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The Indian technology industry is an economic asset for the State. Successive governments and corporations identify tech workers as privileged and their mobilisation as unnecessary. High-skilled tech workers are apparently different from non-tech workers and remain secluded from politics. Tech workers' trade unions, however, can decisively subvert these claims. From three tech unions' Facebook posts in 2020, the first COVID-19 year, this study finds that politics remains central to their discourses. Even though tech workers are understood to be "apolitical," their trade unions have been interacting with political institutions, ministers, bureaucrats, and other non-tech trade union organisers. Some of these tech unions are even affiliated to political parties. The article also identifies some explicit similarities between the unions of tech and non-tech workers in India, and politicised labour movements worldwide. The continuing precarity of unemployment, overwork, and drastic pay cuts that peaked during the pandemic has exposed the tenuous structures of white-collar privilege. By affecting workers in all industries, oppressive neoliberal forces have ironically paved the way for labour solidarity through political resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinct feature of the India's path of financial liberalization is that it led to the emergence of the corporate, non-financial sector, rather than the financial sector as the key wedge for the penetration of global finance. Neoliberal reforms eroded the traditional role of development banks and state-directed credit and empowered a section of large corporations and non-financial companies in India. The partial, calibrated path to capital account liberalization has meant that this section of the Indian non-financial corporate sector, rather than the commercial banking system came to be the conduit integrating the Indian economy with international financial markets. Where the Indian state had earlier harnessed finance towards developmental priorities, it shifted to channeling finance in service of the internationally embedded segment of the corporate sector that enjoys disproportionate access to both the domestic financial system and international financial markets. JEL Codes E44 G32, F65 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates trade balance determinants in post-liberalization India from 1991 to 2020. The main aim of this study is to test the validity of the J-curve and Marshal-Lerner condition and examine the impact of other related macroeconomic variables, including foreign income, exchange rate, domestic prices, and domestic demand on the country's trade balance. To achieve this objective, bounds tests and error correction model within asymmetric and symmetrical framework was used for estimation. In addition, variance decomposition analysis was applied to examine the dynamic interaction of selected variables. The results indicate the absence of the 'J-curve' effect and 'Marshall-Lerner' condition in India. Further, the results indicate that domestic prices, domestic demand, and money supply have negative signs, whereas exchange rate and world demand have positive signs in the long and short-run. The results from the variance decomposition indicate that as compared to other variables, the exchange rate highly contributes to forecasting error variance of trade balance in the case of India [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Global Financial liberalizationhas increased the integration of the stock market worldwide. The conditional volatility of the financial market is an important factor responsible for the stock market return and reaping the benefits of diversification for investors. The purpose of the paper is to estimates the interdependence of volatility of stock indices of countries like India, China, USA, and Japan. Design/Methodology:GARCH model has been used to find the co-movement and volatility transmission among the stock markets. Daily closing prices of NIFTY (India), SENSEX (India), NIKKEI (Japan), NASDAQ (U.S.) and, SHANGHAI (China) over the period from January 2008 to December 2019S has beenusedinthestudy. Findings: The result indicates that ARCH and GARCH effect is significant among Nifty, SENSEX and NASDAQ but not significant for SHANGHAI and NIKKEI stock indices. Research Implication:The volatility interactions between Nifty and NASDAQ are more prominent as compared to other stock indices considered. The US market act as an leading indicator for the Indian stock market. Practical Implication: The research can aid the investors in forming a diversification strategy. The comovement of stock indices can aid in developing an optimum portfolio that maximizes return and reduces risk. The policymakers can also benefit from the study in establishing a lead-lag relationship of the transmission among stock indices. Investors and researcher also have a keen interest to study the interdependence of the financial market are suggested to study the movements of NASDAQ before making investment decision for Nifty. Originality / Value: The study adds to the body of literatureby exploring the financial integration among various indices. The research also discusses lead-lag relationship of selected stock market specifically post subprime crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian banking sector is one of the foundation pillars of the Indian economy. This sector has entered transition phase from post liberalization period. The banking sector has witnessed high competition, change in demand pattern and modernization in this phase. It has emerged as a complete customeroriented service sector where customers are the focal point. Nevertheless, all banks are feeling the heat of burning need of increasing the level of customer satisfaction and manage customer churn. A modest attempt is made in this study to perform a descriptive and exploratory research on determining a way on how the banks perform something unique to satisfy and retain customers. The study