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This article provides an overview of recent advancements in the design and performance of flat plate solar collectors (FPSCs) for solar thermal power plants. The article highlights various strategies that have been explored to improve the efficiency of FPSCs, including the use of Micro Heat pipe Arrays, nano-materials, phase change materials, and novel tube geometries. The study emphasizes the importance of keeping costs low while improving overall collector efficiency and highlights the research gap in distinct aspects of FPSCs for heat enhancement. The article concludes that these advancements have the potential to significantly increase the use of solar thermal power, which could play a critical role in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change. This study examines the power potential and carbon emission reduction capabilities of solar collectors in India, taking into account the local climatic conditions and geographical location. The study also identifies major challenges and opportunities in the current research domain. Based on the analysis, the study highlights the opportunities for commercializing low cost solar plants in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ventilation equipment for enclosed spaces or office rooms is specified according National Building Code of India published by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Natural ventilation periodically together with mechanical ventilation is recommended to remove pollutants. The need to study fire and smoke behavior inside a completely closed room with air intake and exhaust vents becomes important in case of low or no mechanical ventilation service. An experimental study on unsteady heptane pool fires of different sizes in their initial stages was conducted in a cubical fire test chamber of 27 m³ inside dimensions. The compartment was naturally ventilated with a typical configuration of a vertical intake on a side wall and an exhaust vent at the ceiling leading into a duct. Three circular pans of diameters 0.34, 0.47 and 0.61 m were employed to generate the fire with n-heptane as fuel on a bed of water. Temperatures, wall heat fluxes and mass loss rate were measured. The flame was visualized using a video camera through a tempered view glass. The total heat transfer to the ceiling and wall increased with the increase in fire size as the flames became taller in the initial stages (3-4 minutes) with significant increase in case of 500 kW fire. The smoke layer was observed at about mid height (1.5 m) above floor. The leaning behavior of flames was seen due to naturally induced air inflow. The wall heat flux of about 50 kW/m² obtained indicate hazardous environment for further flame spread. A fourfold increase in mass loss rate was observed with just 2.5 times increase in fire size inside the ceiling vented compartment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the results of an experimental investigation of an earth–air heat exchanger for heating and cooling in Patna India, using an experimental test rig. An experimental test rig was constructed and built for the climatic and soil conditions of Patna. In the test rig, three horizontal polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes of equal length with a diameter of 0.0285, 0.038, and 0.0485 m were installed. The tests were conducted with ambient air entering at various speeds of 2, 3.5, 5, and 6.5 m/s. The result of the experiments shows that the temperature rises and falls in the larger diametric pipe are lesser than those in the smaller ones, and it decreases slightly as the velocity of air increases. So, a smaller diametric pipe with a lower airflow velocity shows a maximum rise and fall in temperature. The cooling and heating capacity (heat transfer rate) increases with increased inlet velocity. In both heating and cooling applications, the effectiveness of an earth–air heat exchanger decreases as the velocity of the moving air increases. Also, the larger diametric pipe has less effectiveness than the smaller diametric pipe. The maximum heating and cooling effectiveness of 0.63 and 0.61, respectively, was observed for 28.5 mm diameter pipes when the inlet air speed was 2 m/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to standard form of energy in cooking and lighting has been a serious concern among most of the people residing in rural parts of the world. More than 2 billion people concentrated mostly in rural areas of India and sub-Saharan Africa use firewood in inefficient (thermal efficiency is <8–10%) traditional cook stoves. Around 15% of input energy from fuel is stored within the stove body as waste heat. Further, the annual per capita electricity consumption is just over 1000 kWh compared to world average of more than 3000 kWh. Whereas, the figure drops to 314 kWh in the northeastern state of Assam, India. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) can be used to recover the waste heat and utilize it in the conversion into electricity on the principle of Seebeck effect. This research work is attempted to test the feasibility of integrating a TEG module with an Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE)-approved improved clay made cook stove named Sukhad using fundamental heat transfer and thermoelectric equations. Preliminary tests of the TEG-integrated cook stove showed a potential of generating 2.7 W of electrical power and illuminating a 3 W LED bulb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining the temperature of the photovoltaic (PV) panel within the described standard helps in achieving higher power conversion efficiency. To regulate the PV temperature, phase change material (PCM)-based cooling techniques have been proposed in several literature. However, most of the studies utilize organic PCMs whose low thermal conductivity confines their potential. Thus, in the proposed work, the rear side of the 20 Wp PV panel is coated with hydrated salt-based PCM and is integrated with an aluminum sheet (PV-PCM-Al) to increase the thermal conductivity of the system. The effect of the PV-PCM-Al panel in enhancing the PV efficiency is realized by comparing it with a standard uncooled PV panel. This concept was experimented under direct sunlight for about a week in Chennai, the southern part of India. To perceive the performance enhancement, thermal images were taken for both the cooled and uncooled PV panels. In addition, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and power output were measured. The experimentation is also backed up by numerical simulations to understand the heat transfer characteristic features of the designed integrated PCM and aluminum cooling system. The experimentation results highlight that a maximum increase of about 7.67% in the PV efficiency was obtained using a cooled PV panel when compared to an uncooled PV panel. A maximum increase of 7.34% in the open-circuit voltage and a maximum drop of 4.6 °C in the PV temperature were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient heat recovery from low-grade heat sources is an achievable scientific frontier in the coming decade. One of the promising technologies in waste heat recovery is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. Major obstacles to low-grade heat recovery include economic viability, scale, system efficiency, and exergy efficiency. In low temperature ORC systems, the cost of condenser becomes significant and hence air-cooled condenser is a feasible option. However, the performance of the air-cooled condenser is sensitive to the variation in ambient air conditions. India, being