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Background: Traditional knowledge (TK) in Ladakh encapsulates a repository of experimental wisdom cultivated over millennia. Despite this cultural wealth, dwindling interest among the younger generations in the region's age-old practices underscores the urgency to document TK. The current study investigates the diverse usage of plants in Surru, Wakha and Lower Indus valleys of Western Ladakh exploring the influence of socioeconomic and ecological factors. Methods: A stratified random sample approach was adopted to select 540 respondents for gathering information of useful plants through interviews and questionnaires. Participant observation, questionnaires, open-ended and semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection. Free listing was done to create an extensive list of plants and their uses. Ethnobotanical metrics such as relative frequency of citation (RFC), relative importance index (RI), cultural value (CV) index and cultural importance (CI) index were computed to assess species applicability. Additionally, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to discern significant differences in knowledge levels based on valleys, gender, education and religion using TK as a response variable. Results: Altogether, we recorded 246 plant species under various ethnobotanical uses from Western Ladakh. These include medicinal (126), fodder (124), wild ornamentals (86), food (81), fuel wood (54), dye (20), religious (31) and others (34). Novel plant reports include Berberis brandisiana Ahrendt and Dactylorhiza kafiriana Renz. The dominant plant family is Asteraceae with 35 species. Suru valley exhibits the highest number of cited plants followed by Wakha-chu and Lower Indus valleys (192, 168 and 152 species, respectively). Conclusion: Disparities in plant use understanding are evident among different groups, prompting further investigation through intercultural comparisons. Plants such as Arnebia euchroma, Juniperus semiglobosa, and Artemisia species emerge with cultural importance. Gender, valley affiliation, religious background and the remoteness of a village all influence local plant knowledge. These variations are linked to socioeconomic disparities among communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify the PPD content in hair dyes by measuring the PPD concentration after mixing the ingredients of commercial hair dyes. Methods: A total of 290 permanent hair dyes were tested. RP-HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to determine and quantify the PPD content. Results: The estimated mean of the PPD limit was 0.89 (95% CI [0.81– 0.96]). Of the 290 tested hair dyes, 7.2% (n = 21) exceeded the recommended PPD concentration after mixing. Significantly more hair dyes manufactured in India and China had a PPD content exceeding 2% after mixing compared to dyes from other regions (P = 0.001). Moreover, hair dyes manufactured in India and the UAE were more likely to have incomplete descriptions of the conditions of use and warnings on the label (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The effectiveness of the current regulations relevant to these products should be reevaluated. Moreover, through the use of good manufacturing procedures (GMPs), research, and the reporting of adverse reactions, hair dyes should be subjected to better control and monitoring in terms of their safety and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eri silk is one of the four varieties of silk mostly available in northeastern region of India. Recent trends in the world market of silk revealed that eri silk had tremendous potential as it was gifted with unique properties of protecting human body from some aliments as well as its use as fashionable dress and furnishing materials besides providing comfort of warmth. To suit the norms of the present national and international market, dyeing eri silk with natural dyes contributes to its value chain. The information on dyeing eri silk with natural dyes is very meager and requires to be established. New source such as Allamanda grandiflora was not used for dyeing textiles as per the available literature. Effort was made to standardise variables involved in extraction of the dyes and dyeing eri silk yarns. The standardisation procedures described under materials and methods were used and the evaluation was based on colour strength (K/S values) measured using colour flex spectrophotometer. Among the three mordanting methods, Pre mordanting method exhibited better results compare with simultaneous and post mordanted samples. Among the five mordants, alum and chitin mordanted samples exhibited good fastness followed by tartaric acid, ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride mordanted samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hair dye is a concoction of various ingredients that can result in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) which is a common problem encountered by dermatologists. Objectives: To find out the presence of potent contact sensitizers in commercially available hair dyes in Puducherry, a union territory in South India, and to compare the findings with similar studies conducted in different countries. Methods: Ingredients labels of 159 hair dye products from 30 brands that were manufactured and marketed in India screened for the presence of contact sensitizers. Results: A total of 25 potent contact sensitizers were found in 159 hair dye products. p‐Phenylenediamine and resorcinol were the most frequent contact sensitizer found in the study. The mean contact sensitizer concentration in a single hair dye product is 3.72 ± 1.81. The number of potent contact sensitizers in individual hair dye products ranged from 1 to 10. Conclusion: We observed that most of the consumer‐available hair dyes contain multiple contact sensitizers. Also, an inadequacy in mentioning the p‐Phenylenediamine content, and appropriate warning contents regarding hair dye use were not mentioned in the cartons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four yeast strains were isolated from the gut of stingless bee, collected in Churdhar, Himachal Pradesh, India. Physiological characterization, morphological examination, and sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene revealed that the four strains isolated from the gut of stingless bee belonged to the Debaryomyces clade. Strain CIG-23HT showed sequence divergence of 7.5% from Debaryomyces nepalensis JCM 2095T, 7.8% from Debaryomyces udenii JCM 7855T, and Debaryomyces coudertii JCM 2387T in the D1/D2 domain. In the ITS region sequences, strain CIG-23HT showed a 15% sequence divergence from Debaryomyces nepalensis JCM 2095T and Debaryomyces coudertii JCM 2387T. In 18S rRNA gene sequence, the strain CIG-23HT showed 1.14% sequence divergence from Debaryomyces nepalensis JCM 2095 and and Debaryomyces coudertii JCM 2387, and 0.83% sequence divergence from Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426. Strain CIG-23HT can utilize more carbon sources than closely related species. The findings suggest that strain CIG-23HT is a novel species of the genus Debaryomyces, and we propose to name it as Debaryomyces apis f.a., sp. nov. The holotype is CBS 16297T, and the isotypes are MTCC 12914T and KCTC 37024T. The MycoBank number of Debaryomyces apis f.a., sp. nov. is MB836065. Additionally, a method using cresol red and Bromothymol blue pH indicator dyes was developed to screen for lipase producers, which is more sensitive and efficient than the currently used phenol red and rhodamine B dye-based screening methods, and avoids the problem of less differentiable zone of hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most frequent method of suicide attempt in India is intentional super vasmol poisoning. If it is untreated, it leads to many complications such as, rhabdomyolysis, angioedema, acute kidney injury, and hypocalcemia. Of all above mentioned; hypocalcemia can cause pathologies of the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Early detection and treatment of the issue can reduce the diseases and fatalities that are related to it. Aim: This study aims to assess the incidence, clinical manifestations, and management of hypocalcemia in super vasmol poisoning patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was undertaken on 50 super vasmol poisoning patients for about six months at the government general hospital, RIMS, Kadapa from November 2021 to April 2022. Only subjects who are willing to give their consent were included in the study. All trial participants were observed for the duration of their hospital stay to evaluate hypocalcemia. Results: Out of the 50 subjects, 22 (44%) were male, 28 (56%) were female, and the majority (40%) were in between the age group of 21 to 30 years. 15 patients (30%) out of the 50 subjects were developed with hypocalcemia, particularly those who consumed more than 50 ml of super vasmol. We observed that 66.5% of subjects received parenteral calcium gluconate while 33.5% subjects received oral calcium carbonate. Conclusion: Hypocalcemia is a hidden complication of super vasmol poisoning, and there is a need to raise awareness among the among medical professionals about the necessity of routinely checking serum calcium levels as well as public regarding the dangers of super vasmol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, white-rot fungus, Rigidoporus vinctus, collected from an unidentified fallen twig from Pathankot, Punjab, India, was used for biosorption of anionic Congo red and cationic Methylene blue dyes from an aqueous medium. The biosorption efficiency of the live biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus was investigated to optimize biosorbent dosage, process time, concentrations of dyes, and pH of solutions. The results indicated that Rigidoporus vinctus is more efficient than other reported bio-adsorbents for Congo red and Methylene blue dyes. The maximum biosorption activity of Rigidoporus vinctus for Congo red was found at pH 2, and that for Methylene blue was at pH 10, after 24 h of the reaction period. The process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, which indicated that the interaction of both dyes to the adsorption sites on the surface of Rigidoporus vinctus was responsive to biosorption. The biosorption process could be well explained by the Langmuir isotherm for both dyes. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of Rigidoporus vinctus for Congo red and Methylene blue was observed to be 54.0 mg/g and 80.6 mg/g, respectively. The seed germination test was carried out, and it was assessed that the toxicity of dyes was reduced up to significant levels. Based on the present experimental findings, it can be concluded that biosorption using the live biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus can effectively decolorize dye-containing wastewater, thus reducing the hazardous effects of dyes on human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Textile is one of the important sectors in the Indian economy. The use of synthetic chemicals is maximum during the wet processing technique, which consists of dyeing, printing and finishing. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of occupational dermatological symptoms among the workers employed in the dyeing and printing unit of the textile industry. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a sample of 242 workers, was conducted in three different dyeing and printing factories. The workers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of dermatological symptoms on the hands was found to be 51.7%. The various pattern of lesions included redness in 0.4% to itching in 26% of dyeing and printing workers. Those working for >5 years had 2.21 times higher risk as compared to those working for ≤5 years Odds Ratio (OR): 2.21; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.19–4.11). Similarly, those working in the dyeing section were at 2.94 times higher risk as compared to those working in the printing section (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.58–5.47). Conclusion: The workers working in the printing and dyeing industry were at risk of developing skin lesions, which can partly be attributed to reactive chemicals used and partly to poor handling practices of the workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a green synthesis was used for the structural design of the nanomaterials and used as an effective photocatalyst to address water pollution issues in the environment. Sunlight-active n–n heterojunction of TiO2-coupled-CdS (TiO2-CdS) was synthesized by using seed extract of Sapindus mukorossi (commonly found plant in India) and employed for the removal of toxic and persistent colorant industrial pollutants congo red (CR) and rhodamine B (RB). Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques of synthesized nanocomposite revealed the high crystallinity and particle size in nanorange. The TiO2-CdS nanocomposite showed maximum degradation (CR 95%; RB 93%) at minimum concentration of pollutant (25 mgL−1) with catalytic dose (15 mg) and at neutral pH within 5 h. Owing to higher surface area (91.7 m2g−1), lower band-energy (1.9 eV) and negative zeta potential (− 26.3 mV) result into excellent photocatalytic efficiency. The degradation followed first-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption in both the cases. The presence of active radicals during the photocatalysis process caused rapid degradation, which was backed up by scavenger analysis. The breakdown of harmful contaminants into safer metabolites, which were then mineralized, was demonstrated by GC–MS analysis. The charge separation was supported by photoluminescence and UV-reflectance studies. Reusability of green synthesized nanophotocatalyst for multiple times (n = 8) confirmed its sustainability and high suitability for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducted an advanced and comprehensive scientometric analysis of worldwide trends in decolorizing synthetic dyes by laccase. Articles were collected, analyzed, and classified according to the different substrates, enzymes, supports, immobilization procedures, and reactors involved. These studies were carried out in 200 institutions across 58 countries, with only 10 concentrating 88% of the total publications. China, India, and Turkey were identified as the main contributors to this research theme. Additionally, 26% of the institutions surveyed published only one article in the analyzed period. The results of the presented analysis encompassed data generated from 1999 to 2021, spanning more than two decades of specialized research. A ranking of article publications in scientific journals involving laccase, immobilization, enzymes, and dyes is listed. Also listed are the ranking of the 10 most prolific countries in the area of immobilized enzymes and the 10 most cited articles on the immobilization of enzymes with dyes. This analysis includes information related to the methods of support and costs of manufacture involving enzyme and immobilization routes. Finally, a discussion is presented exploring the fact that innovative technologies have been developed to render enzyme production more sustainable and economically viable. • Laccase for the decolorization of dyes is assessed via the bibliometric method. • China, India, and Turkey are the main contributors to the decolorization of dyes via laccase. • Support and manufacturing costs involving laccase immobilization routes are presented. • Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology were the most common research topic. • A growing application of laccase in the commercial area was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arni, one of the major silk handloom weaving clusters of India, adopted a very primitive way of dyeing using open pan/vessels with direct heating that is invariably carried out without using any exhaustive agent as recommended in scientific way of dyeing the silk yarn. In order to educate the dyers about the quality characteristics of the dyed yarn material, dyeing trials of fully degummed tram silk were taken by using crimson, acid class of dye (CI 262085) with three exhaustive agents, viz., Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate), sodium chloride, and unilevelon, a chemical preferred by certain dyer, and compared with the existing primitive way of dyeing method. The statistical analysis of the quality characteristics revealed that the color fastness to wash and rub, tenacity and elongation, and unlevelness index have significantly improved while the color fastness to light and color absorption in terms of CIE L*a*b* values have not shown any significant difference. The unilevelon has performed significantly better in terms of unlevelness index when compared to other/exhaustive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The May-Grünwald Giemsa Stain is one of the preferred Romanwsky stains in studying cell morphology of air-dried smears with respect to cellular and nuclear size details and metachromatic extracellular ground with an approximate staining time of 20–30 min. A reduction in staining time and possible application of an ultrafast stain for rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) of cytological material is the need of the hour. With the application of the new modified ultrafast Giemsa (MUFG) technique, rapid staining can be achieved, thereby helping in triaging of samples and, most importantly, providing an early preliminary diagnosis. Aims: The aim is to assess the quality index of the MUFG technique in FNAC of various organs in comparison with the standard MGG stain. Materials and Methods: A total of 61 FNAC cases were studied by random sampling. Two smears were prepared for each case and stained by both. Scores were given based on five parameters, and the quality index was calculated. Statistical Analysis: Results were analyzed using mean, median, standard deviation, "t" paired test, "P" value, and M-diff for statistical significance. Results: The quality index of MUFG smears was comparable to the standard MGG stain in salivary gland, breast, and thyroid aspirates and low in lymph node and soft tissue aspirates. MUFG is a rapid cost-effective stain which can be applied in the setting of ROSE for a preliminary diagnosis. Conclusion: MUFG is a reliable alternative and rapid technique for cytology diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the industrial world causes wastewater containing dyes to continue to increase. Even in recent years, the food, textile, cosmetic, plastic, and printing industries have developed the use of dyes. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the cationic dyes widely used in dyeing silk, wood, and cotton because of its absorbency and good fastness to materials. The adsorption process is the best technique and preferred in removing dyes from wastewater due to excellent selectivity, high efficiency from high-quality treated effluent, flexibility in design, and simplicity. Therefore, there is a growing interest to identify low-cost alternative adsorbents that have reasonable adsorption efficiency, especially natural materials such as leaves. In this study, research on MB adsorption using leaves was analyzed using bibliometric analysis. Information of bibliometric is extracted from the Scopus database with the keyword "Methylene Blue", "Adsorption or Desorption", and "Leaves or leaf". The results showed that India, Desalination and Water Treatment, and SASTRA Deemed University were the country, journal, and institution that contributed the most publications on this topic. Therefore, it is expected that with the use of bibliometrics, the use of leaf-based MB adsorption processes in their potential for MB dye removal can be investigated especially for large-scale development. [Display omitted] • Adsorption is more promising for large-scale development than photocatalytic degradation. • Adsorbent based on leaves needs further research, especially from a techno-economic perspective. • The first bibliometric study on MB adsorption using leaves was reported. • The high frequency of "adsorption" and "methylene blue" for the research hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural colorants or dyestuffs are an essential faction of non-timber forest products that are widely used for coloring purposes in various industries. Of course, now-a-days synthetic dyes are used as a coloring agent but due to their various environmental, social and health problems, people are shifting from synthetic to natural coloring agents. Present paper provides a comprehensive review on dye yielding plants of Northwestern and Western Himalaya. A total of 87 dye producing plants belonging to 45 families and 74 genera including 38 herbs, 19 shrubs, 25 trees and 5 climbers, have been documented. Out of these, 26 species are well known as dye producing plants and are exploited commercially. The remaining 61 species are traditionally used for coloring purposes on a very small scale and a very little information is available as to their coloring properties. The study revealed that there is an urgent need to develop a pertinent policy and action plan for the optimum utilization of the available dyestuff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vasmol, a commonly used hair dye, is becoming apparent as one of the major causes of suicidal poisoning in India. The toxic components in the dye include paraphenylenediamine, sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, resorcinol, and propylene glycol. Acute poisoning by consumption of dye leads to characteristic angioedema of the cervicofacial region along with multiorgan dysfunction. Early intervention with tracheostomy can be lifesaving in such cases and helps in preventing the morbidity and mortality associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Cluster Preface: Functional Dyes," discusses the concept of functional dyes and their applications. Functional dyes are different from traditional dyes as they are used for properties associated with their excited state, such as heat generation or light emission, rather than just color. The use of functional dyes dates back centuries, with examples like psoralen being used in ancient Egypt and India for treating skin disorders. The article also highlights various research areas within functional dyes, including spectrally active dyes, near-infrared dyes, fluorescence bioimaging and biosensing, photosensitizers, and the use of dyes in supramolecular assemblies. The aim of the article is to showcase the current work on functional dyes and extend the scope of SYNLETT, the journal in which it is published. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Hair dyes are commonly used for the concealment of grey hair in India. The pigmentary alterations produced by hair dyes on the face and neck have not received sufficient attention. Aims: To study the pigmentary alterations on the face and neck in hair dye users, and identify possible risk factors associated with the face and neck hyperpigmentation. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was done on consecutive hair dye users. A detailed history was taken, and a clinical examination was done to record the pigmentary alterations. The patterns, areas affected, the intensity of hyperpigmentation, percentage of the area involved and risk factors were noted. Results: One hundred and twenty patients were included in the study. Around 118 (98.3%) patients had hyperpigmentation over face and/or neck: 16 (13.3%) barely perceivable, 40 (33.3%) mild, 44 (36.7%) moderate, and 18 (15%) severe pigmentation. The lateral forehead (106, 88.3%), the helix of the ear (106, 88.3%), central forehead (97, 80.8%), and zygomatic area (92, 76.7%) were the most frequently affected areas in our study. Fourteen patients (11.7%) had depigmented macules on the scalp and/or lips. Conclusion: Pigmentary alterations, particularly hyperpigmentation over the upper face and ears are common with the use of hair dyes. The skin type may play a role in the intensity of hyperpigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Disulphide bonds affixed on CNF backbone ensued high selectivity for Hg(II) and SO. • Soft-soft interactions led to high selectivity and good adsorption of 828.5 mg g−1. • Rapid and nearly complete removal of Hg(II) was achieved in 8 min at 100 mg L−1. • Concomitantly, affinity for SO with 81.92% removal at 25 mgL-1 endorsed versatility. • Excellent recyclability after 8 cycles affirmed potential in wastewater remediation. Hemp stalks, readily available bio-waste in northern India, are good source of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with exceptional strength and stiffness. In this study, a facile route was envisaged to affix disulphide linkages on hemp derived CNFs (CNF-S-S-CNF) using 3,3-dithiopropionic acid. CNF-S-S-CNF with two sulphur groups on the cellulose backbone scored high selectivity for mercury ions (distribution coefficient of 5 × 105 mL.g−1) owing to soft–soft interactions, besides exhibiting affinity for safranin O (SO) due to strong electrostatic attractions. Thermal stability up to 700 °C advocated high temperature applications of CNF-S-S-CNF. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box Behnken Design (BBD) was applied using Design Expert software 13 for tuning the process parameters. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) established a maximum adsorption capacity, q e of 100% for Hg(II) ions achieved at optimum conditions of pH 5.5, Hg(II) concentration of 100 mg L-1 with adsorbent dosage of 100 mg and contact time of 9.50 min, while for SO, 100% adsorption was achieved at pH 6.5, SO concentration of 1 mg L-1 with adsorbent dosage of 60 mg and contact time of 9.50 min, in accord with the experimental results. Both, linear and non-linear kinetics and isotherm models were fitted to further understand the adsorption mechanism. The non-linear pseudo-second order demonstrated better adsorption kinetics for Hg(II), while SO fitted better to the linear pseudo-second order model. Ultra-rapid adsorption kinetics was achieved with pseudo second order rate constant, K 2 of 0.197 g.mg −1.min−1 and 100% removal within 5 s (Co = 10 mg L-1) of Hg(II) ions. FTIR and XPS confirmed strong interactions of CNF-S-S-CNF with Hg(II) ions accomplishing a maximum adsorption capacity, q e exp of 828.5 mg/g. Regeneration of adsorbent for 8 cycles with retention of 96% and 80% efficacy for Hg(II) ions and SO, respectively endorse its outstanding potential in waste-water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioemulsifier (BE)‐producing Haererehalobacter sp. JS1 was isolated and identified from the solar salt works in India. The BE was extracted, purified, and characterized by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis. Emulsification activity was performed against different oils and dye degradation potential against different dyes. The production of BE was optimized using different carbon sources (C), nitrogen sources (N), pH, and NaCl. BE screening methods revealed that, Haererehalobacter sp. JS1 was highly positive BE production. Identification by 16S rRNA sequencing and analyses was found that, the Haererehalobacter sp. JS1 was closely related to Salinicoccus halophilus and Haererehalobacter sp. The structural characterization analysis confirmed that the partially purified bioemulsifier belongs to siloxane‐type. Emulsification activity (E24) revealed that the bioemulsifier significantly (p < = 0.001) emulsified the commercial oils including coconut oil, gingelly oil, olive oil, and palmolein oils. Haererehalobacter sp. JS1 also significantly (p < = 0.001) degraded the dyes such as orange MR, direct violet, cotton red, reactive yellow, nitro green, and azo dye. RSM regression co‐efficient and contour plot analysis clearly indicated that the combination of pH and NaCl helped to increase BE production. Siloxane‐type of BE obtained from Haererehalobacter sp. JS1 was able to emulsify different oils and commercial dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations on black carbon (BC) aerosols over an urban site (Pune) and a rural, high altitude site (Sinhagad) during summer and winter seasons over the period of 2009–2013 are reported. Apart from the temporal variation of BC over both the sites, its mass fraction to total suspended particulates (TSP) is studied. Finally, using the chemical composition of TSP and BC in the OPAC model, season-wise optical properties of aerosols are obtained which are further used in the SBDART model to derive the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) at surface and top of the atmosphere and thereby the atmospheric forcing and heating rates in each season over both the sites. BC mass concentration and its mass fraction to TSP (Mf BC) were higher at Pune than at Sinhagad, indicating impact of more anthropogenic sources. At both the sites winter season witnessed higher BC concentrations than summer as well as higher Mf BC which is due to the prevailing favorable meteorological conditions in winter. Diurnal variation of BC showed different patterns at Pune and Sinhagad in terms of strength and occurrence of high and low values that could be attributed to varying local boundary layer conditions and source activities at both the sites. Negative ARF indicated cooling at top of the atmosphere and at surface leading to warming of the atmosphere at both the sites. However, surface cooling and atmospheric warming was more dominant at Pune leading to higher atmospheric heating rates, underlining the impact of absorbing BC aerosols which were about three times more at Pune than Sinhagad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile industry generates large quantities of dyes like azo dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, basic dyes, synthetic dyes which are very toxic and difficult to dispose. Many dyes are toxic, carcinogenic or prepared from known carcinogens such as benzidine or other aromatic compounds. Considering adverse effect of aniline dye and their product (present in textile effluent), decolourisation of aniline dye is essential before releasing it in environment. Immobilised fungal cells have several advantages over dispersed cells such as simple reuse of the biomass, easier liquid-solid separation and minimal clogging in continuous-flow systems. Cell immobilization lowers the apparent broth viscosity and makes the rheological features more favourable for oxygen supply and mass transfer. In present dye decolourisation process, we have used live biomass of two different fungi (Aspergillus terreus and one unknown fungus) and Actinomycete (Streptomyces). Live biomass of the two fungi and one actinomycetes gives maximum decolourisation of dye as compared to dead biomass. We have also assessed the effect of decolourised water on seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the India-based textile industry with emphasis on the processing of polyester/ cotton (P/C) blends. As mentioned, the primary focus is to avoid the need for reduction clearing of polyester dyed sample in order to improve productivity and the cost-effectiveness. Also mentioned is the industrial double and single bath dyeing method in which reduction clearing process is avoided and the dyed fabric was directly passed through the developing chamber.

