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Introduction: The Mandibular Lingual Canals (MLC), which carry the sublingual artery, are present in the mandible near the genial tubercle. Identification of these canals is important before any dental surgical procedures. Aim: To identify and evaluate the mandibular lingual canal in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of the Western Indian Population. Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India between October 2022 and June 2023. A total of 100 CBCT volumes showing the mandibular anterior region were evaluated for the presence or absence of a mandibular lingual canal. The canals were further evaluated for their number, diameter, length, thickness of the buccal cortical plate, and the remaining bone above and below the canal. The evaluation was done by two separate investigators. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and subjected to statistical analysis. Data collected were tested statistically using the Chi-square test. Results: A total of 59 males and 41 females’ mandibular CBCT volumes were evaluated, out of which 93 CBCT volumes showed the mandibular lingual canal. The maximum number (n=57) of individuals showed three canals, followed by two canals (n=26) and one canal (n=10). There was no statistical significance between genders regarding canal number, diameter, length, thickness of the buccal cortical plate, and the remaining bone above and below the canal. Conclusion: Three-canal morphology was the most common anatomical form of MLC found in the Western Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing sinusitis and anatomical variations and a guide for paranasal sinus (PNS) surgeries. High doses of radiation lead to increased risk of head and neck malignancies, radiation-induced cataracts, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of low-dose CT as compared to standard-dose CT in the identification of anatomical variants of paranasal sinus and rhinosinusitis. This was a prospective cross-sectional study consisting of 72 patients who were divided equally into cases (underwent low-dose CT for PNS) and controls (underwent CT for PNS using standard dose protocols). Prevalence of anatomical variants and sinusitis were compared. Image quality was assessed using volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), scan length, and noise. Subjective assessment was done by two radiologists, and scores were given. The comparison and analysis of the quantitative and qualitative variables were done. Anatomical variants were comparable among cases and controls, with post-sellar sphenoid being most common and paradoxical middle turbinate being least common surgically important variant. The difference in mean SD of CTDIvol (mGy), DLP (mGy-cm), effective dose (mSv), globe, and air noise between low and standard doses was statistically significant. A moderate agreement (with kappa 0.50) in cases and substantial agreement (with kappa 0.69) in controls was observed between both observers. Low-dose CT PNS and standard-dose CT PNS are comparable in delineating the paranasal sinus anatomy, with a 3.53× reduction of effective radiation dose to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In forensics, age and gender determination are required for victim identification. Secondary dentine deposition occurs throughout life, resulting in decreased pulp volume and size. Evaluation of pulp volume using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a non invasive method used to evaluate age and gender. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of the pulp volume method in determining age and gender. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted in the Oral Medicine and Radiology Department of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from July 2019 to August 2020. Pulp volume measurements were obtained from CBCT data of randomly selected individuals (n=90) aged 18-70 years, focusing on maxillary Central Incisors (CI) and maxillary Canine (C). Statistical analyses, including Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, linear regression, and logistic regression, were performed on the data. Results: The CBCT data from 90 individuals, aged 18-70 years, were evaluated for pulp volume of maxillary CI and C. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a decrease in pulp volume with age. The validation of the equations for sex determination revealed higher prediction accuracy for CI (56.70%) compared to C (53.30%). Conclusion: Pulp volume obtained from CBCT can serve as a reliable indicator for age estimation and gender prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sufficient volume of bone is of prime importance for successful osseointegration of dental implants. Mandibular ramus acts as a good source of cortical bone graft without much complications, as seen most commonly while harvesting bone graft from mandibular symphysis or body. Aim: To evaluate maximum extent and different dimensions (length, height, thickness, surface area and volume) of cortical bone graft that can be harvested from ascending ramus of mandible maintaining safe zone from anatomical vital structures by using CBCT. Materials and Methods: The retrospective CBCT analytical study has been carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. CBCT of 30 patients have been used to study 55 sites of ascending ramus of mandible. The CBCTs have been collected from Institutional archive. The studies were done in NNT viewer software. Results: The mean length of cortical bone graft that can be harvested from mandibular ramus was found to be 14.49±2.66 mm, whereas the mean height and thickness was 6.40±2.07 mm and 3.04±0.61 mm respectively. The mean surface area was found to be 308.88±75.37 sq mm, whereas volume