a tropical country, have villages and cities whose average temperature varies from -2°C in winter to 50°C in summer. The present work involves the study of heat transfer effects on the condenser using common organic working fluids and quantifying the consequences of environmental temperature variations. The constant thermal evaporator load is supplied with a medium-enthalpy heat source at 100 and 150°C. The atmospheric temperature associated with heat rejection from the condenser is varied from 273K to 313K for 5 working fluids. A MATLAB model of the ORC system is developed to study the effect of condenser performance on the first and second law efficiency of the ORC system. The MATLAB model is used to investigate the effect of varying inlet temperatures of the working fluid on the performance of ORC system to choose an organic working fluid suitable for Indian climatic conditions. R365 mfc, and R1233zd exhibit higher expander work and show higher heat rejection. At higher heat source temperatures of 150°C, the simulation shows a higher second law efficiency for the working fluid R1224yd(Z), which has critical temperature closed to the heat source temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel photovoltaic thermal air (PVTa) system with semi length fins in the downstream portion of the air channel was tested experimentally for its performance capability for the generation of hydrogen in the present work. Fins are passive devices used to overcome the main detrimental effect of reduced power output due to photovoltaic panel heating. For this purpose, 2 semi length fin configurations namely longitudinal fin and wavy fin were placed in second half length of the channel in the direction of air flow. To compare the impact of PVTa systems with semi lengthened fins in hydrogen generation, the performance study of PV and PVTa system assisted hydrogen generation were also conducted. The experiments were conducted at the site of Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu state, India having latitude and longitude of 10.82 and 78.70 respectively during March–June 2019 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. on clear and sunny days. The results indicated PVTa system with semi length wavy fins yielded maximum generation of hydrogen among the 4 cases of PV assisted hydrogen generation techniques considered. It was observed that downstream located longitudinal and wavy fins provided enhanced PV panel cooling which increased the current supply to the electrolyzer unit. The hydrogen generation rate was 13.5, 12.1, 9.5 and 7.8 ml/min for PVT with wavy fins, longitudinal fins, PVT and PV respectively. Keywords: Solar PV, fins, hydrogen, heat transfer. • The effect of semi length fins in the downstream portion of the PVT air channel for hydrogen generation was reported. • Hydrogen generation rates with downstream sided longitudinal and wavy fin profiles were examined. • Electrical and thermal energy outputs of PV, PVT without fin and PVT with fins were also reported. • Energy and exergy performance of the system components were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the experimental investigation of an earthto-air heat exchanger for heating purposes in the Patna region of India, using an experimental test rig. In the view of the author, real field experiments have several limitations such as lack of repeatability and uncontrolled conditions. It also takes more time for the response of parameters that depends on nature and climate. Moreover, earth-to-air heat exchangers may be expensive to fabricate and require more land area. Thus, in this work authors executed their experimental work in indoor controllable environments to investigate the thermal performance of an earth-to-air heat exchanger. The actual soil conditions were created and maintained the temperature at 26°C throughout the soil in the vicinity of pipes. Three horizontal PVC pipes of equal lengths and diameters of 0.0285 m, 0.038 m and 0.0485 m were installed in the test rig. The experiments were performed for different inlet air velocities at ambient air temperature. This study acknowledges that the maximum rise in outlet temperature occurs at a lower speed for smaller pipes. Also, the maximum effectiveness of 0.83 was observed at 2 m/s for the smallest diameter pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double-pass solar air heater (DPSAH) with shot blasting and winglets in the air passage is a recommended cost-effective design development to enhance thermal performance. Three different absorber plate configurations for DPSAHs were experimentally tested: (a) V-corrugation with shot blasting, (b) V-corrugation with shot blasting and a 4-3 winglet pattern, and (c) V-corrugation with shot blasting with a 3-2 winglet pattern. Furthermore, aluminum winglets were welded to the DPSAH absorber plate to increase the channel turbulence to enhance the heat transfer performance. The pressure drop and thermal performance of the DPSAHs with and without winglets were investigated using meteorological parameters such as ambient temperature, wind speed, solar irradiance, and interior temperature at regular time intervals. V-corrugation with 4-3 winglets has a maximum thermal efficiency and pressure drop of 49.5 % and 230 Pa, respectively, at a mass flow rate of 0.02 m/s. Results showed that the thermal efficiency of V-corrugation with 4-3 winglets was improved by a maximum of 7 % compared with the V-corrugation air heater. Finally, increasing the mass flow rate from 0.01 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s increases the pressure drop by 1.22 times for the V-corrugation and 1.3 times for the V-corrugation with 4-3 winglets. Furthermore, a complete economic study of DPSAHs for India is examined in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountainous topography and solar elevation angle have a significant influence on the wind circulation and energy exchange over a complex region. Here, the seasonal variation of mountain-valley wind circulation (MVWC) and surface layer parameters have been presented over a hilly station of northeastern India. For the study, quick-response sonic anemometer data have been utilized. The solar elevation angle varies from 85° to 43° in different seasons and controls the MVWC over the terrain. MVWC was dominated in winter (WN), pre-monsoon (PM), and post-monsoon (PMN) seasons, while the synoptic wind predominates the wind direction over the terrain in monsoon (MN). In WN and PM, nighttime heat transmission from the atmosphere to the ground was −10 to −20 W m−2, while the minimum in MN and PMN was −3 to −7 W m−2. The net seasonal daily mean sensible heat flux (H) values from the surface to the atmosphere were 42 W m−2, 58 W m−2, 35 W m−2, and 34 W m−2 in WN, PM, MN, and PMN. In MN, the average daytime temperature was 8 °C, 0.5 °C, and 3 °C higher and at night was 9.5 °C, 2 °C, and 4.5 °C higher than the WN, PM, and PMN. In WN, PM, and PMN, the momentum flux had a higher value of about 2 to 3 h after the maximum value in H was attained at the 6-m and 10-m levels. The daytime turbulence kinetic energy was higher by 99%, 56%, 72%, and 93% than the nighttime during WN, PM, MN, and PMN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress at the seedling stage can increase mortality and has become an increasing threat for Indian mustard cultivation. Indian mustard is being predominantly grown under a rainfed ecosystem. In this context, the selection of heat tolerant genotypes may be one of the panaceas. Hence, this study was planned to evolve, evaluate and identify some of the promising early maturing heat stress