determines how customer satisfaction depends on relationship marketing dimensions implemented by the banks. The study develops a model to explain the positive impact of customer empowerment on customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors examine whether measures of job quality in India's manufacturing sector differ systematically across states with varying types of labor regulation. Their analysis uses repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) household survey data from 1983 to 2004 merged with data on state-level regulations covering employment adjustment and dispute resolution. Results from a differences-in-differences procedure show that restrictions on employment adjustment and dispute settlement in a pro-worker direction contribute to improved job quality for women along most measures. Such regulations yield mixed results for men, however; results indicate that higher wages come at the expense of fewer hours, substitution toward in-kind compensation, and less job security. The authors conclude that India's labor legislation does have a silver lining with respect to job quality, but that silver lining applies selectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the market microstructure - A descriptive study of the nature and structure of the Indian money market. For the empirical analysis we have studied each of the four sub-markets of the money market - Commercial Paper (CP), Certificate of Deposit (CD), Call rate (CMM)and T-Bills. Our paper looks at the qualitative aspects, the granular view of the Indian money market. It studies the overall trends, growth rates and index of interest rates of the four submarkets of the Indian money market. The paper clearly shows that the short-term interest rate follows almost the same pattern; breaks occur in a similar fashion. We attribute this decline to change in market microstructure which is a consequence to the liberalization of the money market. The growth analysis is done with the help of semi-log equations, structural breaks to study the overall growth rates for different markets. It is evident from the paper that on the whole, there has been a declining trend in the money market rates, with some differences between sub-periods. The overall and period-wise trends and growth rates also exhibit similar patterns amongst the four short-term interest rates, where all rates are falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge of capital inflow into emerging markets since the 1990s has attracted much research, but capital flight from these economies has received scant attention in research and policy debates, despite its severe implications. The present study attempts to address the issue of capital flight and gap in the literature. Our estimates show a steep increase in the magnitude of capital flight from India since 2003, and empirical results suggest that the significant determinants of capital flight are GDP and exchange rate. We find that higher interest rates discourage capital flight; while keeping interest rates high may partially restrict capital flight, it is infeasible, and may impede future economic growth. Our findings suggest the need for interventions and changes in the current policy framework to improve investment opportunities for residents and arrest capital flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the decline of emerging economy joint ventures (JV) in India. With business regulations relaxed in India in the mid-1990's, JVs decreased in India. The relationship between the multi-national corporation and the local partner determine how JVs will function in developing nations. The article describes the three different periods in the life of Indian JVs, the pre-liberalization, initial liberalization, and ongoing liberalization periods.

This article discusses whether liberalisation has moderated or aggravated India's employment problems. Since the Modi government's election in 2014 and the introduction of the flagship "Make in India" policy, various government officials and academics have argued that India's employment situation has improved and is showing promising signs of growth and development. However, in this article, it is argued that India's liberalisation policies have generated numerous problems: employment has delinked from GDP growth due to the increasing financialisation of accumulation; job growth is equal to or below labour force growth; and informalisation is increasing. A structural shift is occurring in India and is causing rural–urban migration due to increased agricultural input costs, reverse tenancy and the mechanisation of agriculture without the creation of new employment. This has led to a redistribution of existing employment in the urban informal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the impact of globalisation in Asia in particular India. It mentions key features of globalisation in India which include rapid urbanisation, social change, modernisation and loss of traditional life, especially for younger generations. It informs that global activity increased since Indian government allowed foreign investment in 1991, as a result of liberalisation and the payment crisis with the International Monetary Fund.