This article delineates the emergence of saffron as a colour of national importance in the late 1920s, when Nehru recognised it as an ‘old colour’, and Suniti Kumar Chatterji claimed that it was symbolic of ‘Indian life’, thus elevating it from its humble position as a kacha colour. The need to assess such claims has prompted a longue durée approach to unravel the complexities of writing a history of colours in the Indian milieu. An attempt has been made to analyse the role played by history in defining saffron and equating it with Hinduism—marginalising the colour red in the process. This study argues that through a selective interpretation of the past, regional and local usages and meanings of geru, kesari or kusumba came to mean a well defined shade of saffron in the second half of the 1920s and were eventually equated with the nation’s history. At another level, this is a story of the triumph of history over the past, precision over ambivalence, singularity over multiplicity, standardisation over fluidity, and knowledge over the experiential dynamics of seeing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: The 'saree' worn by women in India and many South Asian countries is dyed using a tub, usually in small scale units employing low capital and a small number of workers. While using these tubs, workers adopt awkward postures over long periods of time which results in severe discomfort in the neck, shoulders and lower extremities. The purpose of the study was to redesign the dyeing tub using a participatory approach and to study the impact of the newly designed tub on the reported body discomfort and rate of production. Methods: Redesigning of the dyeing tub was carried out using three parallel participative processes - (1) eliciting the views of workers who use the tub, (2) interacting with the proprietors of the small scale dyeing units (the employers) and the tub manufacturers, and (3) iterative prototype tub development based on inputs from the first two processes. These processes facilitated involvement of the stake-holders and the acceptance of change. The final prototype was tested by nine workers for a period of three months to evaluate the reduction in body discomfort and increase in rate of production (output). Results: Studies on the impact of the new tub showed a reduction in discomfort level from 'severe' to 'moderate', and a mean increase of 7.9% in the output, confirming the benefits of the participative approach to ergonomics intervention. The involvement, trust and credibility generated by the participative process facilitated the acceptance of the final design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the properties and the use of Henna in dyeing Angora cellulosic fibres in India. It states that Henna is not just used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes but also for its coloring properties as well. Moreover, the materials, methods and henna dye extractions are also mentioned.

The article offers information on the advantages of bio-finishing in fabrics in India. It states that bio-finishing is the positive option in fabric finishing because it utilizes bio-materials and enzymes. It says that the processes involved in bio-finishing include bio-bleaching, bio-polishing, bio-scouring and desizing.

The article offers information on the use of enzympes in treating wool in India. It states that treating wool using trypsin enzyme is beneficial because it improves the fabric color depth. Moreover, it says that the enzyme also boost the color of the fabric devoid of having adverse effects on the wool.

The article offers information on the Garcinia indica as natural source of dye in India. It states that Garcinia tree is usually found in the forests, riversides and wastelands of western part of Ghats. Moreover, it mentions that Garcinia is not just known for its pharmaceutical, culinary and industrial uses but also for its medical uses.

