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Purpose: Building on encapsulated interest account and motivated cognition account, this study aims to investigate how channel members extend trust in a channel leader when the channel leader applies various non-coercive power sources (e.g. referent, expert, legitimate and reward power). Besides, the study explored the changes in channel members' trust in a channel leader when each non-coercive power source is coupled with coercive power sources. Design/methodology/approach: Using survey items from previously validated scales, the study collected responses from 237 channel members of 3 paint distribution channels in India. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling and multi-group moderation analysis techniques. Findings: Findings indicated that expert and reward power sources enhance trust in channel leaders while affective commitment mediates the effects of all the non-coercive power sources on trust. Further, coercive power weakens the effects of expert power on trust. Research limitations/implications: The study is based on a cross-sectional survey and confines to the paint industry in India. Replicating this study in other countries and industries will better generalise the study's findings. Practical implications: The study recommends that channel managers use power sources to build trust in channel leaders. Consequently, they will be able to emphasise those specific power sources while developing channel management strategies. Originality/value: The study contributes to a greater understanding of the power-trust relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays crucial role in virus life cycle by replicating the viral genome. The SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that rapidly spread worldwide and acquired mutations. This study was carried out to identify mutations in RdRp as the SARS-CoV-2 spread in India. We compared 50217 RdRp sequences reported from India with the first reported RdRp sequence from Wuhan, China to identify 223 mutations acquired among Indian isolates. Our protein modelling study revealed that several mutants can potentially alter stability and flexibility of RdRp. We predicted the potential B cell epitopes contributed by RdRp and identified thirty-six linear continuous and twenty-five discontinuous epitopes. Among 223 RdRp mutants, 44% of them localises in the B cell epitopes region. Altogether, this study highlights the need to identify and characterize the variations in RdRp to understand the impact of these mutations on SARS-CoV-2. • SARS-CoV-2 harbours 223 mutations in its RdRp protein among Indian Isolates. • Several RdRp mutants can potentially alter protein stability and flexibility. • RdRp contributes to thirty-six linear continuous and twenty-five discontinuous B cell epitopes. • Most of the RdRp mutants identified among Indian isolates localises (44%) in the B cell epitopes region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the effect of vitamin D supplementation in severity and control of bronchial asthma in children in Bihar region Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted in the Department of pediatrics, Vardhman institute of Medical Sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda, Bihar, India for 1 year, after taking the approval of the protocol review committee and institutional ethics committee. 53 asthmatic patients and 53 healthy controls were included in this study. The level of serum vitamin D in both groups was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) method at the reference lab and was categorized as sufficient (> 30 ng/ml), insufficient (20 to 30 ng/ml), or deficient (< 20 ng/ml). The severity of asthma was also stratified according to the asthma guideline into four grades of intermittent or mild, moderate, severe persistent. Results: Regarding rate of admission, 13.2% of patients were hospitalized once, 9.4% of patients were hospitalized twice, and 1.9% of them were also hospitalized three times. In the patients group and regarding the severity of asthma, 11.3% were classified as mild asthma, 45.3% as moderate asthma, and 43.4% as severe asthma. Also regarding control status of asthma, the disease was controlled in 18.9 %, partially controlled in 34.0 %, and uncontrolled in 47.2 %. According to the level of disease attack risk, 5 of 31 children aged less than 5 years (16.1%) classified as high-risk, while 7 of 22 children older than 5 years (31.8%) classified as high risk. Assessing the serum level of vitamin D showed that the asthmatic children had significantly lower level of vitamin D compared to normal cases (14.53 ± 8.10 ng.ml versus 22.45 ± 13.46 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Also, in the groups with and without asthma, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 73.6 and 49.1%, and the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 18.9 and 18.9 %, while normal vitamin D level was revealed in 7.5 and 32.1%, respectively with a significant difference (p = 0.005). In this regard, mean serum level of vitamin D in the patients with mild asthma was 12.85 ± 7.06 ng/ml, in the group with moderate asthma was 16.98 ± 8.63 ng/ml, in the patients with severe asthma was 12.42 ± 7.52 ng/ml, and in those with persistent asthma was 12.01 ± 5.00 ng/ml (p = 0.25). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is a common finding among asthmatic children that may be associated by the physiological mechanism of this phenomenon. In fact, it seems that the use of supplement vitamin D can prevent progression of childhood asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study to evaluate the clinical Features of Hyponatremic Dehydration in Acute Gastroenteritis. Methods: The Prospective, Observational study was conducted in the Dept of pediatrics, Vardhman institute of medical sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda, Bihar, India, for 2 years. A total of 100 Children including neonates are enrolled in the study. Patients with watery diarrhoea of 4 or more episodes per day, age group less than 12 years, signs and symptoms suggestive of mild dehydration and without any other severe complications were included in this study. Results: 100 cases were studied and analyzed to detect Gastroenteritis associated dehydration and its clinical features as a possible risk factor for hyponatremia. It was found that 64% of the males were having acute gastroenteritis while it was 36% in female subjects. Hyponatremia was occurred in 35 subjects with high incidence in lower age group in both the genders. Males (35.94%) were more effected than females (33.33%). Among 100 individuals, 34% were severely dehydrated and rest of them were moderately dehydrated (66%). The number of episodes of loose stools were correlating with the extent of