Purpose The Government of India announced its liberalization policy in the year 1991. Since then, the major ports in India introduced privatization in various forms into their operations. However, the share of total traffic (cargo) handled by major ports fell from 90 per cent in 1991 to around 70 per cent in 2015, losing share to minor ports. These major ports, except for the port of Kamarajar, are governed by the Major Port Trust Act, 1961. None of the Indian ports feature amongst the top 20 ports of the world. Interestingly, several ports in Asia, namely, seven ports from China, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia are on that list. Several studies and reports have shown that privatization in India did not yield the desired results. Ports in India have adopted a hybrid mode of governance, aligned between a landlord port model and a service port model. This paper aims to address the question – What is the optimal way to mix privatisation and government control in the operations of major ports of India.Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors attempt to develop an optimization model for port planners to decide on the optimum mix of privatized and self-managed operations so as to maintain efficiency and maximize revenue.Findings The model tested on a major port in the country shows that the present privatization policy followed by the port needs revision. A similar plan to revise their policies can be carried out for other major ports in the country.Originality/value The model is generic and can be used by any port in the world operating under conditions similar to those in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an overview of key innovations for financial system reforms undertaken by successive governments in India since the 1990s. These are namely liberalisation, demonetisation, digitisation and implementation of GST. Out of these digitisation, demonetisation and implementation of GST demonetisation have been claimed as disruptive innovations by the experts. We examine the impact of innovations such as financial liberalisation, digitisation and demonetisation on some key macro-economic parameters of economic growth in India through available literature and secondary data. The analysis is done over a period of 1970-2014 to test whether innovations such as digitisation and demonetisation had a statistically significant impact on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian state is empowered to acquire land on behalf of private companies by virtue of ‘eminent domain’ outlined in the Land Acquisition Act 1894. Several amendments to the 1894 Land Acquisition Act have broadened the purview of the ‘public purpose’ clause and have facilitated more state intervention in land acquisition on behalf of private capital. Rather than questioning the legitimacy of the prevailing practice of state intervention to resolve the glitches of access to land by private corporations, the New Act of 2013 has expanded the ambit of ‘public purpose’ to include public‐private‐partnership projects. This paper seeks to look into the political economy of why the neoliberal state must continue to acquire land on behalf of the capitalists in the liberalized economy. This paper also attempts to bring out the implications of divergent livelihood outcome under state acquisition and direct corporate land purchase for the land acquisition framework in India through the case study of Rajarhat New Town in West Bengal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India’s multinational federation has experienced multiple challenges in the last 25 years, relating to the rise of coalition politics and the process of economic liberalization, both of which have increased the power of some of the states of the federation at the expense of others. The internal borders of India continue to be restructured, with the latest state, Telangana, created in 2014. India is often seen as a successful multinational federation, but it is important to recognize the limitations of this success, as well as the areas where the rise of an aggressive Hindu nationalism poses a powerful threat to India’s multinational federal democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Telecom Sector has undergone a sea change, especially after the liberalization process. Entry of foreign players, acquisitions, shift from fixed landline to mobile usage, huge surge in the number of subscribers, policy changes introduced by Department of Telecommunication (DoT) and TRAI, privatization, technological changes like introduction of 3G and then 4G, cutthroat competition between operators, collaborations between operators, mobile number portability, falling average revenue per user, etc., are few changes that can be named. Whenever an organizational change occurs, employees are the first to feel the impact. The role of human resources in change implementation and the consequences of the employee behaviour and attitude towards organizational change are important topics of research. Organizational change readiness of the employees is the precursor for the successful implementation of change programmes. It is essential to determine the levels of employees' change readiness which is an analysis of attitudes of employees towards various change events that occur in organizations. Measuring the change readiness of the employees can help the HR practitioners to find the extent to which employees are cognitively inclined to accept, embrace, adopt, and support organizational change plans to purposefully alter the status quo. This study tries to gauge the change readiness of the executives working in the telecom sector for the various changes which have taken place or the changes which will occur in the near future in the telecom industry. The HR implication of this can be used to develop programmes to improve their change readiness as the Indian Telecom Sector is still in the transforming stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across many developing countries, the power sector persistently underperforms despite years of market reform efforts. India, where de facto responsibility for the power sector rests with subnational (state) governments, provides a useful laboratory to examine why. The state of West Bengal provides an example of public sector reform as an alternative to the so-called “World Bank template” for electricity liberalization, and a lens on the political preconditions for reform success. Drawing on 30 elite interviews in 2016 alongside comparative evidence from other Indian states, this article documents the reform design and assesses its success. West Bengal’s reforms aimed at internally strengthening the utility against political interference. The study finds that this reform model delivered initial performance among the best of any Indian utility, and that successful reforms in several other states were also more statist than often