This paper examines the commercial viability of Parmelia usnea in small-scale dyeing units of Garhwal Himalayas and the traditional craft of the region. Physicochemical analysis of the plant was carried out in order to standardise the extraction method. The parameters studied were colour, physical appearance, pH, moisture, ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble extractive value. Extraction and application of the dye were carried out and its conditions on wool were standardised by studying the effects of time, pH and temperature on extraction and also the effects of shades on exhaustion of the dye by a substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wool, a natural animal fibre obtained from fleece of small ruminants mainly from sheep and is used for development of various textile products ranges from suiting fabric to carpet due it its distinct properties like resiliency, flame-resistance, warmth, and good reactivity towards dyes. The quality attributes such as physio-chemical, mechanical and morphological properties of wool fibre play a major role in deciding its end use and value addition. Generally, fine wool is used for making suiting fabric with shrink resistant finish; Indian wool can be utilized for carpets and blankets. However, there is a wide scope for product diversification from Indian wool through genetic and technological intervention for improving their aesthetic as well as performance properties. This paper reviews the role of important quality attributes of Indian wool for the product development and value addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The feasibility of using Indian Jujuba Seeds (IJS) (Zizyphus maruritiana), abundantly available in and around the Nallamalla forest in Andhra Pradesh, for the anionic dye (Congo red, CR) adsorption from aqueous solution, has been investigated as low cost and eco-friendly adsorbent. Adsorption studies were conducted on a batch process, to study the effects of contact time, initial concentration of CR, pH and temperature. Maximum colour removal was observed at pH 2. The equilibrium data was analyzed by the Langmuir, the Freundlich and the General isotherms. The data fitted well with the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 55.56mgg−1. The pseudo-second-order kinetics was the best for the adsorption of CR, by IJS (Z. maruritiana) with good correlation. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard free energy change (ΔG°), standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) and standard entropy change (ΔS°), were analyzed. The results suggest that IJS (Z. maruritiana) is a potential low-cost adsorbent for the CR dye removal from synthetic dye wastewater. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A letter to the editor is presented regarding the case of a 40-year-old woman who is diagnosed with chloracne following exposure to chlorine.

Suicide messages on the skin are rare. Until now, in all reported cases, the writing tool used by the victims has been a pen. We report a suicide case by hanging in which the victim had written a note on her palm in mehndi, or henna, at a wedding ceremony three days before the fatal act. The note was discovered at autopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which evaluates the dyeing potentials of Melastoma (M.) malabathricum from India whose fruit pulp contains high dye contents. The study adopts conventional heating and sonicator for dye extraction and sonication to enhance dye uptake, improve dry adherence, and light fastnesses. Results show that the use of sonicator shows marked improvement for cotton dyed fabric.

The release of azo dyes into the environment is a concern due to coloration of natural waters and due to the toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the dyes and their biotransformation products. The dye degrading bacterial strain KMK 5 was isolated from the textile dyes contaminated soil of Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra, India. It was identified as Bacillus fusiformis based on the biochemical and morphological characterization as well as 16S rDNA sequencing. KMK 5 could tolerate and degrade azo dyes, Disperse Blue 79 (DB79) and Acid Orange 10 (AO10) under anoxic conditions. Complete mineralization of DB79 and AO10 at the concentration of 1.5g/l was observed within 48h. This degradation potential increased the applicability of this microorganism for the dye removal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Gram husk and groundnut shell are cheap and abundantly available agricultural waste materials in India. A systematic study on the adsorption of some model dyes from aqueous solution on these low-cost adsorbents has been attempted. Model dyes used were Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B, Congo Red, Eosine Y and Metanil Yellow. Equilibrium, kinetics and column experiments were performed. Effects of different process variables have been studied. Equilibrium data fitted well in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. A model using Freundlich equation has been developed for interpretation of kinetic data. Other models such as Lagergren equation and pseudo second order equation were also used. Of these models, pseudo second order equation was found to be the most satisfactory. Column experiments were carried out with gram-husk and Rhodamine B. The data could be correlated well with BDST model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing reactive textile dye Red BLI is isolated from the soil sample collected from contaminated sites of textile industry from Solapur, India. The bacterial isolate was identified as Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 on the basis of 16S rDNA analysis. The Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 decolorized Red BLI (50mgl−1) 99.28% within 1h under static anoxic condition at pH range from 6.5 to 7.0 and 30°C. This strain has ability to decolorize various reactive textile dyes. UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and TLC analysis of samples before and after dye decolorization in culture medium confirmed decolorization of Red BLI. A significant increase in the activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and NADH-DCIP reductase in cells obtained after decolorization indicates involvement of these enzymes in the decolorization process. Phytotoxicity testing with the seeds of Sorghum vulgare and Phaseolus mungo, showed more sensitivity towards the dye, while the products obtained after dye decolorization does not have any inhibitory effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A