tolerant from a pool of advanced breeding lines, to be used as probable donors for transferring heat tolerance. For this purpose, heat stress was imposed on 10 Indian mustard advanced breeding lines at the seedling period. The mean performance of the ten advanced breeding lines of Indian mustard with respect to morphophysiology revealed that the genotype DRMRHT-13-13-5-4 recorded earliest in maturity (117.5 days), high oil content (43.14 %) and seed yield of 3182.82 (kg/ha) which was 19.75 per cent higher seed yield over best check NPJ-112 under heat stress conditions. Similarly, the genotype DRMRHT-13-13-5-6 also recorded early in maturity (118.5 days), oil content (42.18%) and seed yield of 2964.92 (kg/ha) which was 11.55 per cent higher seed yield over the best check NPJ-112. There was a positive correlation between relative water content and membrane stability index (r=0.945) but both of these traits were negatively associated with excised-leaf water loss. Cluster survey classified 10 advanced breeding lines in five divergent groups. The tree diagram revealed abundant diversity between the Indian mustard genotypes for different characters and some magnitude of a consortium between different clusters. Based on the higher membrane stability index, water retention capacity of leaves, relative water content, minimum excised-leaf water loss and seed yield, advanced breeding lines DRMRHT-13-13-5-4 and DRMRHT-13-13-5-6 were identified as early in maturity and heat tolerant at a seedling stage which could be used in breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A solar-powered HDD system employing a multi-stage BCD is proposed. • BCD effectiveness increased by 17% when upgraded to a two-stage configuration. • Multi-staging is a more effective option than the increasing condensing area. In humidification-dehumidification desalination (HDD) system, conventional dehumidifiers require a large condensing area due to the additional thermal resistance to the heat transfer caused by high concentrations (60–95% by mass) of non-condensable gases present in the air. In a bubble column dehumidifier (BCD), condensation of humid air via direct contact with cold water in a column can significantly decrease condensing area and cost. Hence, in this study, a solar-powered HDD using a multistage BCD is designed and tested in the climatic conditions of Kerala, India. Single-stage and two-stage configurations are investigated in BCD. A mathematical model based on the energy and mass balance of each component is also developed. The model results are observed to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. The results showed that the daily freshwater yield, day average gain output ratio (GOR), and average BCD effectiveness of HDD system with two-stage BCD are 4.571 kg/m2, 0.79, and 0.9, respectively. Furthermore, upgrading the single-stage configuration of BCD to a two-stage configuration increases freshwater yield, day average GOR, and BCD effectiveness by about 6.24%, 6.75%, and 17%, respectively. Detailed water quality analysis revealed that freshwater quality is well within drinking water standards. The cost of freshwater is about 0.0716 $/liter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open drying is practiced for drying Capsicum frutescens in the cottage industries of India. In order to improve drying, an experimental set-up of solar rack dryer is constructed and studied different heat transfer augmentation techniques. A passive heating coil extended from the header of a water-in-glass evacuated tube coupled with parabolic trough is used to augment the heat in the collector section of the dryer. The drying rate in rack dryer is found to be 62% higher than that of open air drying of green chillies. Moreover, the drying rate in augmented rack dryer is found to be 7% higher than that of rack dryer. In addition to this, an effective design for the dryer cabinet with respect to air circulation is arrived through computational fluid dynamics analysis. Through this new design, the drying rate is improved further by 3%. Based on energy analysis, the specific energy consumption during the drying of this particular product using the augmented dryer is found to be 1.27 kWh/kg. The exergy efficiency of the drying chamber is found to be in the range of 4%-45% with an average of 16% for Capsicum frutescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermo-enviro-economic modeling of novel passive multi chamber vertical diffusion still. • East-west manually tracked unit is superior than sole south oriented unit. • Yield, exergy efficiency and performance ratio of about 11.13 kg/m2-d, 23.15% and 2.0. • Mitigation of 67.9 tons of CO 2 emission in 20 Yr life time. • Low distillate production cost of about 0.90 INR/L. Multiple-effect solar distillation units are more promising in fulfilling the potable water demands of population in rural and remote areas. Among multiple-effect distillation units, diffusion type is more compact, portable and high productive. In the present study, a novel type of passive multi-chamber vertical solar diffusion still is proposed and the impact of various system and climatic parameters on its performance and economics has been evaluated and presented. Triple chamber vertical diffusion still is found economical and it has a performance ratio and exergy efficiency of around two and 23.15%, respectively. Exposing the aperture of distillation unit to wind flow revealed a negative impact on its yield but the reverse is observed when the last condensing unit is exposed to the wind. Lower distillation and exergy efficiency is observed for 1st diffusion chamber compared to other chambers due to increased heat loss from absorber plate. Evaporative heat transfer ratio of diffusion chambers increased from 0.81 to 0.97 with increase in solar radiation intensity from 100 to 1000 W/m2. The optimized unit is simulated under the climatic conditions of various locations of Tamil Nadu state of India under sole south orientation and east-west manually tracked mode. Annual average yield of 11.13 kg/m2d is obtained with an exergy efficiency of 13.85% for east-west manually tracked unit. Distillate production cost and financial payback time of the unit are estimated to be 900.00 INR/kL and 0.63 Year, respectively. The proposed unit also has a capability to mitigate 67.93 tons (average) of CO 2 emission during its 20 Year lifetime. Better yield, low distillate production cost and huge environmental benefits justify the capability of proposed triple chamber passive vertical solar diffusion still for sustainable desalination in under privileged/developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A hybrid crop dryer is presented. • Thermal model is developed and validated. • Heat transfer model predicts the heating load. • Economic analysis is presented. A solar-cum-biomass hybrid greenhouse crop dryer (HGCD) is presented to work on solar energy and on biomass heat for 24 h continuous operation at constant drying temperature of 62 °C. Vertical gap (clearance) between two consecutive trays is optimized for selected latitudes of 30°, 35°, 40°, 45° and 50°N. Global solar radiation and thermal models are developed to predict the solar radiation availability and HGCD chamber air temperature (T hgcd). Forced draft paddy straw bale combustor (FDPSBC) is used to generate flue gas above 500 °C temperature as supplemental heat source and coupled with flue gas heat transfer pipe network (FGHTPN) laid inside the HGCD to maintain T hgcd at constant temperature. Biomass heating load requirements (forced convection and radiation heats) were predicted through developed