vitro assays. Among the extracts, the methanolic and aqueous extracts showed high antioxidant activity measured as scavenging of DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Both the aqueous and methanolic extracts inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation and exhibited strong reducing power and metal chelating activity. The antioxidant activity did not correlate with the phenolic content of the extracts. These results demonstrate the antioxidant potency of the root extracts which could be the basis for its alleged health promoting potential of Dh. The roots of Dh could serve as a new source of natural antioxidants or nutraceuticals with potential applications to reducing the level of oxidative stress and related health benefits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out by sampling water, sediment and fish during a fish-kill episode at Panipat (Haryana, India), and again sampling at the same site was conducted after a gap of two months. During the second sampling no fish-kill was observed and the water was relatively less turbid and clear. Antioxidant profile and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in fish tissues were studied. Analysis was also carried out on the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples along with heavy metal and pesticide analysis in water and sediment samples during and after the episode. Dissolved oxygen level was substantially low during the fish-kill episode. Heavy metals (copper and chromium) and pesticides like BHC (Benzene hexachloride), DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) were also detected during the episode in water and sediment samples. Various oxidative stress biomarkers in liver, kidney and gill tissues in the Indian freshwater fish Wallago attu (Bl. and Sch.) collected from the site were investigated. The levels of reduced glutathione and non-protein thiol were significantly (P <0.001) higher in the liver of Wallago attu collected from Panipat after the fish-kill episode. Ascorbic acid levels in all the tissues did not change significantly after the episode. The LPO in liver, kidney and gills was significantly low (P <0.01–0.001) in all tissues of fish collected after the fish-kill episode. The protein carbonyl levels were significantly low (P <0.05–0.01) in all the fish organs sampled after the fish-kill episode. The findings suggest that industrial effluent may result in the massive loss of a commercial commodity. The simultaneous measurement of the physicochemical parameters of the water samples showed a good correlation between the biomarkers responses and the environmental chemical stress conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To explore lead-induced oxidative stress among urban adolescents, the present study, the first from India, was designed to determine the proportion of urban adolescents with blood lead >10 μg/dL and its impact on selected oxidative stress parameters and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) inhibition, which could be used as biomarkers of lead intoxication. A total of 39, urban, male adolescents, drawn from Lucknow and adjoining areas, were recruited to determine lead, δ-ALAD, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in blood and catalase (CAT) in RBCs. Mean level of blood lead was 9.96±3.63 μg/dL (4.62–18.64); 43% of adolescents crossed the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) intervention level of 10 μg/dL blood lead. On the basis of blood lead levels (BLLs), adolescents were categorized into two groups: Group I and Group II had a blood lead B <10 μg/dL (7.40±1.62) and >10 μg/dL (13.27±2.67), respectively, with significantly different mean values (P <0.001). Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Hb level (malnutrition), and area of living as confounders of lead exposure and toxicity were not statistically different between the two groups. However, δ-ALAD activity was significantly lower (P <0.001), while CAT activity was higher in Group II than in Group I (P <0.01). MDA level was also significantly higher in Group II compared to Group I (P <0.001). There were significant negative correlation of BLL with δ-ALAD (r=-0.592, P <0.001), and positive correlations with CAT (r=0.485, P <0.01) and MDA (r=0.717, P <0.001). Interestingly, δ-ALAD, in turn, had significant negative correlations with CAT (r=-0.456, P <0.01) and MDA (r=-0.507, P <0.01). Results of the present pilot study provide clues to the possible low level of lead-induced oxidative stress in urban adolescents, suggesting that lead-induced δ-ALAD inhibition can also be an indicator of oxidative stress. The potential of oxidative stress parameters to be used as biomarkers of lead toxicity warranted further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies have demonstrated that aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India possessed significant antioxidant activity. The present study was aimed at evaluating the radioprotective properties of the aqueous extract of this mushroom. Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), protection of radiation-induced plasmid pBR322 DNA strand breaks and inhibitions of lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) were employed to determine the level of protection offered by the extract. The results indicate that aqueous extract of G. lucidum possessed significant radioprotective activity. The findings suggest the potential use of this mushroom extract for the prevention of radiation-induced cellular damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chemoprevention by dietary constituents has emerged as a cost-effective approach to control the incidence of gastric cancer, the second most common malignancy worldwide and a major cause of mortality in Chennai, India. We evaluated the protective effect of pretreatment with S-allylcysteine (SAC) and lycopene against N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)–induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in male Swiss mice. In vivo bone marrow micronucleus test was performed to assess the antigenotoxic effect of SAC and lycopene. Oxidative stress was monitored by estimating the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the glutathione (GSH) redox cycle antioxidants. Increased frequency of bone marrow micronuclei with enhanced lipid peroxidation was associated with compromised antioxidant defenses in MNNG-treated animals. Although pretreatment with SAC and lycopene significantly reduced the frequencies of MNNG-induced bone marrow micronuclei, the combination of SAC and lycopene exerted a greater protective effect. This was associated with modulation of lipid peroxidation as well as reduced GSH and the GSH-dependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase. These findings indicate that diet-derived agents with potent antioxidant properties such as SAC and lycopene are effective chemoprotective agents especially in combination against oxidative stress and genotoxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress and modulation of anti-oxidant enzymes in 10 accidental argimone oil poisoning cases admitted in a hospital in Delhi, India during a recent outbreak of epidemic dropsy in 1998. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level, oxygen free-radical scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes, e.g. glutahione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in erythrocytes were assayed. The sanguinarine level in serum was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The serum MDA level was higher and the GSH level in erythrocytes was lower in argimone oil poisioning cases than those in controls. There was a significant decrease in SOD and GPx activities in erythrocytes of epidemic dropsy cases but no changes were observed in CAT, GR and GST assay. The depletion of GSH in erythrocytes, serum MDA level and clinical severity were dependent on serum sanguinarine level. The results indicate that sanguinarine (argimone oil) poisoning creates an oxidative stress in humans. The oxidative stress and differential modulation of anti-oxidant enzymes by sanguinarine might play a pathogenic role in epidemic dropsy, which suggests the incorporation of anti-oxidant drugs in the treatment protocol of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flax oil (FO) reduced tumor growth in TC1 induced papilloma model. • When given as an adjunct with cisplatin (Cis+FO), FO significantly upregulated the gene expression of p53 and Rb. • Cis+FO decreased HPV E6 and E7 oncoprotein expression. • Cis+FO induced immunomodulation by increasing the expression of IFNy and CD8ɑ with concomitant decrease in IL4 expression. • FO reduced cisplatin associated side effects in mouse papilloma model. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in India. Previously, we have reported that alpha linolenic acid (ALA), induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines and reduced expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins with simultaneous decrease in Cox2/VEGF/MAP kinase proteins. Here, we investigated the tumor retardation potential of flax oil (FO), rich in ALA, in mouse papilloma model. Flax oil significantly reduced tumor volume and weight in mice compared to the Tumor control (TC) group. Interestingly, compared to cisplatin (Cis) alone, there was slightly enhanced decrease in tumor weight when FO was given together with Cis (Cis + FO). A marked increase in plasma antioxidant levels in mice, and increase in lipid peroxidation in tumors with simultaneous decrease in liver tissues was observed in Cis + FO group compared to either TC or Cis groups. FO and Cis + FO significantly modulated immune response in mice by increasing CD8α and IFNγ and decreasing IL-4 expression. Interestingly, when given together with cisplatin, flax oil reduced HPV E6 and E7 oncoprotein expression with concomitant increase in the relative mRNA expression of tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb. Thus, flax oil could be explored for its therapeutic potential in cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum historia plant locally known as a bistort, used in the Siddha system of medicine. The goal of the present work is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of root extract of Polygonum historia and tannic acid against CCI4-induced damage in liver and kidney. The hepatotoxicity produced by the administration of CCI4 at the dose of (1.5 and 0.15 ml kg-1 b.wt.) for once only (Acute exposure) and 21 days (Sub chronic exposure), was found to be inhibited by simultaneous oral administration of aqueous extract of P. historia (100 mg kg 1 b.wt.) and its active principle as tannic acid (25 mg kg-1 b.wt.) after 24 h of CC14 administration. The enzymatic activities of AST, ALT and SALP in serum where as LPO and GSH contents in liver and kidney were estimated and histopathology of liver and kidney was performed after acute and sub chronic exposure of CCU and treatment and compared to the control. Severe alterations were noticed after