bacterium identified as Rhizobium radiobacter MTCC 8161 was isolated from effluent treatment plant of textile and dying industry of Ichalkaranji, India. The bacterial isolate Rhizobium radiobacter MTCC 8161 was capable of decolorizing various azo, triphenylmethane (TPM), disperse and reactive textile dyes with decolorizing efficiency varying from 80-95%. This strain decolorized (90%) a deep red sulfonated diazo dye Reactive Red 141 (50 mg/L ) with 0.807 mg of dye reduced/g of dry cells/h of specific decolorization rate in static anoxic condition at optimum pH 7.0 and temperature 30 °C with 83.33% reduction in COD. The degradation efficiency of this strain using urea and yeast extract showed fast decolorization among different carbon, nitrogen source. The induction of various oxidative and reductive enzymes indicates involvement of these enzymes in color removal. Phytotoxicity studies revealed less toxic nature of decolorized products (1000 mg /L) as compared to original dye. FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis indicated naphthalene diazonium, p-dinitrobenzene and 2- nitroso naphthol as the final products of Reactive Red 141. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper discusses the diversity of the textile sector in India, including its nature, the number of stakeholders and its effect on the overall national economy. It focuses on the significant role the coloration industry is expected to play in the near future, as this is the most problematic step in textile production with respect to profitability, planning and technology. While carrying out analysis of the textile and clothing industry, it also deals with the transformation the industry has undergone in the last two decades in terms of the selection of textile product mix in different regions of India from the point of view of profitability, the use of modern technology and selection criteria of colourants and specialised chemicals. These changes are viewed in respect of improved quality demands, measures undertaken to minimise the pollution level of the environment, and other related factors. In parallel, the growth of the dyestuff and speciality chemical industry, which has a direct relationship with this industry, is also discussed. It attempts to reflect upon the efforts of the Indian government in encouraging modernisation of the textile processing industry in terms of the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme and other policy supports in relation to the response from the industry. Finally, the paper highlights the amount of human resource development needed to achieve the ambitious targets the government has put before the textile and clothing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Khatris are an hereditary caste of dyers and block-printers in Kachchh district, Gujarat. This article reviews the traditional market for the Khatris' textiles, discussing in detail items made for specific client castes, chiefly the farmers and herders of Kachchh. It analyzes factors that have affected this traditional market in the post-colonial period, such as the wholesale industrialization of manufacture and changing patterns of agriculture. It goes on to identify the emergence of new, globalized markets and how the Khatris are developing new products in response to those markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of detection of Sudan dyes in chillies, the Spices Board of India formulated a mandatory testing programme in all chilli consignments exported from India. However, no surveillance data on use and levels of Sudan dyes in domestic chilli products are available in India. Hence chilli powders were monitored to check the magnitude of artificial coloration and the likely exposure assessment of Sudan dyes. Among 800 non-branded, loose chilli powder samples, over 66% were found to employ artificial colouration while only 33% were free from Sudan dyes. None of the branded chilli powder samples was found to contain Sudan dyes. The maximum content of Sudan I noted was as high as 11.8 mg g−1, which at the rough per capita consumption estimates of 0.5–1.0 g chilli powder per day amounts to an intake of 5.8–11.8 mg of Sudan I. This may lead to unwarranted health consequences, hence regular monitoring of the chilli powder samples is advisable to safeguard the health of unsuspecting consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indians have been considered as forerunners in the art of natural dyeing. Natural dyes find use in the colouring of textiles, drugs, cosmetics, etc. Owing to their nontoxic effects, they are also used for colouring various food products. In India, there are more than 450 plants that can yield dyes. In addition to their dye-yielding characteristics, some of these plants also possess medicinal value. Though there is a large plant resource base, little has been exploited so far. Due to lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on the extracting and dyeing technique, it has not commercially succeeded like the synthetic dyes. Although indigenous knowledge system has been practised over the years in the past, the use of natural dyes has diminished over generations due to lack of documentation. Also there is not much information available on databases of either dye-yielding plants or their products. In this article we review the availability of natural dyes, their extraction, applications, mordant types, advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the contemporary production and trade of resist-dyed and blockprinted textiles in Kachchh district, Gujarat. The hereditary craft is dominated by the Khatris, who are renowned for the production of fine tie-dyed textiles; batik, or wax-resist textiles; and resistprinted and mordant-dyed textiles that feature the use of natural dyes. Traditionally, these textiles were used for caste dress by the farming and herding castes of Kachchh and played an important role in establishing the distinctive sartorial identity of each community. This is still the basis of local trade but increasingly items originally produced for apparel, transported to a different social context—either in the major cities of India, or overseas—have been transformed into soft furnishings and fashion accessories. Contemporary patterns of trade reflect a plethora of influences: the social upheaval that followed Independence in 1947; state interventions; tourism; and, inevitably, industrialization and the impact of new technologies. These diverse influences and the response of individual Khatris will be explored in the course of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]