heat transfer model. The developed thermal model predicted the T hgcd of 26 °C to 38 °C equivalent to heating load of 4–6.5 kW when ambient air temperature remained between 10 °C and 18 °C at Ludhiana climate (30°N) India. Heat transfer model predicted about 26.2 kW and 13.4 kW of supplemental heat during severe and moderate night temperatures of −5 °C and 10 °C which can be met through complete combustion of 80 kg and 40 kg of paddy straw biomass per hour respectively to maintain T hgcd between 60 and 62 °C. Logarithmic drying model is the best fitting drying model for fenugreek drying. Economic analysis shows that the proposed technology can recover its cost within five years and has great adaptability potential in terms of paddy straw management in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing roughness is an effective method to heat fluids to high temperature. Present paper make use of concave dimple roughness on one and three sides of roughened ducts aimed at determining rise in heat transfer and friction of three sides over one side roughened duct. Three sides roughened duct produces high heat transfer compared to one side roughened. Results are shown as a rise in Nusselt number and friction factor of three sides over one side roughened duct. Experimental investigation was conducted under actual outdoor condition at National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, India to test various sets of roughened collectors. Roughness parameter varied as relative roughness pitch 8-15, relative roughness height 0.018-0.045, dimple depth to diameter ratio 1-2, Reynolds number 2500- 13500 at fixed aspect ratio (width/hight) 8. Highest enhancement in Nusselt number for varying relative roughness pitch, height, and diameter ratio was respectively found as 2.6 to 3.55 times, 1.91 to 3.42 times and 3.09 to 3.94 times compared to one side dimple roughened duct. Highest rise in friction for three sides over one side roughened duct for these varying parameters was respectively found as 1.62 to 2.79 times, 1.52 to 2.34 times and 2.21 to 2.56 times. To visualize the effect of roughness parameter on heat transfer and friction factor, variation in Nusselt number and friction factor for varying roughness parameters with Reynolds number is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow mechanism under roughened solar air heater is quite complex. This paper is an effort towards determining the governing equa- tions for heat transfer and friction factor for inclined spherical balls rough- ened ducts. With the availability of these equations, it is easier to predict the thermal and thermohydraulic performance of such roughened solar air heaters. The governing equations are derived based on the experimental data generated under actual outdoor condition at the test rig designed and fabricated at the terrace of the Mechanical Engineering Department, the National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur in India, in terms of rough- ness and flow parameters. Maximum augmentation in Nusselt number and friction factor for varying relative roughness pitch, relative roughness height, spherical ball height to diameter ratio, and angle of attack was respectively found to be of the order of 2.1 to 3.54 times, 1.87 to 3.21 times, 2.89 to 3.27 times and 1.74 to 3.56 times for Nusselt number and 0.84 to 1.79 times, 1.46 to 1.91 times, 1.67 to 2.34 times and 1.21 to 2.67 times for friction factor in comparison to non-roughened duct. The optimum roughness parameters under present investigation have been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to examine the energy, exergy and sustainability analysis of a traditional four-pan jaggery unit based on the consumption and resource transformations involved in the sugarcane-based jaggery production process. The exergy analysis has been conducted based on an experimental study with the help of thermodynamic relations including the component-wise specific exergy for jaggery production. The energy and exergy of the jaggery unit are compared during the winter and the summer. The obtained average thermal energy efficiency of the jaggery unit shows an increment of 8.1% as compared to the winter season. In addition, when accounting for the combustion performance of bagasse, the exergy efficiency of jaggery plant in the summer is higher than the winter. Furthermore, negative environmental impacts are indicated by a poor exergy sustainability score during both seasons. In summer, the jaggery facility operates more sustainably than in the winter, as shown by the higher value of environmental benign index. Energy analysis alone conceals the fact that the primary factor in resource use is exergy destruction due to irreversibilities in combustion and heat transfer. By assessing the process fluxes in terms of exergy, this study enhances the transparency of resource consumption and losses in the production of jaggery. • Comparison of energy and exergy efficiency of the four-pan jaggery unit. • Thermal efficiency in summer is higher than winter season. • Exergy destruction during the combustion of bagasse is high in both seasons. • Operation of Jaggery unit is more eco-friendly in the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, pinch analysis is employed to integrate energy in steam cycle of a 250 MW thermal power plant (TPP) located in Rajasthan state of India. To apply pinch analysis on steam turbine, all extractions exiting the turbine are considered as hot utility and feedwater as cold utility. Pinch analysis shows the potential savings in hot and cold utilities as 9.66% and 0.77%, respectively. Considering heat transfer across the pinch in condenser, heat available in boiler blow down and flowrates of extraction of low pressure (LP) turbine, six different energy integration schemes are proposed. Results show that extraction of LP turbine entering to LPH-1 is eliminated, which saves steam extracted from turbine for preheating the feedwater and thus, extra power is generated. It is also seen that flowrates from other two extractions of LP turbine decrease marginally. Amongst six energy integration schemes, the best one indicates that using pinch analysis, net generated power is increased by 0.55% and demineralized water demand is reduced by 57.6%. Further, exergy analysis of steam cycle is carried out and compared with that of most suited retrofitted scheme. Results of the present study are compared well with that of published literature. Highlights • Pinch analysis of streams in steam cycle is discussed. • Six schemes were proposed to increase the efficiency of steam cycle. • Schemes are based on use of heat transfer across the pinch and boiler blowdown. • The deletion of LPH-1 in LP turbine is discussed in detail in various schemes. • Exergy analyses of steam cycle before and after modifications discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A thermal–hydraulic model for an SFR SG is created using the FLOWNEX code. • The model uses fixed meshes with regime-specific flow and heat transfer correlations. • Steady-state predictions of the model are validated by inter-code comparison. • Transient predictions of the model are validated against ETEC and SGTF experiments. The steam generator (SG) is an important component in sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs). It transfers the heat from sodium systems to the balance of plant (BOP), producing steam for electricity production. Any disturbances originating from the BOP propagate to the nuclear systems through SG. Hence, it is especially important to model and predict the thermal–hydraulic behavior of SG during such transients. Towards