recognized. However, longer-term sustainability remains challenging. While weak rural lobbies had some effect, the study explains this trajectory as the result of the transition from one-party dominance to intensified party-political competition, a finding that resonates with evidence from other Indian states. In contrast to influential political theories developed in the Global North, this suggests that party-political competition does not make Indian politicians more likely to deliver public services, but rather leads to short-termism and political capture of utilities. Conversely, under some conditions one-party dominance can encourage longer-term reforms. The study thus assesses the promise and limits of public sector reforms as an alternative to liberalization, and suggests how electoral competition can influence development priorities in Indian states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative growth and increased social prominence of financial institutions and markets can be usefully seen in terms of the constraints or 'discipline' they impose on other private and public decision makers. The role of finance in allocating real resources may be less important than its role in supporting the claims and authority of wealth-owners vis-a-vis other social actors. This article discusses the political economy of financialization in the United States, Europe and India. In the United States, the latter role is most visible in the pressure non-financial corporations face to increase payouts to shareholders. In Europe, the financial constraints on national governments are more salient. Tightening these constraints is openly acknowledged as the major benefit of financial integration, yet, on the other hand, the constraints financialization imposes on policy may also limit the extent to which finance can in fact be liberalized. This countervailing pressure is visible in the great expansion of central banks' balance sheets and management of financial markets over the past decade. It is even more clearly visible in India, where the conflict between financialization and concrete policy goals has sharply limited the extent of liberalization, despite consistent rhetorical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes narratives about the radical socio‐economic changes accompanying liberalization in India to consider how English‐medium schooling is becoming an aspirational resource for non‐elite parents. I suggest that aspiring is a practice of ethics that marginalized mothers mobilize to negotiate memories of deprivation and yearnings for good futures, in the present. Meanwhile, educators' specific shaming of non‐elite aspirations for English schooling reveals their anxieties concerning disrupted local hierarchies, symbolized by non‐elite English schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The importance of banking and insurance, as an important part of the financial system, has been well accepted in the growth literature. Acting as financial intermediaries they perform important functions that may contribute in economic growth. Addressing this issue, the purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between banking, insurance and economic growth in India in the post-liberalized era when the private sector was allowed to operate banking and insurance business.Design/methodology/approach In order to find the long-run and short-run relationship between banking, insurance and economic growth, the study uses the VAR-vector error correction model (VECM) along with Granger causality test to explore any causal relationship.Findings The results indicate that there is the long-term relationship between banking, insurance and economic growth and the causality results show a bi-directional relationship between insurance activity and economic growth; however, banking is not granger cause of insurance or economic growth rather it is economic growth that cause banking development.Research limitations/implications The only limitation to the study is the non-availability of monthly figures of GDP. The study therefore, as suggested by RBI, uses monthly data set of Index of Industrial Production to measure economic growth.Practical implications The findings of the study give policy directions to the policymakers to make strategies that are conducive toward boosting development in insurance in order to achieve the targeted economic growth.Originality/value This work is the first attempt to study the conjoint relationship between banking, insurance and economic growth on the Indian economy after the reforms were initiated in the financial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the short and long-run relationships between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Trade Openness and GDP in China, India and Mexico from 1980 to 2011. Based on the properties of individual time series data, the paper estimates the VAR or VECM of the three variables to determine short and long-run causal relationships. The results confirm the existence of long-run causal relationships between the three variables for China and Mexico. The results also point to sharp differences in short-run causal relationships in the three countries and several plausible explanations consistent with the findings are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has four important goals. First, I want to ask why liberalization and market-friendly reforms failed to curb corruption in India. Indeed, confounding the predictions of most proponents of reform, corruption seems to have increased after the neoliberal reforms of 1991. Second, I aim to develop a typology in which the importance of particular sectors to corrupt practices is highlighted and explained. Third, I point out that India has failed to make the ‘transition’ historically seen in low-income countries as they develop. Nation-states have in the past moved from a system of vertical corruption—marked by the extraction of small sums from a large number of transactions with citizens in everyday life—to a system of horizontal corruption, in which governmental elites