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Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is widely prevalent in all age groups which is of major concern. However, there is no valid Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary vitamin B12 estimation. Hence, we aimed to develop and validate an FFQ for the estimation of dietary intake of Vitamin B12. Materials and Methods: Commonly consumed B12-rich food items were selected from literature and filtered using a market survey. For concordant and discriminant validation, B12 and homocysteine levels were estimated. To establish convergent validity, the Cobalamin Intake in North Indians by Food Frequency Questionnaire (COIN-FFQ) and 72-hour dietary recall (72HrDR) were both administered to the same subjects. The COIN-FFQ was readministered after initial administration for test-retest reliability. Internal consistency of the FFQ was then tested using Cronbach's alpha. Results: We enrolled 115 adults with a mean age and weight of 31.9 ± 8.7 years and 66.0 ± 11.8 kg, respectively. In total, 19.1% were vegetarian. The dietary B12 using COIN-FFQ (n = 60; mean = 4.3 ± 1.8 µg/d) was significantly correlated (r = 0.255; P = 0.049) with serum levels (mean = 120.1 ± 62.6 pmol/L) establishing concordant validity. A significant difference was noted between the dietary, serum B12, and homocysteine levels of vegetarians versus nonvegetarians establishing discriminant validity (mean diff 1.4 (0.5-2.4), P = 0.004; Z-statistic -2.182, P value 0.029, and Z-statistic -2.438; P value 0.015), respectively. FFQ was strongly correlated with 72HrDR and test--retest FFQ (n = 27; r = 0.814, P < 0.001 and r = 0.869, P < 0.001, respectively) establishing convergent validity and test--retest reliability. The internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha was in the acceptable range, 0.631 (n = 115). Conclusion: The newly developed COIN-FFQ is valid and reliable in estimating dietary B12 intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Let the Wastes of "The Sick" Not Contaminate the Lives of "The Healthy". The pioneer of modern Nursing, Miss. Florence Nightingale considers health is linked with environmental factors like pure or fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and light especially direct sunlight hospitals and other health care facilities generates lots of waste which can transmit infections, particularly HIV, Hepatitis B and C and tetanus, to the people who handle it or come in contact with it1. According to WHO (World Health Organization) report 2013, around 85% of hospital waste is non infectious, 10% is infective and remaining 5% is non infectious but hazardous. Biomedical waste should be managed through a pathway that includes point of generation, storage, and segregation, collection, processing, transportation, treatment and disposal. Nursing as a profession is now accountable of staff and students nurses for competence and performance. The nurses spend maximum time with patients in the ward than any other member of the health team, this increases their exposure and risk to the hazards present in hospital environment, mainly biomedical waste they need to be well equipped with latest information, skills and practice in managing this waste besides reducing hospital acquired infections to protect their own health they are also responsible for preventing risk due to waste to the other members of health team and community at large.2 Aims: The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of information education and communication package regarding the knowledge and attitude on bio medical waste management among GNM students in selected schools of district sonipat, Haryana. Methodology: The research approach for this study was Quantitative and evaluative, the design used for this study was Quasi experimental research design. Sample Size of the study was 80 GNM1st year students selected by purposive sampling. Conclusion: Near about more then half of the students had average level of knowledge 62.50% regarding management of bio medical waste management and 57.50% had less favorable attitude on bio medical waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child care is mostly responsibility of mothers. Therefore, the mother's knowledge about child care influences the nature and quality of care that is given to the child. Several studies have revealed that the mother's level of education has a positive impact on her knowledge and how she deals with child health care issues. Aims: To assess the knowledge about home management of common illness. Method: A one group pre-test post-test pre-experimental design and evaluative approach adopted. The study was conducted among 60 mothers conveniently selected from rural area of Panipat. Result: The results of the study shows that in pre-test, mothers were having poor knowledge 31.66%, Average knowledge 68.34% and good knowledge 0.00% regarding selected common illness of children and mean score was 11.57 in post-test, poor knowledge is 0.00%, average 41.66% and good knowledge is 58.34% regarding selected common illness of children and means score was 20.77, The post-test mean knowledge score is significantly greater than the pre-test mean knowledge score so structured teaching programme was effective. Conclusion: This study concluded that structure teaching programme was highly effective in