dehydration. Vomiting were associated with diarrhea in 64 subjects whereas 36 subjects were only complained of diarrhea. The subjects who were severely dehydrated showed both the manifestations of diarrhea and vomiting except 15 individuals. Only 8 individuals showed hypokalemia without hyponatremia. About 5 subjects showed hypokalemia with hyponatremia. Conclusions: The Incidence of diarrhea peaks in children less than 1 year of age and then decreases as age increases. The analysis of clinical presentation revealed that vomiting and fever were frequent accompanied with hyponatermic dehydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was based on the management of Brown plant hopper, important pest of rice. All the given treatment was applied on this pest. The data observed after 3, 7 and days after spray. The observations revealed that all the treatments were found significantly superior over untreated control, Imidacloprid 17.8 SC @ 200 ml/ha were found most effective in comparison to all other treatments. The next effective treatment was Fipronil 5 SC @ 1000 ml/ha followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100 g/ha. and in bio-pesticides Metarhizium anisopliae 4.7 × 108 c.f.u./gm @ 2.5 kg/ha.gave the best result among all bio-pesticides. The plot treated by Imidacloprid provide the best Cost benefit ratio (1:7.83) followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100 g/ha (1:7.59) Fipronil (1:6.66), Cartap hydrochloride (1:5.59), Beauveria bassiana 2 × 109 c.f.u./gm (1:4.65), Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 500 ml/ha (1:4.39), Metarhizium anisopliae 4.7 × 108 c.f.u./gm (1:3.83) and Verticellium lacani 2 × 108 c.f.u./ml (1:2.55). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of heavy/extreme rains is still a challenge, even for the most advanced state-of-the-art high-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) modelling systems. Hydrological models use the rainfall forecasts from the NWP models as input. This study evaluates the performance of the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) in predicting the rainfall exceeding 80th and 90th percentiles. Such high rainfall amounts occur over the Western Ghats (WGs) and North East (NE) India mainly due to the forced ascent of air parcels. Apart from the significant upgrades in the UM's dynamical core, the model features an increased horizontal grid (40–10 km) and vertical resolution (50–70 levels). The prediction skill of heavy rainfall events improves with an increased horizontal resolution of the model. The probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) are the verification metrics used. As per these metrics, model rainfall forecasts have improved during 2007–2018 (increase in CSI from 0.29 to 0.38, POD from 0.45 to 0.55, and decrease in FAR from 0.55 to 0.45). Additionally, to verify extreme and rare events, the symmetric extremal dependence index (SEDI) is also used. SEDI also shows an increase from 0.47 to 0.62 and 0.16 to 0.41 over WGs and NE India during the study period, suggesting an improved skill of predicting heavy rains over the mountains. The improved forecast performance is consistent and relatively higher over WGs than over NE states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study to compare the glucometer and laboratory glucose oxidase method for the estimation of blood glucose levels in neonates. Methods: The prospective analytical study was conducted in the Dept of pediatrics, Vardhman institute of medical sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda, Bihar, India, for 12 months. 100 Patients were included in this study. The analysis was done on emergency basis within half an hour of collection of blood sample. Routine quality control check was followed for the analysis. A calibrated check using the manufacturer supplied control cuvette was performed once a day on the glucose analyser. Hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose levels less than 45 mg/dl Hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose levels more than 145 mg/dl. Blood glucose levels 45-145 mg/dl was considered as normal. Laboratory value of glucose was taken as gold standard. Results: 100 neonates were included in this study. Out of them 65 were males and 35 were females. 70 were term, 30 were preterm and majority being less than 7 days. Neonates were classified according to their gestational age by WHO Fenton charts. Maximum neonates (74%) were appropriate for gestational age ( AGA). Remaining 22 % were small for gestational age ( SGA) and 4 % were large for gestational age ( LGA). Glucometer had a specificity of 98%, sensitivity of 66%, positive predictive value of 96%, and negative predictive value of 85% and accuracy of 88%. Conclusion: The glucometer had good specificity and negative predictive value, confirmation with laboratory measurements of plasma glucose and clinical assessment of the infant are still of the utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to develop an institutional framework to examine the role of governmental and social pressures on green product purchase intentions. Because of the increased focus on environmental issues in emerging markets, an examination of the institutional environment in India can provide unique insights into the drivers of green consumption. Design/methodology/approach: A large-scale data collection is conducted via an online survey to test the validity of the theorized model. A survey methodology is used to collect responses from a sample of 400 consumers in India and analyzed via Smart PLS 3.0. Findings: The findings suggest moral norms, injunctive and descriptive, have varying influences on consumers. Further, governmental influence, at least in India, may not have a positive impact one would expect. The results indicate the institutional framework developed in this research has a good predictive ability in green marketing settings and offers insights for businesses and policymakers to enhance consumers' motivations to purchase green products. Originality/value: From a theoretical perspective, this research is the first to examine the institutional environment on green consumption in India and provides unique insights into the influences of green consumption. The results suggest the institutional environment in India presents unique opportunities for practitioners and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of heavy rains associated with orography is still a challenge, even for the most advanced state-of-art high-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) modeling systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) in predicting heavy and very heavy rainfall exceeding 80th and 90th percentiles which occurs mainly due to the forced ascent of air parcels over the mountainous regions of the Western Ghats (WGs) and North East (NE) - states of India during the monsoon seasons of 2007 to 2018. Apart from the major upgrades in the dynamical core of UM from New Dynamics (ND) to Even Newer Dynamics for General Atmospheric Modeling of the environment (ENDGame), the horizontal resolution of the model has been increased from 40 km and 50 vertical levels in 2007 to 10 km and 70 vertical levels in 2018. In general, it is expected that the prediction of heavy rainfall events improves with increased horizontal resolution of the model. The evaluation based on verification metrics, including Probability of Detection (POD), False Alarm Ratio (FAR), Frequency Bias (Bias) and Critical Success Index (CSI), indicate that model rainfall forecasts from 2007 to 2018 have improved from 0.29 to 0.38 (CSI), 0.45 to 0.55 (POD) and 0.55 to 0.45 in the case of FAR over WGs for rainfall exceeding the 80th percentile (CAT-1) in the Day-1 forecast. Additionally, the Symmetric Extremal Dependence Index (SEDI) is also used with special emphasis on verification of extreme and rare events. SEDI also shows an improvement from 0.47 to 0.62 and 0.16 to 0.41 over WGs and NE-states during the period of study, suggesting an improved skill of predicting heavy rains over the mountains. It has also been found that the improvement is consistent and comparatively higher over WGs than NE-states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Power is an important construct in retailing and channel literature. Power is studied in improving the performance of the firm, but less emphasis is given on the behavioral changes that lead to an improvement in performance. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the relationship between sources of power and channel members' trust, affective commitment, agent dependence and environmental munificence individually. Also, the paper examines the interrelationship among coercive, expert, referent, legitimate and reward sources of power. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a structured questionnaire to collect data from 214 channel members from an Indian oil company. The study uses a covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) approach for establishing the interrelationship among sources of power. Also, the study uses partial least squares SEM approach for determining the relationship between power sources and channel members' behavior. Findings: The study establishes that the dichotomous nature of power, i.e. coercive and non-coercive power source exists independently in an emerging country context. Further, coercive power sources are negatively and non-coercive power sources are positively associated with trust. Also, coercive and reward power sources are positively associated with agent dependence, whereas expert, referent and legitimate power sources are positively related to affective commitment. Finally, referent power is found to be positively associated with environmental munificence. Practical implications: The paper offers several managerial implications. For practitioners, the paper highlights that application of coercive and non-coercive power sources can bring the desired change in channel members' behavior. Also, acknowledging the power position between channel leader and channel member can foster more efficient association. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the literature on channel management by enhancing the understanding of sources of power and their influence on the behavior of channel members. First, the study examines the relationship between channel members' behavior of trust, affective commitment, agent dependence and environmental munificence and five sources of power. Second, the study establishes the interrelationship among sources of power. Finally, the paper outlines the implications for managers for effective use of sources of power in channel management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on steady-state groundwater modelling in Begamganj block of Bina river basin in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Bina river is a main source of water for the domestical and irrigation supply for the local people. Results provided by the modelling after proper calibration and validation are helpful to identify the water scarce zone which can be further helpful in applying management strategies for meeting groundwater demand for the future need. In this steady state modelling, the top aquifer has been taken into account for the simplification of the model process. Aquifers below the top aquifer were not found suitable in meeting the water quality parameter for domestic usage, as per the norms of Government of India. Management strategies can be applied for the sustainable development of groundwater aquifer in the study area. ILWIS an open source GIS software was used to prepare the required files for the input of Visual MODFLOW. Aquifer data was collected from the data provided by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India and Water Resources Department (WRD) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. The validation of the model was carried out by matching the field value collected by CGWB and WRD. After identification of water scare zone management tools can be applied for rejuvenation in the aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA) is a regional high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis over the Indian subcontinent. This regional reanalysis over India is the first of its kind and is produced by the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting and Met Office, UK, in collaboration with the India Meteorological Department under the National Monsoon Mission project of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. The reanalysis runs from 1979 to 2018, to span the era of modern meteorological satellites. This article briefly describes the IMDAA system and discusses the performance of the IMDAA during summer monsoon (June–September). This study provides evidence for substantial improvements seen in IMDAA compared to the ERA‐Interim reanalysis fields over India. The evaluation is carried out for the period of 1979–1993 for all major features associated with the Indian Monsoon to highlight improvements compared to ERA‐Interim and to document the biases. The study also demonstrates the potential use of the IMDAA data for applications such as wind resource assessment over India. Key Points: IMDAA data are based on high‐resolution (12 km) regional atmospheric reanalysis using the latest methodologies in data assimilationThe advanced data assimilation methods used in IMDAA allow large amounts of data from the satellites and ground‐based observationsIMDAA forms the best analysis data at high grid resolution (12 km) over the Indian monsoon region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]