extract large sums in a small number of transactions from corporate and commercial bodies. Finally, I argue that anti-corruption movements cannot be understood without paying attention to the affective and emotional ties that bind citizens to the state. We have to take account of contradictory feelings about the state: cynicism about the state and popular anger against corruption on one side, and an attachment to popular sovereignty and patronage on the other. These contradictory sentiments will better enable us to understand the conjunctures that lead to effective institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present paper attempts to study the effective role of total shipping performance in overall growth of the overseas traffic performance at major ports of India during the period 1999-2000 to 2008-09, against the backdrop of liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy, thus focusing on how far the growth of the total shipping performance is responsive to growth of overseas cargo traffic performance at these ports, in compliance with the policy measures. So, this paper ends up with the scenario of both the actual and expected performances, focusing on the strengthening of effective policy planning, drawing attention to the roles of various policy practitioners in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse profitability dynamics in a large emerging economy, India, over the two-and-a-half decades since economic liberalisation began in earnest. We find that the average rate at which Indian firms reverted to normal profitability increased significantly, particularly for firms earning supernormal profits. In contrast, firms earning below-normal profitability have been marked by little reversion to normal. Inducing underperforming firms to improve their profitability is of great policy importance. The pattern in profitability dynamics of Indian firms in the early years was consistent with a polarised long-run profitability distribution. The polarisation tendency was reversed in later years, but the projected long-run profitability distribution has a substantial underperforming tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We try to evaluate the significance of demand and time liabilities of scheduled commercial banks on total credit at different periods-Nationalization, Post liberalization and Post crisis. During the post nationalization era, both demand and time deposits were significant contributors towards the total advance of commercial banks. During the post liberalization era, only demand deposit was significant. Post crisis period shows that, time deposit is the significant element. During post crisis period, more long term liabilities are being converted into current assets. The process can be termed as maturity shortening. It is a destructing element in meaningful financial intermediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities in India are transforming rapidly. While there is considerable variation in the level of transformation among the various cities, metropoles like Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are witnessing the most significant changes as they navigate their way into the exacting networks of the global economy. These transformations are not apolitical in nature, but rather respond to societal imperatives that are compliant with the requirements of the middle class, the class that occupies dominant city spaces. Consequently, urban transformations embody the particular perspectives of the dominant class. The post-economic liberalisation period has seen significant shifts in the way Indian cities are planned and structured. There has been, for instance, a gradual increase in exclusionary city spaces and gated enclaves. Development plans justify these transformations by claiming that they comply broadly and comprehensively with people's aspirations and therefore reflect a homogenous and uncontested imagery of the city. But are these visions really homogenous? Do alternate city visions exist? Do urban transformations actually silence alternate visions and result in suppressed assumptions and a discordant urban culture? If so, what is the nature of this divisiveness? Is it restricted to physical segregation or is it expressed at subtler levels in the urban social fabric? This article is the synthesis of an ethnographic study, undertaken in the rapidly transforming metropolis of Delhi, India, that addresses these questions; it also aims to challenge development plans that project a homogeneous idea of the city that is questionable at best. Moreover, it explores alternate visions, that is to say, visions emanating from below, from the urban poor's desires regarding the spaces around them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the trend and composition of India-China trade in global and bilateral market. Applying Balassa RCA index, we find that there is a significant growth in products with respect to comparative advantage in the export basket of India and China. We also find a meaningful change in export structure of China from labour intensive to capital intensive products where India is lagging. In case of China the growth and changes in export structure became visible after accession to WTO while it has been observed post liberalisation in the case of India. The nature of change is found to be disruptive in China while gradual in India. India and China engage significantly more in inter-industry trade than intra-industry as lesser number of comparative advantage products are overlapping in their export baskets. The big gap between India's export and import with China has become a challenge. Therefore, India needs to focus on high comparative advantageous products and convert it into bilateral market in order to reduce the trade gap without hurting bilateral trade growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Since liberalization in the 1990s, India has witnessed a growth in the number of educated middle-class women in professions. However, there are few women in leadership positions and decision-making bodies. While the earlier notion of the ideal woman as homemaker has been replaced by one which idealizes women of substance, a woman’s role in the family continues to be pivotal and is even viewed as central in defining Indian culture. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how and to what extent gender inequalities are reproduced in the organizations employing educated professionals.Design/methodology/approach Based on the perspective that gender is socially constructed, this paper analyzes gender inequality in Indian organizations through semi-structured interviews of men and women scientists in two private pharmaceutical laboratories.Findings The findings show reproduction of a gendered normative order through two types of norms and practices: one, norms and practices that favor men and second, socio-cultural norms that devalue women in public spaces which help to maintain masculinity in the workplace. Although these practices might be found elsewhere in the world, the manner in which they are enacted reflects national cultural norms.Originality/value The paper highlights how various norms and practices enacted in the specific Indian socio-cultural context construct and maintain masculinity at workplace depriving opportunities to professional women which affect their rise to leadership positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the emerging patterns and economic implications of Indian overseas direct investment (ODI) from a historical perspective. The novelty of the analysis lies in its specific focus on the implications of the liberalization reforms initiated in the early 1990s and the resultant changes in the overall investment climate for the internationalisation of domestic companies. The findings cast doubts on the popular perception that the recent surge in ODI from India is an unmixed economic blessing, a sign of "coming of age" of Indian companies in global business. Given the remaining distortion in the domestic investment climate, the net national gains from these investments could be much less than what the reported absolute numbers suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the last fifteen years witnessed growth in financial services unfolded by liberalization and globalization of financial services due to adoption of information technology and unlocking of the regularity framework. But alongside this positive development, there are evidences that formal financial sector still excludes a large section of the population. The intense competitive environment is continuously forcing the banks to become customer centric. Today technology has emerged as a strategic resource for achieving higher efficiency, control of operations, productivity and profitability for Universal Banks . The 'Anywhere, Anytime, Anyway' banking dream for customers has come true. But instead of all these benefits, the awareness and adoption rate of banking services among the customers is still found somewhat low. Hence this paper presents the preliminary findings on investigation of the level of the customer's awareness of, as well as need for banking services by the customers based on demographics, bank type and familiarity with computer/internet. The universal banks are providing a hoard of financial services to its customers .But most of the customers either are not aware of these services or do not need them. Therefore objective of the current paper is to analyse the awareness and need pattern of all the financial services being offered by public and private sector banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional marketplaces and high streets have been a part of Indian and foreign retail scene for centuries. They bear heritage character and social value for the community. In every country, macro and micro environmental factors affect the retail development of an individual firm and a marketplace. It has been observed that some traditional marketplaces and high streets have flourished due to presence of national and international brands as an effect of globalization and liberalization. On the other side, few of these places have declined due to emergence of modern marketplaces like shopping centers/malls, online retailing and some other reasons. Every traditional marketplace or a high street has a unique character due to its physical and commercial features, which influences marketing strategies of retailers at these places. So, let it be growth or decline, in both situations it is advisable to study these places thoroughly. Development in itself is historical in nature. Retail development is a historical process. So, study of retail development represents the area of historical research in marketing management. In the present article, earlier research studies related to retail development at traditional marketplaces and high streets been analysed with two objectives - (1) To check interest of researchers in historical perspective on marketing management, (2) To find out the topics, perspectives and nature of earlier studies on retail development at traditional marketplaces and high streets. It has been found that in many earlier studies, researchers have written retail history as a part of social history. Other researchers have focussed on individual development of retail firms in terms of establishment of the firm and development of ideas, products and marketing strategies. The location where the stores under study exist has not been given much importance. There are more descriptive studies than analytical studies related to this topic. Most of the earlier studies have been either made one time or intermittently. They lack in historical perspective as time span considered in many studies does not exceed five years. In foreign countries, there is a growing interest amongst researchers for historical research in marketing, but in India there is not much awareness about need and importance of the same. The present article strongly recommends the need for historical perspective on the study of retail development at traditional marketplaces and high streets in India. Each