improving knowledge of mothers about home management of common illness in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies on hospital cleaning staff are scarce. Hospital cleaning is far more complex than cleaning offices or schools. Hospital cleaning therefore requires teaching and training. They are liable to hazards of several magnitudes. Regular teaching of basic microbiological principles for all cleaning staff, and assessment of hazards have proved beneficial. Aims: To assess the knowledge of housekeeping staff regarding occupational health hazards. Materials and Method: The methodology of the presents study was a pre experimental research design. Sample size of the study was 60 selected with non-propability sampling technique. Self-structured knowledge questionnaire on occupational health Hazards among housekeeping staff was used ford at a collection. Data collection method was self-reporting questionnaire method; data analysis was done with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The results of the study shows that in pre-test, housekeeping staff were having an average 75% knowledge regarding selected questionnaire on occupational health hazards and mean score was 18.77 in post-test, average 86.66% knowledge regarding selected questionnaire on occupational health hazards and means score was 22.93, The post-test mean knowledge score is significantly greater than the pre-test mean knowledge score so structured teaching programme was effective. Conclusion: The study concluded that the structured teaching programme was effective in enhancing the knowledge of housekeeping staff regarding occupational health Hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy is unique, exciting, often joyous time in women life as she gives birth to baby. It is the time, when she receives extra care and support from husband and family. It is a vital aspect of women's life and even Government is also undertaking various programmes and schemes which safeguard the life of both mother and baby during Pregnancy. Although pregnancy is a special period but Puerperium is a period which cannot be neglected as two lives comes which is vulnerable section of society1. This period is not only the termination of pregnan Puerperium is a time of great importance for both the mother and the baby; but has received relatively less attention compared with antenatal (pregnancy) and intranatal (delivery) period. Aims: The study aims to assess the knowledge and practice regarding prevention of puerperal infection among postnatal mothers by prepared an information booklet regarding prevention of puerperal infection. Methodology: The research approach for this study was quantitative approach, the research design For the present study, non experimental descriptive research design. The sample size of the present study was 120 postnatal mothers selected by purposive sampling technique. Conclusion: Near about more than half of the postnatal mothers had average knowledge 63.33% regarding prevention of puerperal infection and 52.5% had unsatisfactory practices regarding prevention of puerperal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revision of salary of faculty members engaged in higher education in India is a decadal phenomenon. The last pay revision was done in 2006. Thereafter, it was on 2nd November 2017, that the Government of India notifi ed pay revision for nearly 0.8 million teachers, falling in line with the recommendations of the Central Pay Revision Committ ee. The decision intends to benefi t faculties and equivalent academic staff employed in 106 universities and colleges funded by Union Government, 329 universities funded by provincial state governments and 12,912 government and private aided colleges affi liated to state public universities. Although notifi ed with a delay of almost two year, it shall be retrospectively applicable from January 1, 2016 and aims to 'improve quality of higher education' and also 'att ract and retain talent in the academia'. With the revision to be rolled out very soon in the near future, the current write-up divided into 6 sections, viz. (a) stagnancy in designation of faculty members, (b) non-anticipated and non-futuristic pay fi xation, (c) scrapping of increment for higher qualifi cation, (d) disparity in superannuation, (e) increased stress in consultancy assignments and (f) applicability of the pay revision in state government institutions; aims to puts forth a point-wise critique of the pay revision and its prospective deleterious repercussions on university and college education of India, in the coming times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an increase in the incidence of breast cancer . Breast cancer is the most common cancer found in female aged between 30-50 years. It is believed that 75% all cancer could be prevented if primary prevention was initiated against non causative factor. Prevention and early detection of cancer must be a high priority to further decrease in cancer morbidity and mortality Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. In India, cancer prevalence is estimated around 2.5 million, with over 0.8 million new cases and 0.5 million deaths occurring each year.5 Breast self-examination (BSE) is an important screening measure for detecting breast cancer. There is evidence that women who correctly practice BSE monthly are more likely to detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment, to yield a better survival rate. breast self-examination (BSE) seems to be an important viable optional substitute for early detection of cancer. Aim: The of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding breast self examination & breast cancer among aryakanya college student in karnal, haryana. Methodology: The research approach for the study was quantitative approach. The research design selected for the present study was pre-experimental (one group pretest post test) design. The setting for the study was selected Arya Kanya College Karnal. The sample size for the present study was 100 studend selected by non purposive conveniant sampling technique. Finding: The pre test knowledge of the students on sub domains of breast self examination and breast cancer viz., concept of breast self examination ,breast self examination procedure, breast self examination output, breast cancer concept and risk factors, breast cancer prevention, treatment , complication was found (1.74,2,90,2.18,3.52,1.85) and the total mean score was 12.19. The mean post test knowledge score was 24.90 with increased knowledge score in all the domains of breast self examination and breast cancer indicating remarkable improvement in knowledge score after PTP. Conclusion: Most of the students had lack of knowledge on breast self examination and breast cancer. The study highlights that if proper teaching programme made available to students, their knowledge may be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family planning (FP) means having the number of children you want and only when you want to have them. In spite of availability of a wide range of contraceptive and mass media information and education, the population control remains a distant dream to achieve. Because many women had never tried contraception because they had fear of side effects and religion beliefs. India was the first country in the world to implement national family program in 1952. Family planning is very necessary in communities where the birth rate is high and medical services and financial resources are poor. The success of any family planning method depends not only on its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy but on the rate of continuation of its proper use. Aims: The of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme (STP) on knowledge regarding family planning methods among women in selected villages of Panipat, Haryana. Methodology: The research approaches for the study was quantitative and evaluative approach. The research design selected for the present study was pre-experimental (one group pre test and post test) design. The setting for the study was selected Baroli village Panipat. The sample size for the present study was 60 women selected by no probability convenient sampling technique. Finding: The pre test knowledge of the women on domains of family planning viz., age, religion, educational status, monthly family income, number of living children, source of information was found ( 0.136,1.319,0 .266,0.451,0.761,1.319) and the total mean score was 8.40. The mean post test knowledge score was 21.37 with increase knowledge score in all the domains of family planning indicating remarkable improvement in knowledge score after STP. Conclusion: The study highlights that if proper teaching programme made available to women, their knowledge may be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-interest income is the income of a bank arising from non-traditional of Indian banking industry is slowly and shifting its revenue base from traditional to nontraditional activities that generate income, fee service charges and other types of non interest income. The shift toward non-interest income has been perceived to reduce the volatility of bank's revenues and reduce the risks, as noninterest income is less dependent on overall business conditions than traditional income. Over the years in general and post financial crisis 2008 in particular, non interest income has come under a lot of scrutiny all over the world. The present study is aimed to understand the contribution of non-interest income over the years and the risks associated with its additional, we study the result of stress test on the banks when this non-interest income dries up using the sample of banks in India during 2008-09 years to 2015-16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the incidence of Radix Entomolaris in the Indian population using Conventional radiographs, Radiovisiography and Spiral CT. Materials and Methods: A clinical and radiographic prospective evaluation was made for permanent mandibular first molars (750) scheduled for root canal treatment (including both primary endodontic treatment and retreatment). 