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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Monocytes are professional phagocytes that are highly skilled in defence against many pathogens, including MTB.4 They circulate in the blood and can differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells that govern innate and adaptive immune responses and Lymphocytes (L) provide resistance to the spread of infection causing mycobacterial clearance. Aim & Objectives: To assess the monocyte lymphocyte ratio (M/L ratio) as a possible prognostic biomarker to see the outcome of Anti Tuberculous Therapy in terms of sputum status in active TB cases. Material & Methods: The present study was a Prospective observational study. This study was conducted from Feb 2021 and July 2022 at Department of respiratory medicine, Kamla Nehru Chest Hospital, Dr S N Medical College Jodhpur, a tertiary care Centre for respiratory diseases, Rajasthan, India. 130 patients were included in this study. Result: In our study, 7 (5.4%) patients had COPD, 23 (17.7%) patients had HTN and 18 (13.8%) patients had T2DM. The value of z is 9.8029. The value of p is < .00001. The result is significant at p <.05. In our study, 130 (100.0%) patients had Sputum Status at 0 month. In our study, 117 (90.0%) patients had Sputum conversion at 2nd month. The value of z is 12.8996. The value of p is < .00001. The result is significant at p <.05. The mean Monocytes at 0 Month of patients was [5.0769± 1.2519], mean Lymphocytes at 0 Month of patients was [17.7392± 4.3696], mean M/L ratio at 0 Month of patients was [.3057± .1206], mean Monocytes at 2nd Month of patients was [4.4862± 1.1302] and mean M/L ratio at 2nd Month of patients was [.2389± .0821]. Conclusion: Tuberculosis ss associated with Increased M/L Ratio, which Declines and Returns to Normal with Anti-Tuberculous Therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space due to an imbalance between the production and absorption of pleural fluid by pleurae (visceral as well as parietal). Pleural effusion is a common clinical manifestation and about 3000 per Million people in the world suffers from pleural disease. Aims: To assess usefulness of ratio of serum LDH to Pleural Fluid ADA in differentiating Malignant Pleural Effusion and Tubercular Pleural Effusion. Materials and Methods: The study was a Descriptive Observational Crosssectional study was conducted in Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kamala Nehru Chest Hospital, Dr S N Medical College Jodhpur (Rajasthan), and a tertiary care centre for Respiratory Disease in Rajasthan, India after getting clearance from the Ethical committee. Result: found that most patients with tubercular pleural effusion (n=20) had Pleural Fluid ADA levels >35 and majority of the patients had Biopsy proven Malignant pleural effusion [22 (44.0%)] and it was statistically significant (p< .00001), (z=4.1036). Conclusion: We found that, most number of patients had Tubercular Pleural Effusion. It was statistically significant and majority of the patients had Biopsy proven malignant pleural effusion and it was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urogenital fistula is a physically, socially and psychologically devastating condition for the patient. In developed countries, these fistulae are typically related to gynecological surgery, pelvic pathology like malignancy or post radiation therapy. In contrast, classical teaching is that urogenital fistulae in the developing countries like India are usually associated with prolonged labor and obstetric complications. This retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care health Institute shows a paradigm shift in epidemiology, etiology and management of genitourinary fistulae in India in recent times., Methods: This retrospective study included patients undergoing surgical repair for various genitourinary fistulae at our institute from 2016 to 2022. Epidemiology, etiology, site, size and number of fistulae, clinical presentation, and management records of these patients were recorded and reviewed retrospectively., Results: In our study, the mean age of the patients was 38.4 ± 10.2 years. Vesicovaginal Fistula (VVF) was found to be most common fistula in the study population (87.5%) followed by vesicouterine (7.1%) and urethrovaginal fistula (5.4%). The causes of genitourinary fistula were iatrogenic (73.2%), carcinoma of cervix (16.1%), obstructed prolonged labor (7.1%), and genitourinary tuberculosis (3.57%). Among the 48 vesicovaginal fistulas that underwent surgery, 45.8% were treated using a transvaginal approach, 29.2% were managed through a laparoscopic transabdominal repair, and 25% were addressed using a robotic approach. Recurrence occurred in 7.1% of the operated patients., Conclusion: Enhanced healthcare services in the country have contributed to a decrease in the incidence of obstructed labor, subsequently reducing related injuries. Iatrogenic injuries resulting from gynecological surgeries and carcinoma cervix have given rise to more complex fistulas, necessitating the implementation of advanced treatment strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most predominant cancers in India. With advances in the field of oncology, a number of therapies have emerged; however, they are minimally effective. Consequently, there is a need to develop safe and effective regimens for the treatment of OSCC. Butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone has been found to exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also anti-tumor effects against several cancer types. However, its effect on OSCC is not studied yet., Methods: The effect of butein on the viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion of OSCC cells was evaluated using MTT, colony formation, PI/FACS, live and dead, scratch wound healing, and matrigel invasion assays. Further Western blot analysis was done to evaluate the expression of different proteins involved in the regulation of cancer hallmarks., Results: This is the first report exemplifying the anti-cancer effect of butein against OSCC. Our results showed that butein exhibited potent anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects in OSCC cells. It suppressed the expression of NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene products such as COX-2, survivin and MMP-9 which are involved in the regulation of different processes like proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis of OSCC cells. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that butein has immense potential in the management of OSCC. Nonetheless, in vivo validation is critical before moving to clinical trials.

Background: Oral contraceptives pills (OCPs) are common and a convenient form of contraception. The use of hormonal contraceptives by women has been considered to influence gingival and periodontal disease progression., Aim: This study was conducted to assess the effect of oral contraceptive pills on the periodontal health., Materials and Method: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 200 females aged 18 years and above of Jaipur city. The study subjects were divided into two groups i.e. contraceptive users and non-contraceptive users, each group consisted 100 females. Data was collected using Modified WHO Performa (1997). Periodontal status was examined using Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA). Chi-square test and one sample t-test was used for statistical analysis and P value was set (p< 0.05) as significant., Results: Mean CPI score in subjects and non-contraceptive users was 2.34+ 0.81 and 1.16+ 0.89 respectively. Mean LOA score in each group was 0.28+ 0.45 and 0.19+ 0.50 respectively., Conclusion: Oral Contraceptive pills had adverse effects on periodontal health.