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The experiment was conducted during 2023 (January--October), at Embryo transfer and in-vitro fertilization project, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Jagitial district, Telangana, India. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulation on In-Vitro Fertilization rates with sexed semen in-vitro matured oocytes collected from Sahiwal cows via Ovum Pick-Up procedure. Irrespective of the estrus cycle, 20 non-lactating cows were divided into two equal groups. Animals in group 1 (non-stimulated, n=10) were subjected to ovum pick-up once at the random stage of the estrous cycle. Animals in group 2 (FSH Stimulated, n=10) were put under CIDR+FSH super stimulation protocol and subjected to OPU after 36 hours of coasting period. Viable oocytes were in-vitro fertilized using sexed-sorted semen after 24 hours of in-vitro maturation. Follicle stimulating hormone stimulation increased the secondary polar body extrusion rate (non-stimulated, 69.10±2.00% vs FSH stimulated, 79.84±1.55%), cleavage rate on day 1(non-stimulated, 60.69±3.04% vs FSH stimulated, 69.10±2.26%), cleavage rate on day 3 (non-stimulated, 35.62±3.32 vs FSH stimulated, 43.59±1.90), mean number of in-vitro produced blastocysts animal-1 (non-stimulated, 1.50±0.16 vs. FSH-treated, 4.10±0.23%) and blastocyst conversion rate (non-stimulated, 23.98±2.39% vs FSH-treated, 34.35±3.42%). We concluded that FSH stimulation was effective in improving In-vitro oocyte competence for embryo production in nonlactating Sahiwal cows with sexed semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common, complex and heterogeneous reproductive endocrinopathy of females throughout the world. Circulating leptin correlates strongly with obesity, which is frequently associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), Adiponectin is a circulating protein produced by adipocytes. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely related to adipocyte mass. Aim and Objective: To Study the Association of Leptin and Adiponectin as a predictive marker in Obese And non Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Material and Methods:This was a case control study carried out in the Department of Biochemistry with collaboration with the Obstetrics and gynaecology Department. The study comprised of 120 patients with PCOS and 120 controls without PCOS.Each group was analysed for the following parameters as TSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, AMH, Total cholesterol, Systolic/diastolic(BP), BMI, Leptin, Adiponectin, MDA(Malondialdehyde) and SOD(Superoxide dismutase). The validity of leptin toward the diagnosis of PCOS or leptin combined with these parameters was estimated by Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis at 5% level of significance. Results: In the present study increased level of leptin among women with PCOS positively associated with FSH, LH, TSH, Total cholesterol, MDA in PCOS whereas Adiponectin was negatively correlated. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Adiponectin Insulin and the Body Mass index with respect to PCOS. Conclusion:The relationships between leptin and adiponectin and insulin resistance and sensitivity, metabolic syndrome, and BMI in women with PCOS suggest that Leptin and Adiponectin potentially could serve as a marker for disease risk and provide opportunity for earlier intervention if knowledge is successfully translated from laboratory to clinical practice. However, further study of the relationship between adiponectin and PCOS is required before there can be direct application to clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility is currently a huge burden in India. Artificial Reproductive Techniques (ART) are helpful for the couples in various cases of infertility. Various drugs are available today which includes ovulation inducing agents like clomiphene or letrozole, gonadotropins like Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and menotropins (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin; HMG) for follicular growth. Also, certain drugs are available, used for controlling the ovarian stimulation or causing hyperstimulation which includes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogues. GnRH analogues especially the antagonists (e.g., Cetrorelix, Ganirelix) are the commonly used drugs for down regulating the gonadotropin production from the pituitary which eventually helps in avoiding the premature Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surges. These hormonal preparations like FSH, HMG are available as urinary (uFSH), Highly Purified (HP-FSH) and/or recombinant (rFSH) preparations. Even with the availability of so many drugs today, infertility management is a challenge to the doctors. Choosing a right protocol is still a widely debated topic and requires years of clinical experience. Currently there are no guidelines recommending the use of drugs which are available today. This overview helps in understanding the commonly used protocols in the management of infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy with a complex metabolic disorder. PCOS is characterized by reproductive hormonal imbalances leading to the clinical presentation of hyperandrogenism and infertility. PCOS is also showing an increased prevalence of several other conditions such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) when compared with women without PCOS. The principal symptoms in patients with PCOS are irregular menstruation, acne, and excessive amounts of androgenic hormones. The Rotterdam PCOS consensus workshop has given specific criteria to establish PCOS diagnosis only after exclusion of other known