of these places should be considered as a separate topic of research by academicians and schola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important instrument in the economic development. In the economy to attract FDI major changes are recorded. The purpose of the study to know the trends and difference between pre and post liberalization of FDI inflows and identified relevant determinants of FDI in India by applying Ordinary Least Square Regression. Data from 1980 to 1990 used as pre liberalization FDI trend in India and for post liberalization data is used from 1991 to 2010. Data from 1991 to 2014 has been used to identifying the determinants of FDI inflows. Empirical results revealed that market size, external debt, trade openness, Inflation and infrastructure are the important economic determinants of FDI. This study explores the factors that contribute to the explanation of FDI in India and test whether the variables do really influence the flow of FDI into India. This paper suggest that to make our economic policy more effective towards increasing inflows of FDI, infect results shows that infrastructure is the most important determinant has significant positive impact on FDI inflow in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor regulation and employment relation has been investigated in India in light of the seminal work of Besley and Burgess (2004), considering formal sector manufacturing employment as the explained variable. Empirical findings support, although not very strongly, the institutionalist view, i.e., pro-worker amendment in labour laws induces employment. Among the other factors, real wage rate has significant negative effect on employment, whereas that for real per capita developmental capital expenditure, per capita electricity generation capacity and real per capita net state domestic product is significant positive. However, effect of per capita real developmental revenue expenditure is inconclusive. In other words, although it improves employability of workers through their human capital improvement, which is probably met up at the cost of worsening overall infrastructural development, through reducing corresponding capital expenditure! Supporting evidence has also been provided favoring this conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment plays a prime role in driving economic growth and development; it augments the productive capacity, productivity and efficiency in the economy and enables to produce more output. Private fixed investment; a component of aggregate investment is one of the major determinants of an economy's long-term growth; its increase in relative to GDP contributes higher growth and redirect available resources for expanding future production. It's an ideal indicator in explaining the business cycle oscillations. Over time interest in private investment grew because of its sensitivity to policy environment relative to public investment. It became even more policy relevant in the recent years after initiation of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in several developing countries. The study investigates, whether financial liberalization improved the efficiency with which investment funds are allocated across different industries by using a measure of efficiency index developed by Galindo, A, Fabio Schiantarelli and Andrew Weiss (2005) for Indian manufacturing industries for the period 1990-2007. It measured whether investment funds are going to industries with a higher marginal return to capital in pre liberalisation and post liberalisation periods. By comparing the mean values of efficiency index in the pre- and postliberalisation period the study finds that the efficiency index has improved for many (although not for all) industries in the sample, following the introduction of economic reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization is making a world smaller place and Human resource management must respond it properly. It is that part of management process which is primarily concerned with the human constitute of an organization. Human resource management is a method of developing the potentialities of employees so that they get maximum satisfaction out of their work and give their best efforts to the organization. The new economic policy and changing global scenario has totally changed the approach to human resource management in all types of business and industry. Banking is not exception to this. Transformation in Indian Banking Industry, ever increasing competition, fast moving and complex world of latest technology have compelled banks to think of and to adapt themselves to the changing banking environment. There is a need to develop competencies that is skill, knowledge and attitude among bank staff to make them more suitable to the changing global conditions through proper training & development programs. The present paper indicates some suggestions to cope-up with the rapidly changing global socioeconomic conditions. The findings of the study suggest that Human resource management in changing global scenario is an inevitable and unavoidable in any sector for its survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of development coupled with increasing liberalisation and globalisation across the country has enabled consumers to realise their increasingly important role in society and governance. However, concentration of the market power in the hands of a select few has affected consumers' behaviour over time. In a developing country like India where the incidence of poverty and unemployment is very high and the level of literacy is very low, the people face a volume of problems, particularly in the context of consumer related issues. Unlike in the developed world, consumers in these countries have not been able to play a greater role in the development process. In this paper an analysis has been to explore the consumer protection and consumerism in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the data about the global foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and outflows from 2013-2015. The countries that observed increased FDI inflows during the period include India and Philippines, while the countries that contributed to the improvement in global FDI outflows include the U.S. and Japan. Other related topics discussed include the increase in FDI inflows to South Asia due to the rising FDI in India and India's FDI liberalization strategy.