this, a thermal–hydraulic model of SG of a typical medium-sized SFR has been developed using general-purpose system simulation code – FLOWNEX. Usually, the moving boundary method is used to model SGs as it involves phase change and multiple heat transfer regimes. However, in the current model, the fixed mesh approach, generally used for modeling pipelines, single-phase heat exchangers, etc. in plant dynamic codes, has been used to model SGs. In this paper, the modeling details and the solution procedures used in the FLOWNEX are discussed in detail. The steady-state results of the model developed have been compared with the results from in-house code DESOPT. The results were in good agreement at various power levels as well as in off-design conditions. The transient performance of the model has been validated against an in-house experiment carried out in Steam Generator Test Facility (SGTF), IGCAR, India, and a steam generator shutdown experiment carried out in Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL), USA. The transient results were also in good agreement, thereby increasing the confidence level of the predictions. The model developed will be integrated to plant dynamic codes containing other system models and will be used to carry out system-level simulations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of technology and development has led to a surge in energy demands by both developing and developed nations. Since 2000, the energy usage pattern in India has doubled. The majority of the power sector is dependent on the fossil fuel sources for energy generation. While energy generation is of prime concern the storage and retrieval with minimum losses is also significant. The packed beds system form a significant part of the solar power systems which are used to store energy during day time and retrieve it during the night. The present work investigates on the issues related to energy storage capability in packed beds. In the present work, volumetric heat transfer coefficient is measured using a transient technique in packed beds with uniformly sized spheres. The experiments are conducted for bed to particle diameter ratios of 5, 10 and 21. The temperatures inside the packed bed are measured at four axial locations with thermocouples placed inside the spheres and positioned 112 mm apart along the central axis. The temperatures are measured at four radial locations 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm apart from the solid wall along different axial planes from the entry of packing. The experimental results are compared with Schumann's curves and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient is estimated. It is found that the estimated volumetric heat transfer coefficient ( h v ) is higher for smaller particle diameter 2.38 mm as compared to larger diameter spheres with random packing. There is an increase in the volumetric heat transfer coefficient ( h v ) with the increase in the particle Reynolds number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal mills are bottleneck in coal–fired power generation process due to difficulty in developing efficient controls and faults occurring inside the mills. In this paper, a dynamic coal mill model is developed using conservation laws and empirical relations. The physical processes occurring inside the mill such as grinding, pneumatic transport, drying, heat transfer, and classification are modeled. Differential Evolution is used to estimate the model parameters. The model is validated using data obtained from a 500 MW plant in India. An application of the proposed model for online estimation of moisture in the raw coal is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas must be liquefied for long distance transport, so a lot of energy is lost during the liquefaction and regasification process. The innovative system proposed in this study recovers the cold exergy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification process and also uses this potential for concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) cooling. The system uses cascades of organic Rankine cycles (ORC) whose boilers' high-temperature sources are supplied by thermal management of the CPV and low-temperature sides are in thermal contact with LNG flow. In the proposed system, the ORC's organic working fluid cools the CPV heat sink directly to reduce exergy destructions. An analytical thermodynamic and heat transfer model is developed which focuses on the heat transfer within the CPV heat sinks. The proposed system is examined in the ambient conditions of the top five LNG importing countries in the world. The results indicate that the proposed approach can deliver up to 24 MW electrical power, which is improved up to 180% in comparison with using the seawater-driven ORCs. The system produces up to 223 kg/s of cooling water in 7 °C, and its exergetic efficiency is up to 31%. From the CPV cooling point of view, the proposed system in 1000 × solar radiation concentration can keep the CPV temperature below 87 °C. Among studied regions, the best annual average of 2nd law efficiency can be achieved in India, about 28.3%. Utilizing the proposed system in a 100 kg/s LNG regasification unit can result in 26–32 MW of annual average power production, depending on the region it is used. • A novel system is proposed which recovers LNG cold exergy and simultaneously provides cooling for CPV. • Cascade ORCs are the link between LNG regasification Line and CPVs. • CPV heat sinks are cooled directly by the organic working fluid of ORCs to reduce exergy destruction. • The top 5 LNG importing countries in the world are considered and the best performance is observed in India. • Up to 32 MW of power and 223 kg/s of cooling water in a 100 kg/s LNG regasification unit can be recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prototype model of modified active greenhouse dryer has been designed, developed, and tested in no-load conditions at the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. The proposed dryer has been tested under two conditions: (1) with covered inside floor and (2) with uncovered floor. This study revealed that the covered floor condition of the greenhouse is favorable for drying due to higher raise in greenhouse temperature and decrease in its relative humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal anomalies associated with ore-mineralization (Pb–Cu–Zn and Fe) were studied using thermal infrared data collected over Mamandur polymetal prospect, India, with the aid of satellite, field, and laboratory measurements. Day and night ASTER data were analysed in conjunction with field measurements to estimate thermal inertia of the ore body, altered zones and country rocks. Representative samples collected from field were also analysed for thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and inertia using a self-fabricated setup. Spatial changes in thermal inertia were mapped by look up table (LUT) and advanced thermal inertia mapping (ATIM) approaches. Mineralized zones show very high thermal contrast (ΔT) both in field (15–25°C) and satellite data (14.9–16.9oC). They also exhibit the lowest thermal inertia in field-(2118–5474 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) and satellite-based (3783–4037 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) measurements. In non-mineralized areas, acidic rocks (granite, migmatite and granite gneiss) have lower inertia than basic rocks (basic granulite, dolerite and charnockite). Results estimated by LUT and ATIM approaches correlate very well at satellite (R2 = 0.97) and field (R2 = 