300 extracted permanent mandibular first molars were collected to be investigated in the laboratory. Conventional and Digitalized radiography (Radiovisiography) was used for human patients. Spiral CT was used to study the morphology of extracted teeth. Results: Radix Entomolaris was found in 9% of the teeth examined. Conclusion: The high frequency of an extra root in mandibular first molars makes it essential to anticipate and find all canals during primary endodontic treatment and retreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an interview-based study of 104 families and their observations of the last weeks and days of a dying family member. Forty families reported "unusual experiences and behaviors" from the dying person in their last period of life. Thirty of these dying persons displayed behavior consistent with deathbed visions-interacting or speaking with deceased relatives, mostly their dead parents. There were six cases of reported premonitions of death and five possible confusional states with one patient reported to have had both a deathbed vision and confusional experiences. Socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, occupation, or cause and place of death were not found to be significant. Hindu patients appeared to be more likely than Muslim patients to report these experiences. Use of opiates (or not) did not appear to influence reports. The findings are discussed with reference to past studies of deathbed visions as well as their implications for the future pastoral care of dying people and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Though estimates of longevity are available by states, age, sex and place of residence in India, disaggregated estimates by social and economic groups are limited. This study estimates the life expectancy at birth and premature mortality by caste, religion and regions of India., Design: This study primarily used cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016 and the Sample Registration System (SRS), 2011-2015. The NFHS-4 is the largest ever demographic and health survey covering 601 509 households and 811 808 individuals across all states and union territories in India., Measures: The abridged life table is constructed to estimate the life expectancy at birth, adult mortality ( 45 q 15 ) and premature mortality ( 70 q 0 ) by caste, religion and region., Results: Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 63.1 years (95% CI 62.60 -63.64) for scheduled castes (SC), 64.0 years (95% CI 63.25 - 64.88) for scheduled tribes (ST), 65.1 years (95% CI 64.69 - 65.42) for other backward classes (OBC) and 68.0 years (95% CI 67.44 - 68.45) for others. The life expectancy at birth was higher among o Christians 68.1 years (95% CI 66.44 - 69.60) than Muslims 66.0 years (95% CI 65.29 - 66.54) and Hindus 65.0 years (95% CI 64.74 -65.22). Life expectancy at birth was higher among females than among males across social groups in India. Premature mortality was higher among SC (0.382), followed by ST (0.381), OBC (0.344) and others (0.301). The regional variation in life expectancy by age and sex is large., Conclusion: In India, social and religious differentials in life expectancy by sex are modest and need to be investigated among poor and rich within these groups. Premature mortality and adult mortality are also high across social and religious groups., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The present study was aimed to establish the First National Reference Standard (NRS) for Insulin lispro to allow stakeholders including manufacturer's laboratories, drug testing laboratories, drug regulatory authorities and academic institutions to demonstrate accuracy of the test results and to enable comparison and validation of analytical methods. The candidate standard for Insulin lispro was evaluated in a collaborative study to assign the vial content in order to serve it as NRS to support the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) monograph. The candidate standard was calibrated against the Ph. Eur. Insulin lispro reference standard by each of six participant laboratories in India using HPLC assay method as per the requirements of IP monograph. The results indicate that the candidate standard has an average content of 5.79 mg per vial with purity of 99.87%. Based on the study results the candidate standard was judged suitable to serve as the first NRS for Insulin lispro., (Copyright © 2018 International Alliance for Biological Standardization. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A field campaign on aerosol chemical properties and trace gases measurements was carried out along the Delhi-Hyderabad-Delhi road corridor (spanning about 3,200 km) in India, during February 1-29, 2004. Aerosol particles were collected on quartz and cellulose filters using high volume (PM(10)) sampler at various locations along the route (i.e., urban, semi-urban, rural, and forest areas) and have been characterized for major cations (Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), K(+), and NH (4) (+)), anions (Cl(-), NO (3)(-), and SO (4)(2-)), and heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb). Simultaneously, we measured NO(2) and SO(2) gases. These species show large spatial and temporal variations. The ambient PM(10) concentration has been observed to be the highest (55 ± 4 μg m(-3)) near semi-urban areas followed by forest areas (48 ± 2 μg m(-3)) and in rural areas (44 ± 22 μg m(-3)). The concentrations of NO( x ) (NO(2)+NO) and SO(2) ranged from 16 to 69 μg m(-3) and 4 to 11 μg m(-3), respectively. Among anions, NO(3)(-) and SO(4) (2-) are the major constituents of PM(10). The urban and semi-urban sites showed enhanced concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb. This study provide information about atmospheric concentrations of various species in the northern to central India, which may be important for policy makers to better understand the air quality of the region.