Since the onset of globalization, India has progressively adopted liberalized investment policies to facilitate the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI).The initial policy stimulus to FDI in India came in July 1991 when the New Industrial Policy provided, inter alia, automatic approval for projects with foreign equity participation up to 51 per cent in high priority areas. Ever since, the government has kept the momentum of reforms going with measures being announced from time to time to further facilitate and broaden the base of FDI in India. This paper analyses the FDI policy for some strategic sectors of the Indian economy, viz.,agriculture, manufacturing, defence and financial services, and examines the role of sectoral policy on FDI prospects of the economy. Realizing the importance of various strategic sectors in building a robust economy, the government has progressively put more sectors and sub-sectors on the automatic route for speedy execution of FDI proposals. Further, the FDI ceiling for many of these sectors has also been raised to generate greater interest in investing high-end technology and know-how. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the transformation of development practice following market reforms in developing countries through a study in Gujarat, western India. It draws upon ethnographic fieldwork on market-driven development in India's flagship state of neo-liberal reforms, and the delivery of state-sponsored microcredit through the intervention. The rise of profit-maximizing priorities in government-owned rural banks, the state's deployment of contracting and subcontracting to implement development policy, and the devolution of implementation to elected local bodies are discussed. This led to the responsibility for local development being tacitly shifted to an ungoverned space in the locality. These practices reveal marketization, decentralization and informalization to be crucial features of the post-liberalization state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the enactment of economic liberalization in India in the early 1990s, variation in investment climate and labor market reforms across sub-national states has been linked to the increasing relevance of business in policy making. This article argues that the influence of business on policy is conditioned by wider political dynamics. We argue that the reform orientation of states correspond to the position of business classes and caste-based groups within the support base of political parties. We show that caste identification plays an important role on the position of political parties towards business liberalization policies. Thus, we conclude that the relative power of business across the states appears to vary due to the relation between business and government, which in turn is structured by the salience of business castes as an electorally relevant group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian banking sector is characterized with intense competition, amongst the best regulated in the world and rapid growth. Indian banking sector have undergone rapid reforms and liberalization in last two decades, which resulted into advent of new and strong private sector banks, increased technology adoptions, rapid branch expansion, prudential regulations, focus on financial inclusion, market discipline of public sector banks and demanding customers. With Indian Banking system poised to become the world’s 3rd largest by 2025 and owing to the dynamism in banking sector the paper examines the bank efficiency. Most past studies focused on the impact of some or other regulatory phase, some segments of banking and under constant return scale assumption. Our study is distinct to the extent that we examine the bank efficiency after the Phase III and IV reforms and subprime crisis, across all ownership segments of Scheduled Commercial Banks and under plausible assumption of variable returns of scale given the dynamic banking environment. We employ non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis using intermediation approach under of variable return of scale. Our study period consist of 2008-2012 post reform and subprime crisis period and covers 26 public, 19 private and 21 foreign banks operating in India. We further examine the variation in efficiency across different ownership groups and small and large bank sizes over the period. Our findings indicate that Public sector banks’ average efficiency scores were better than that of private sector while foreign banks had the lowest efficiency score. Private sector banks had lower heterogeneity in efficiency compared to public sector banks. The smaller banks showed better efficiency compared to larger banks across the ownership groups. We find that the banking reforms have seen improvement in efficiency of public sector banks as compared to private and foreign banks. Thus our findings differ from studies on other emerging markets indicating efficiency improvement of foreign banks as compared to pubic banks. While banks have shown overall efficiency the lower technical efficiency indicate inefficiency in large banks probably due to sub optimal scale and scope efficiency. Our study point outs management of assets, branch rationalization and use of technology to improve the bank efficiency. The study suggests policy focus on reduction of non-performing assets and rationalization of staff and branches to obtain efficiency gain. Regulatory reforms in Indian Banking sector saw improvement in efficiency of public and private banks and efficiency scores differed across various ownership and large and small bank groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]