CCLt administration with evidence of increased level of serum AST, ALT and SALP. The significant changes were noticed in LPO and GSH contents with the concurrent administration of plant extract and its active principle after CCI4 administration. The histopathological changes were reversed after the treatment of plant extract and its active principle. This plant possesses a broad spectrum of antibiotic, antibacterial and anticancer activity. The observations of this study indicated that aqueous extract of P. bistorta roots and tannic acid could afford a better protection against CCI4- induced sub chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation has identified the biomarkers associated with severity of disability and correlation among plethora of systemic, cellular and molecular parameters of intellectual disability (ID) in a rehabilitation home. The background of study lies with the recent clinical evidences which identified complications in ID. Various indicators from blood and peripheral system serve as potential surrogates for disability related changes in brain functions. ID subjects (Male, age 10 ± 5 yrs, N = 45) were classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the severity of disability using standard psychometric analysis. Clinical parameters including stress biomarkers, neurotransmitters, RBC morphology, expressions of inflammatory proteins and neurotrophic factor were estimated from PBMC, RBC and serum. The lipid peroxidation of PBMC and RBC membranes, levels of serum glutamate, serotonin, homocysteine, ROS, lactate and LDH-A expression increased significantly with severity of ID whereas changes in RBC membrane β-actin, serum BDNF, TNF-α and IL-6 was found non-significant. Structural abnormalities of RBC were more in severely disabled children compared to mildly affected ones. The oxidative stress remained a crucial factor with severity of disability. This is confirmed not only by RBC alterations but also with other cellular dysregulations. The present article extends unique insights of how severity of disability is correlated with various clinical, cellular and molecular markers of blood. This unique study primarily focuses on the strong predictors of severity of disability and their associations via brain-blood axis.

Introduction: Tiger dancing or Hulivesha, where the volunteers paint their bare body like a tiger and dance in a ritual during the Navarathri festival in Mangalore, India. There are no scientific studies done with the Hulivesha dancers at all, and therefore, we investigated the adverse effects of painting body like a tiger and dancing in the volunteers., Objective/aim: In this study, we investigated the clinico-haematological effects of topical application of lead-containing paint and dancing for three consecutive days in these dancers to ascertain the toxic effects of whole body painting and dancing., Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study and was conducted during the Dasara festival in 2013 in the Huliveshadaris (study group) and the accompanying drummers (controls). Clinical, dermatological, and musculoskeletal examination were done before (day 0) and after the three days of the function (day 3). Blood was also collected and examined for alterations in the hematological parameters, lead, antioxidant glutathione, and lipid peroxidation levels., Results: The results indicated that the all Hulivesha volunteers had severe musculoskeletal pain, while few also complained of skin reactions (61.6%), headache (25%) and nausea, and vomiting (18.75%). The results also indicated that topical application increased the levels of blood lead, caused a change in the haematological profile, decreased glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation (p < 0.03-0.0001)., Conclusions: The results from this study clearly shows that topical application of the acrylic paint increases lead, changes haematological parameters and imparts adverse skin reactions.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse clinical symptoms and an ambiguous molecular spectrum. Oxidative damage, antioxidant activity, and angiogenesis combine to form significant complex factors that stimulate breast cancer development and progression. This study is designed to determine level changes in total antioxidant status and markers of lipid peroxidation melondialdehyde (MDA) and angiogenesis vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) along with related micronutrients of copper, zinc, magnesium, and iron in malignant and benign breast disease tissue extracts. We assess specificity and sensitivity of those markers using the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Association studies are done with correlation analysis. The tissue extract level of MDA markers is found to be significantly higher (14.118 ± 1.47 nmol/g tissue; p < 0.05), with significantly depleted levels of antioxidants (5.983 ± 1.661 nmol/g tissue; p < 0.05). The tissue VEGF level also significantly increases in a diseased condition (512.466 ± 5.661 pg/mg tissue) versus the nondiseased condition (422.433 ± 13.615 pg/mg tissue). Related trace-element levels show a significant mixed pattern among studied groups. VEGF emerges as the best discriminatory biomarker of breast cancer presence, in accordance with ROC analysis. Oxidative stress and angiogenesis are found to be important factors in breast cancer development. This study forms the basis for future studies that focus on the relationship between roles of indices studied and cancer induction.

The haemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers in horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi were evaluated by analyzing the level of these parameters between T. evansi infected (microscopically positive patent group and PCR positive latent group) and infection free horses. To compare the hemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress indicators, horses were divided into three categories based on diagnostic test employed and positive results obtained. These included Romanowsky stained slide positive group (Group I; n = 6), PCR positive group (group II; n = 28) and negative control group (group III, n = 30), revealing parasitologically positive patent, molecular positive latent and disease free status of horses. A significant reductions in total erythrocytes count (TEC, P = 0.01), haemoglobin (Hb, P = 0.01) and packed cell volume (PCV, P = 0.04) was noticed both in group I and group II while significant neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia was observed in group I when compared to negative control group. Substantial increase in creatinine (CRTN, P = 0.032) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT, P = 0.012) in group I while significant decrease in glucose (GLU, P = 0.04) and iron (Fe, P = 0.01) were noticed in both group I and group II in comparison to group III. A significant difference in lipid peroxides (LPO, P = 0.01) with highest level in patent group I (15.33 ± 0.53) followed by PCR positive latent group (14.09 ± 1.66) indicates higher lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and oxidative stress in decreasing order when compared with infection free control horses (9.83 ± 0.97). Catalase (CAT, P = 0.01) was significantly lower in parasitological (0.82 ± 0.14) and molecular positive cases (1.27 ± 0.35) in comparison to control group (3.43 ± 0.96). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD, P = 0.01), reduced glutathione (GSH, P = 0.01) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, P = 0.01) were significantly lower in parasito-molecular positive cases as compared to infection free control horses. An inverse correlation of RBC count with LPO and GSH and a direct correlation with catalase, SOD and FRAP was revealed. Overall, the observed substantial decreases in the oxidative parameters like catalase CAT, SOD, GSH and FRAP activities with remarkably elevated levels of LPO indicate high exposure of erythrocytes to oxidative damage in T.evansi infected horses.

Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes may modulate the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of present study was to investigate the potential association between the polymorphisms of GSTM1/T1 and P1 genes and their influence on diverse clinical parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients in Asian Indians. The present study includes 562 angiographically confirmed CAD patients and 564 healthy control subjects from the north Indian population. Anthropometric and clinical measurements were performed for all the participants. The oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity were also measured. The genotyping of the GSTM1/T1 and P1 genes was performed using the multiplex-PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. The CAD patients exhibit significantly high values of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat (%), glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein, and reduced high-density lipoprotein levels compared to control subjects (P < 0.001). Malondialdehyde levels were significantly enhanced, and the total antioxidant capacity was reduced in CAD patients compared to controls (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference in body mass index and total cholesterol levels were observed in CAD patients and control subjects. The frequencies of the GSTM1 and GSTM1/T1 null genotypes in the CAD patients were significantly higher than the control subjects. In contrast, the GSTT1(-) genotype frequencies were significantly lower in CAD patients than the controls. Logistic regression analysis of the data revealed the null genotype of GSTM1 and the GG genotype of the GSTP1 (313A/G) gene were associated with an approximately twofold enhanced risk of developing CAD, whereas GSTT1(-) plays a defensive role against CAD development in north Indians. Upon stratification of data according to the genotypes of the GSTM1/T1 and P1 genes, we did not find significant a difference among the various metabolic traits in CAD patients and controls. Our results suggest that oxidative damage induced by lipid peroxidation with reduced antioxidant capacity and genetic variants in GST genes (GSTM1/T1 and P1) may modify the risk of CAD development in Asian Indian population., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/University College London.)