disorders. Obesity is a common finding of women with PCOS, but it is not part of the diagnostic criteria. PCOS has metabolic characteristics that include prominent defects in insulin action and beta-cell function, defects that confer a substantially increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PCOS women have an increased level of luteinizing hormone (LH) and a decreased level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which leads to disorders in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. The values of LH and FSH are dependent on the day of the menstrual cycle in which the hormones are measured. Obesity also has an influence on these values., Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the hormonal and anthropometric parameters in women with PCOS and healthy control group., Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Dr. D Y Patil Medical College and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra. Fifty female patients aged 16-40 years diagnosed with PCOS by known criteria were included in the study and compared with 50 healthy control group females., Conclusion: Elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, LH, FSH, and prolactin along with increased body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were predictors of PCOS and the early metabolic abnormalities., Competing Interests: None

Aims and Objectives: To analyze testicular histopathology in men diagnosed as idiopathic obstructive azoospermia (IOA) based on normal spermatogenesis on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) but with absence of sperms in the epididymis during surgical exploration. Materials and Methods: Men presenting with infertility due to IOA during the study period from July 2008 to July 2010 were prospectively evaluated. Clinical examination, semen analysis, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testicular FNAC were done. Men with normal volume azoospermia with normal spermatogenesis on FNAC and palpable vas were offered scrotal exploration for microsurgical vasoepididymal anastomosis (VEA). Patients in whom reconstruction was not feasible intraoperatively were analyzed for the causes of failure. The FNAC, FSH and biopsy of these patients were compared. Results: 77 men fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In 38 men, sperm was present in the epididymal fluid and VEA was performed. In 39 men, reconstruction was not feasible. Thirty-four of these 39 men had normal FSH and testicular volume. In 5 of these 39 men, serum FSH was high (mean 17.48 mIU/ml) and testes were small in size (mean volume 14.5 ml). Testicular biopsy in two of these five men showed patchy areas of atrophy, while the other three men had hyalinized seminiferous tubules with thickened basement membrane, maturation arrest and normal spermatogenesis, respectively. Conclusion: FNAC was discordant with histopathological examination (HPE) in four out of five patients of negative surgical exploration with raised FSH. Therefore, among men with idiopathic azoospermia, only those with both normal FSH and normal FNAC should be diagnosed as obstructive azoospermia and explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male reproductive functions are governed by hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis. If any component of this axis malfunctions, then hypogonadism will develop which is characterized by ill-defined secondary sexual features and low serum testosterone. The common patterns seen are primary and secondary testicular failure in the young; and late onset hypogonadism in the elderly. All such cases can be virilized and managed by androgen supplementation. Spermatogenesis can be induced by use of appropriate gonadotropins in selected cases. The aim of the study was to find out the pattern, management and outcome of male hypogonadism., Material: It was a prospective questionnaire based observational study, carried out on infertile hypogonadic males, attending medicine outdoor at medical college hospital from January 2015 to December 2020. There were 50 males with hypogonadic features, cases of late onset of hypogonadism were excluded. Sexual maturity rating, semen analysis, serum testosterone and FSH level were estimated in all patients at baseline and at 6 months duration of treatment. Testicular biopsy, Karyotyping and MRI brain were performed in selected cases. Azoospermic patients having hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were treated with long-acting testosterones and gonadotropins., Observation: The study subjects were infertile azoospermic males. On the basis of serum FSH and testosterone levels, they were classified into two groups. Group A (n=42) cases were hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or primary testicular failure; of these 32 were Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), 7 chronic orchitis and 3 empty scrotal syndrome including one case of anorchia. These patients also developed other systemic illnesses in addition to hypogonadism. Group B (n=8) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or secondary testicular failure; of these 2 were Kallman syndrome and the rest were idiopathic. After testosterone replacement all patients were virilized and there was marked improvement in libido and androgenization., Conclusion: The study brings out that primary testicular failure is more common than secondary testicular failure. Both pattern of hypogonadism should receive lifelong androgen replacement therapy; otherwise, they will be a basket of multiple systemic disorders. Presently testosterone undecanoate once in every three months is the agent of choice., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011.)

Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique domestic free-range bovine species available in North Eastern hilly (NEH) regions of India and is reared for its protein rich meat. Mithun suffers severe non-cyclical population fluctuations; however, it is not yet declared as endangered species. Mithun follows some sort of seasonality based on the calving trend and semen production, although it is a perennial breeder. However, there is need to study the rhythmic changes of endocrine profiles to understand the hormone flow pattern in mithun to select the suitable time for blood collection to assess the exact endocrine profiles and to select the suitable time for natural breeding or semen collection by artificial methods for further research, conservation and propagation of its germplasm. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the reproductive as well as metabolic endocrinological profiles in 24:00 h in intact adult mithun bulls during different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) to know the rhythmic changes and flow pattern of the endocrinological profiles to improve its reproductive efficiency. Experimental mithun bulls (n = 6; age: 5-6 years; body condition score: 5-6 out of 10, classified as good) were selected for the study. Endocrinological profiles, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone/interstitial cell stimulating hormone (LH/ICSH), testosterone, cortisol, thyroxine (T4), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), prolactin and melatonin (MT) were estimated at 04:00 h interval for one whole day in four seasons. The analysis was completed in two different ways as different times of collection (08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00 and 04:00 h) and day (08:00 to 16:00 h) & night time (20:00 to 04:00 h) collections. Repeated measures ANOVA analysis revealed that the bulls in winter and spring had significantly (p < 0.05) higher FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT than those in summer whereas the bulls in summer had significantly higher cortisol and prolactin than those in winter and spring seasons. Similarly FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in night than in day time collections whereas cortisol and prolactin were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in day than in night time collections in different seasons. Correlation analysis revealed that FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT had significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with each other whereas these had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation with cortisol and prolactin. The study concludes that season and time of blood collection had significant effect on the endocrinological profiles in mithun bulls. Estimation of FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT during night time and cortisol and prolactin during day time was more appropriate to get correct value of the endocrinological profiles. Spring and winter have significantly greater beneficial effects than summer on reproduction and artificial breeding programs in mithun species in the semi-intensive management in the present location., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest involved in the present work., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The present study was undertaken to assess the aphrodisiac effect of O sinensis. It was a pre-clinical experimental case-control study performed in the Department of Pharmacology, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India; from February 2019 to March 2019 using Wister rat model. One group of rats was given the test drug suspension (10mg/kg body weight) and the control group animals received the same volume of vehicle devoid of drug orally for 10 days. Sexual behaviour of individual rats was studied on 9th day of treatment with oestrogenized female Wister rats. On 10th day of treatment the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. After collection of blood sera from each animal; serum LH, FSH, testosterone and nitric oxide were assessed. Histological assessment of testes was done. Improved sexual behaviour, hypertrophy of Leydig cells, significant increase in serum LH (1.248 vs. 1.448mIU/ml), FSH (0.324 vs. 0.413mIU/ml) testosterone (3.120 vs. 4.498ng/ml) and nitric oxide (0.01757 vs. 0.02690nM/ml) were noted. Elevated NO titre in animals treated with O sinensis extract might be the cause of good erection capacity and increased libido in them. Nevertheless, result of the present study points that the active principle of O sinensis also acts on LHRH receptors present in pituitary gonadotrophs evidenced by significant increase in serum LH and FSH and indicating great aphrodisiac property.

In this study were aimed to identify the association of SNPs candidate genes of TNF-α and IL-6 with hormones levels and sperm cells death in infertile subjects of Uttar Pradesh population in North India. The study population comprised, fertile donor (control group) and infertile group patients i.e. normozoospermic (idiopathic unexplained), oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic groups, with 260 subjects in each group. Subjects were selected from the Departments of Urology, K.G's Medical University and Urology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India. The allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-RFLP were used to investigate the substitution of the guanine (G)-to-adenosine (A) at position-308 and guanine (G)-to-cytosine (C) at position-174 in the promoter regions of the TNF-α and IL-6 genes, respectively. Further their relation to male fertility and sperm function were also investigated. It was found that the substitution levels from G to A and from G to C in the TNF-α and IL-6 genes, respectively, were significantly higher in the infertile subjects as compared to that of control group. The apoptosis and necrosis levels were also higher in oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic infertile subjects. Further it was found to be associated with increased level of reactive oxygen species as observed in oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic subjects. However, a significant decrease in testosterone and luteinizing hormone with increased prolactin and follicle stimulating hormones was observed in infertile subjects. The study populations indicating a strong association between TNF-α G-308A and IL-6 G-174C substitution with infertile men which is further supported by allele and genotype meta-analysis and thus established it as a risk factor., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Two vaccines, namely one inducing antibodies against hCG and the other against GnRH, are now in clinical trials. The hCG vaccine has entered Phase II clinical trials in three centres in India after successfully completing Phase I clinical studies in several centres in India and in four countries abroad. The vaccine was found to be devoid of side-effects; its effect was reversible. The available data on 179 cycles indicate that the vaccine prevents pregnancy at antibody titres above 50 ng/ml. A genetically engineered version of the vaccine has also been approved for trials in human lung cancer patients of the type which make hCG. hCG is observed to be a growth factor for such tumours. The GnRH vaccine is usable in both males and females as the deca-peptide is common to both sexes. Following suitable experimental and toxicology studies, the vaccine is currently in Phase I/Phase II clinical trials in patients of prostate carcinoma. Where antibody GnRH antibodies were induced, the LH, FSH and testosterone levels declined. This was accompanied by a reduction in prostate specific antigen. Clinical improvement was observed in many cases. The vaccine has also entered Phase I clinical studies in postpartum women, with the objective to extend the lactational amenorrhoea and extend inter-child interval.