0.89) scales. Similarly, field- and satellite-based results also have good correlation (R2 = 0.69–0.72). This study illustrates the potential of thermal inertia mapping in delineating ore bodies and deciphering the lithological changes even under veneer of soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is a 500 MWe sodium cooled pool type fast reactor being constructed at Kalpakkam, India. PFBR has all the reactor components immersed in the pool of sodium and the fission heat generated in the core, is removed by the sodium circulating in the pool. During normal operation this fission heat is transferred by primary sodium to secondary sodium, which in turn transfers the heat to water in the steam generator for producing steam. The removal of the decay heat generated in the reactor core after the reactor shutdown is also very important to maintain the structural integrity of reactor core components. PFBR employs two independent systems namely, Operational Grade Decay Heat Removal system (OGDHRS) and Safety Grade Decay Heat Removal System (SGDHRS) for decay heat removal. SGDHR system is a passive system working on natural convection to ensure the core coolability even under station blackout condition. It is very important to study the thermal hydraulic behavior of Safety Grade Decay Heat Removal system of PFBR to ensure its reliable operation. A scaled down model of the circuit, named SADHANA has been modeled, designed, constructed and commissioned for demonstration and evaluation of these systems. The facility has completed around 2000 h of high temperature operation. The performance of the experimental system is satisfactory and it meets all the design requirements. At 550 °C sodium pool temperature in test vessel the secondary sodium loop generated a sodium flow of 6.7 m3/h. These experiments have revealed the adequacy and capability of SGDHR system to remove the decay heat from the fast breeder reactor core after its shutdown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sodium is used as a coolant in primary and secondary heat transport systems of Liquid Metal cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR). The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is in advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam, India. Under Sodium Ultra Sonic Scanner (USUSS) is used to image the components dipped in sodium and more specifically the gap between Sub Assembly (SA) heads and the control plug. This is essential to confirm that no SA is protruding from its position. USUSS has to be qualified in sodium before its use in the reactor. After sodium testing, sodium adhering to the USUSS needs to be removed to prevent reaction with oxygen and moisture present in air when it is taken out. The sodium removal process is based on the use of moist carbon-di-oxide (CO2) at a temperature of about 353K. The reaction rate is controlled by varying the ratio of CO2 to moisture. Hydrogen released during the reaction of sodium with moisture is continuously monitored to ensure safe limits of hydrogen concentration. This paper describes the details of the experimental setup used in a cleaning pit for the removal of sodium adhering on USUSS and the technical details of the cleaning process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article communicates thermal performance of a low cost solar parabolic dish collector. The parabolic dish collector is developed from low cost technology and is tested in the outdoors on a sunny day by measuring stagnation temperature on the flat absorber. The absorber, made of aluminum alloys and coated with black paint, is placed on the focal receiver. The calculated overall heat transfer co-efficient varies from 130 to 180 W/m2 K for the actual climate conditions at Tiruchirappalli, India. The thermal efficiency of the thermal collector is found to be 60% and the cost is minimized to half the cost of a collector that is available in the market with the same specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present work deals with the effect of frying cycles on physical, chemical and heat transfer quality of rice bran oil (RBO) during the preparation of poori (an Indian traditional fried food) by deep-fat frying. The frying was carried out in intermittent mode (5 batches each for 3mm in a day without any time lag) and repeated for 6 frying cycles. Result indicated that in first two cycles, free fatty acid content, peroxide value and total polar materials increased, while radical scavenging activity decreased. Further increase in frying cycles did not result in any significant changes in these parameters (p >0.05). Similar trends were observed for these parameters in case of heating. Relative amounts of total saturated fatty acids increased due to marginal decrease in total unsaturated fatty acids content during frying cycles, however, no significant change was observed during heating. The convective heat transfer coefficient was found to decrease with an increase in frying cycle due to increase in kinematic viscosity of RBO for every frying or cycles. Despite the marginal changes in physical and chemical properties, there was no significant difference (p>O.OS) in the sensory characteristics of poori prepared in oil subjected to different cycles of frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a nuclear reactor, loss of coolant accident (LOCA) considers wide range of postulated damage or rupture of pipe in the heat transport piping system. In case of LOCA with/without failure of emergency core cooling system in a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor, the pressure tube (PT) temperature can rise significantly due to fuel heat up and gross mismatch of heat generation and heat removal in the affected channel. The extent and nature of deformation is important from reactor safety point of view. Experimental set-ups have been designed and fabricated to simulate ballooning (radial deformation) of PT for 220MWe IPHWRs. Experiments have been conducted using voided PTs at 4 and 6MPa internal pressure at different heating rates. It is observed that at 4MPa and 6MPa internal pressure, the PT sagged at about 500°C before the ballooning initiation. The ballooning initiates at a temperature around 625°C and contact between PT and Calandria Tube (CT) occurs at around 680°C, respectively, for 4MPa and the same was at 550°C and 640°C for 6MPa. The structural integrity of PT is retained (no breach) for all the experiments. The PT heat up is found to be arrested after the contact between PT and CT, thus establishing the moderator acting as an efficient heat sink for IPHWRs. A thermal creep model ‘PTCREEP’ has been developed to predict creep behaviour of the PT of IPHWR. It is found that the contact time predicted by PTCREEP is very close to the experimental result. Hence, PTCREEP can be used for the prediction of the ballooning behaviour of the PT for IPHWR in case of LOCA for the operating temperature and pressure range. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A solar water heating system (SWHS) is a device that makes available the thermal energy of the incident solar radiation for use in various water heating applications. SWHS largely depends on the performance of the collector''s efficiency at capturing the incident solar radiation and transferring it to the water. With today''s SWHS, water can be heated up to temperatures of 60–80°C. Heated water is collected in a tank insulated to prevent heat loss. Circulation of water from the tank through the collectors and back to the tank continues automatically due to the thermosiphon principle. The hot water generated finds many end-use applications in domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors. India has the highest energy intensities in Asia. Very little investment and priority are being given to increase of the efficiency. On the other hand, the India has a high potential for developing energy production from renewable energy sources (RES): solar, water, wind and biomass. However, these potentials are not studied and exploited enough and the present situation for their utilization is not so good. Although energy is a critical foundation for economic growth and social progress of any country, there are many constraints for RES development in all of them (political, technological, financial, legislative, educational, etc.). Obviously, defining development strategies and new support measures is necessary since renewable energy sources can make an important contribution to the regional energy supply and security. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the solar water heating system (opportunities) in India. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports the design and development of an indirect, natural convection batch-type solar dryer fitted with North–South reflectors. With the help of the reflectors the collector efficiency without load was enhanced from 40.0% to 58.5% under peak solar irradiation conditions during a typical day in January in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. The corresponding computed values based on heat transfer equations were 36.5% and 50.3%. The desired extent of drying (ca. 12%, wet basis) of ‘papad’ – a popular Indian wafer – could be achieved within 5h in this static dryer having 1.8m2 area of the collector and computed loading capacity of 3.46kg. The initial and average values of the drying efficiency were 16.3% and 4.1%, respectively. The drying performance data could be fitted to the diffusivity equation with effective diffusivity value of 3.9×10−9 m2 s−1. Despite the high collector efficiency achieved, the average drying efficiency was low on account of under-loading of the dryer, as evident from the increase in drying efficiency to 13% in a smaller dryer loaded with the same amount of wet papad. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: High resolution multi-channel seismic reflection data acquired in the offshore domain of the Krishna–Godavari (KG) Basin, provide seismic indicators of gas hydrate including bottom-simulating reflectors (BSR), and high reflectivity zones below the BSR as an indication of free gas. The recent recovery of gas hydrate by drilling across various sites in the KG Basin, together with the seismic indicators, suggests overall widespread favourable gas hydrate stability conditions. The BSRs provide indirect estimates of geothermal gradients and heat flow. A simple conductive model is used to calculate heat flow from the depth of the BSR. BSR-derived heat flow values range from about 30 to 102mW/m2 across the KG Basin. We also modeled the base of gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ) to analyse the linkage between gas hydrate occurrences in the basin and its relation to the fault systems in the basin. The influence of bottom water temperature, pore water salinity and geothermal gradient variation on gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) thickness is analysed in relation to both geological formations and tectonics. Our analysis suggests a highly variable GHSZ in the KG Basin controlled by local variations in the parameters of stability condition and faulting. The BSR-derived heat flow increases towards deeper water depths across the basin. Consistent local variations were also observed with low heat flow values over prominent topographic highs and high heat flow values over the flanks of the topographic highs. This variation may be due to focusing and defocusing effects of the topography. However, local BSR-depths patterns may also be due to dynamic effects, including the displacement of isotherms by thrust-faulting. Additionally, recent mass-wasting events and normal faulting resulted in the BGHSZ being too shallow relative to the predicted model (which assumed equilibrium conditions). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A simplified evaporative fraction (Λ) based single-source energy balance scheme was tested with moderate resolution (∼1km) noontime satellite observations to evaluate clear sky latent heat flux (λE) estimates over diverse agricultural landscapes. This approach uses two-dimensional (2D) scatter between land surface temperature (LST) and albedo to determine Λ. The operational utility of this scheme was demonstrated for estimating regional evapotranspiration and consumptive water use during rabi (November to April) crop growing season to predict pre-harvest wheat yield (error within 15.9% of reported mean) using time series data. The existence of triangular relations between Λ and LAI (leaf area index) or NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) was found with basal line (hypotenuse) linearly coupled with LAI or NDVI at low level of surface soil wetness. The analysis of diurnal course of in situ Λ proved the validity of constant-Λ hypothesis over pure, uniform, homogeneous crop canopies but showed irregular and wave-like patterns over heterogeneous, mixed crop canopies. The root mean square error (RMSE) of noontime and daytime average λE estimates with respect to in situ λE measurements were also smaller over homogeneous agricultural canopies (41 and 23Wm−2) with correlation coefficients (r) 0.94 and 0.96, respectively, from 135 clear sky datasets as compared to RMSE over heterogeneous ones (59 and 28Wm−2 with r =0.66 and 0.82, respectively from 22 datasets). The intercomparison with another Λ based approach (LST–NDVI 2D scatter) showed the supremacy of Λ determined from LST–albedo 2D scatter. The efficiency of LST–NDVI scatter was better during the dry down or water limited phases of crop growth only. The uncertainties of λE estimates were attributed to errors in core radiation budget inputs, relative loss of conservativeness of Λ due to canopy heterogeneity, and the inherent limitations of the single-source approach. There is further scope to reduce present λE uncertainties by combining the new findings on Λ (LST–albedo scatter)–NDVI triangular relations, diurnal Λ and two-source radiation budget. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Heat flow in the actively deforming Central Indian Basin is on average 30 mW/m2 higher than the theoretical 55 mW/m2 heat flow expected from plate cooling of a Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere. Strong spatial correlation between the anomaly and the active thrust fault network at local (faults) and regional scales suggests two potential tectonically driven mechanisms activated at the time of initiation of deformation: friction-to-heat conversion or exothermic serpentinization. We quantitatively examine both processes using an updated geometry of the thrust fault network and simple thermal models. Friction generated heat is limited in all cases: at shallow levels, shear stresses remain small, while heat generated at deeper levels does not contribute significantly to the surface heat flow since permanent regime is not reached. In the exothermic serpentinization model, a maximum anomaly of 20 to 30 mW/m2 is reached 2 to 6 Myr after the onset of widespread serpentinization, depending on the efficiency of the water circulation. The amount and timing of heat release can fully explain the present-day surface heat flow of the Central Indian Basin, provided vigorous hydrothermal circulation closely followed the onset of deformation. Based on a reprocessed multichannel seismic line, we suggest that faults cutting through the entire crust and across the Moho discontinuity drive water at mantle levels and trigger the exothermic serpentinization reaction. We interpret sub-Moho reflectors imaged at depths of 8 to 15 km below the top of the crust – and coinciding with the location of the maximum reaction rate coefficient of serpentinization – as serpentinization fronts. We discuss the significance of this pulse of serpentinization in terms of timing of deformation, weakening and transient rheology of the oceanic lithosphere. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, thermal models of all types of solar collector-integrated active solar stills are developed based on basic energy balance equations in terms of inner and outer glass temperatures. In this paper, hourly yield, hourly exergy efficiency, and hourly overall thermal efficiency of active solar stills are evaluated for 0.05 m water depth. All numerical computations had been performed for a typical day in the month of 07 December 2005 for the climatic conditions of New Delhi (28°35′N, 77°12′E, 216 m above MSL). The thermal model of flat-plate collector integrated with active solar still was validated using the experimental test set-up results. Total daily yield from active solar still integrated with evacuated tube collector with heat pipe is 4.24 kg m-2 day-1, maximum among all other types of active solar stills. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syntectonic plutons emplaced in shallow crust often contain intermediate-to low-temperature deformation microstructures but lack a high-temperature, subsolidus deformation fabric, although the relict magmatic fabric is preserved. The Proterozoic Vellaturu granite emplaced at the eastern margin of the northern Nallamalai fold belt, south India during the late phase of regional deformation has a common occurrence of intermediate-to low-temperature deformation fabric, superimposed over magmatic fabric with an internally complex pattern. But high-T subsolidus deformation microstructure and fabric are absent in this pluton. The main crystal plastic deformation and fluid enhanced reaction softening was concentrated along the margin of the granite body. Resulting granite mylonites show Y-maximum c-axis fabric in completely recrystallized quartz ribbonds, dynamic recrystallization of perthites, and myrmekite indicative of fabric development under intermediate temperature (∼ 500–400°C). The weakly-deformed interior shows myrmekite, feldspar microfracturing and limited bulging recrystallization of quartz. The abundance of prism subgrain boundaries is indicative of continuing deformation through low-temperature (∼ 300°C). The relative rates of cooling influenced by advective heat transfer and deformation of the pluton seem to control the overall subsolidus fabric development. The rapid advective heat transfer from the interior in the early stages of subsolidus cooling was followed by slow cooling through intermediate temperature window as a well-developed phyllosilicate rich mylonitic skin around the granite body slowed down conductive heat loss. Low-T crystal plastic deformation of quartz was effected at a late stage of cooling and deformation of the shallow crustal granite body emplaced within the greenschist facies Nallamlai rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The potential of using the stored thermal energy of ground for space heating has been investigated with the help of two buried pipe systems, i.e., ground air collector and earth air heat exchanger, integrated with the greenhouse located in the premises of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. The total length of the buried pipes in both the arrangements was kept same for making a comparative study. A complete numerical model has been developed to predict and compare their thermal performance for choosing a suitable heating method in the composite climate of India. Experiments were conducted extensively during winter period from November 2002 to March 2003, but the model was validated against the clear and sunny days. Performance of these two arrangements was compared in terms of thermal load leveling and total heating potential. Temperatures of greenhouse air with ground air collector were observed to be 2–3°C higher than those with earth air heat exchanger. The temperature fluctuations of greenhouse air were also less when operated with ground air collector as compared to earth air heat exchanger. Predicted and computed values of greenhouse air temperatures in both the systems exhibited fair agreement. Finally ground air collector was chosen as a suitable option for heating of greenhouse in the above climate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The use of solar energy for power generation using the innovative solar chimney concept has been explored by many researchers mostly with the help of analytical models as well as CFD simulations while experimental studies for a pilot and bench scale facilities have been carried out. The efficiencies of these chimneys, however, are less than 1% (~0.07% for 50 kW pilot plant similar to Manzanares plant in Spain). In the present study, an effort has been made to make modifications in the chimney design to improve the efficiency of the chimney in terms of power generation. CFD simulations have been carried out for this modified design and the efficiency is seen to improve to 0.12% for a 50 kW chimney. Furthermore, a techno-economic feasibility analysis has been carried out for a conventional 5 MW solar power plant which can be installed on the western part of India, which receives good solar irradiation throughout the year. Two cases with and without government subsidies have been considered. It is observed that a high rate of return (~20.4%) is obtained for a selling price of electricity of Rs 5 per kWh with government subsidy, while a rate of return of ~19% is obtained for Rs 10 per kWh without government subsidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about various conferences related to numerical methods in engineering as of January 1994. The First ISHMT-ASME heat and mass transfer conference is scheduled for January 5 to 7 in India. The Euromech Colloquium 315, on efficient numerical methods and parallel computing in fluid mechanics is scheduled for March 7 to 9 in Germany. The 4th international conference on numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics and related fields in Great Britain.

It is our pleasure to present this special issue of Heat Transfer Engineering with a selection of papers presented at the 20th National and 9th ISHMT-ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, held January 4–6, 2010 in Mumbai, India. The conference was jointly sponsored by the Indian Society of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISHMT) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and was held at the auditorium of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd., at Anushakthi Nagar, Mumbai, India. The conference local organizer was Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are glad to present this special issue of Heat Transfer Engineering with a selection of papers presented at the 19th National & 8th ISHMT-ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, held January 3-5, 2008. The conference was jointly sponsored by the Indian Society of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISHMT) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), College of Engineering Kukatpally in Hyderabad, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]