Background: In the present study, the composition of mango peel powder (MPP) collected from the mango pulp industry was determined and the effect of MPP on ameliorating diabetes and its associated complications was studied., Results: Mango peel was rich in polyphenols, carotenoids and dietary fibre. Peel extract contained various bioactive compounds and was found to be rich in soluble dietary fibre. Peel extract exhibited antioxidant properties and protected against DNA damage. Therefore, the effect of peel on ameliorating diabetes was investigated in a rat model of diabetes. A significant increase in urine sugar, urine volume, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein, and decrease in high density lipoprotein were observed in the rats; however, these parameters were ameliorated in diabetic rats fed with diet supplemented with mango peel at 5% and 10% levels in basal diet. Treatment of diabetic rats with MPP increased antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased lipid peroxidation in plasma, kidney and liver compared to untreated diabetic rats. Glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria levels were ameliorated in MPP treated diabetic group., Conclusions: Mango peel, a by-product, can be used as an ingredient in functional and therapeutic foods., (© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.)

A nutrition survey carried out in India revealed that the diets of the rural population are inadequate and deficient in most of the nutrients especially protein. India being the 5th-largest producer of soybean, a protein-rich cereal, can redress protein-energy malnutrition through diversification of soybean uses by developing high-value and health-based food products. Tofu, a nonfermented soybean product rich in high-quality protein, B-vitamins, and isoflavones, could be an excellent substitute for meat in Indian recipes. Tofu being rich in protein has a very short shelf life. Hence an attempt was made to improve the shelf life using extracts of tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum) commonly available in rural areas. Tofu was prepared traditionally using MgCl2:CaSO4 as coagulating agents. Aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) was added during the preparation and storage of tofu to prolong its shelf life. Water used in this study was free from microflora, plant extract used contained mesophilic count of 2.527 × 104 CFU/g, and no yeasts and molds were detected. Tofu with tulsi extract had 76.4% moisture and was softer than control. Not much difference in mesophilic count was observed between control and treated samples during storage; however, treated tofu was organoleptically good until the end of the study with less lipid-peroxidation and exhibited 50% (4.7 units) less protease activity than control (9.6 units) after 7 d. By using extracts of naturally available, easily cultivable tulsi, the shelf life was successfully extended to 7 to 8 d from 3 to 4 d of normal storage without refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Phyllanthus simplex Retz. (Phyllanthaceae), Crotolaria juncea Linn. (Leguminosae), Leucas aspera Linn. (Lamiaceae), and Vitex glabrata R.Br. (Verbenaceae) are well-known Indian medicinal plants. Different parts of these plants are used for healing purposes traditionally in the treatment of psoriasis and various other disorders. This prompted us to assess the antipsoriatic activities of these plants., Objectives: Petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of the selected plants, i.e., P. simplex (whole plant), C. juncea (seeds), L. aspera (aerial parts), and V. glabrata (leaves) were investigated for their in vitro antipsoriatic activity., Materials and Methods: Antipsoriatic activity of the extracts was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, using HaCaT cells. About 200 µl of different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/ml) of test samples were prepared in the cell culture medium and incubated for 24 h before MTT assay to determine the viable cells. The effect of these extracts on nitric oxide (NO) production and lipid peroxidation was also evaluated., Results: Our findings revealed that these plants showed promising skin keratinocyte antiproliferative activity. However, the petroleum ether extract of C. juncea (CJPE) and ethanol extract of L. aspera (LAEE) were found to exhibit significant activity (IC50 value = 45.45 and 55.36 µg/ml, respectively)., Discussion and Conclusions: The inhibitory action against NO production and lipid peroxidation in HaCaT cells suggested that the antipsoriatic activity of the extracts was mediated by an antioxidant mechanism. These findings validate the claims of the use of these plants in the treatment of psoriasis.