was 272.15±92.02 cu mm. Each of the dimensions were compared among genders, sides and different age groups (18-29 years, 30-45 years and 45 years age group). Statistically significant difference was found for surface area and volume among genders, with males having greater dimension than female. Conclusion: Mandibular ramus can be a great option for harvesting cortical bone graft for alveolar ridge augmentation procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In endodontic retreatment, gutta-percha removal must be done correctly in order to assure a successful outcome following failed procedures. The goal of this study was to compare the effectiveness of stainless-steel hand files with three different nickel-titanium rotary instrument systems for removing guttapercha using ultra-conservative access opening in curved canals. Aim: To compare the efficacy of different rotary instruments for removing obturating material from root canals with Ninja access in mandibular mesiobuccal moderately curved canals measured radiographically using Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted in the Conservative and Endodontics department, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India in the time period of June 2022 to July 2022. Forty extracted human mandibular molar teeth were accessed through Ultraconservative opening (Ninja Access). After preparing the root canals, they were sealed using gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer through lateral compaction. The teeth were then stored for one week. The samples were divided into four groups according to the rotary file used: Group I- Hedstrom Files; Group II- Pro taper Universal Retreatment (PTUR) Files; Group III- Neoendo Retreatment Files; Group IV- R-Endo Retreatment. The amount of remaining filling material after the retreatment procedure was checked with CBCT. The statistical analysis was performed using R statistical analysis software version 4.1.0 for windows. Results: In sagittal section, there was significant difference of residual filling material between the four file systems in middle third only (p=0.048) while significant difference was seen only in apical third in the coronal section (p=0.011). However, the three rotary retreatment files left significantly less remnants than Hedström files during removal of the gutta-percha. The time taken for retreatment was significantly higher for Hedström files (398.90±20.717) sec followed by R-endo retreatment files (274.30±14.407). Conclusion: H file was the least effective in removing guttapercha from the canals when compared to the other three file systems. The Neo-Endo rotary retreatment system was faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma knife radiosurgery saw the light of the day when the Swedish physician “Lars Leksell” postulated the salient first principles of stereotactic radiosurgery. Prior to being realized in its new ‘avatar’ “The ICON”, Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) “Perfexion” has been the most practiced model and is still in practice in most of the centers in India. The Gamma Knife ICON (the sixth generation model) utilizes the concept of the Cone‑Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) module, thus allowing non‑invasive immobilization of the skull employing frameless treatments without jeopardizing accuracy to sub‑millimeters. The LGK ICON however has the same stereotactic delivery and patient positioning system as Perfexion and mesmerizes the care givers with the added technically sound feature of the CBCT imaging arm, that is, CBCT and an intra‑fraction motion management system. The experience with ICON on both the sub‑sets of patients has been intriguing and awe‑inspiring. Despite its challenges of being detected with significant intra‑fraction errors, we realized that the non‑invasive thermoplastic mask fixation system has its own set of specific characteristics: fairly simple dosimetry; short radiation delivery times; and calm, composed, co‑operative patients. We have been successful in conducting frameless gamma knife surgeries in ~25% of patients planned for gamma knife surgery. We look forward to witness this avant‑garde pioneering scientific automation being practiced in a higher number of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Achieving regeneration of the lost periodontal structures after surgical approach plays a major role. This healing can be interrupted due to the presence of invasive bacteria which is present in the periodontal tissues. Aim: To compare laser-assisted and conventional flap surgery using microsurgical instruments and under surgical operating microscope with hydroxyapatite graft in the treatment of intrabony defects. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomised split-mouth clinical study was conducted in Department of Periodontology at Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India, from June 2020 to December 2021. A total of 24 bilateral intrabony defects were selected for the study. Control sites (n=12) received the graft after conventional open flap debridement. In the test group (n=12), graft placement was done followed by laser irradiation with diode laser (980 nm, power: 3.0 W; frequency 2.5 KHz) for 30 seconds. The entire flap surgery procedure was performed under Surgical Operating Microscope (SOM). Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, relative attachment level, were assessed at 3 months and 6 months. Healing index was assessed after 7 days of surgery. Radiographic parameters were assessed at baseline and 6 months using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance and Paired t-tests were used in data analysis. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software. Results: Intragroup comparison showed statistical significance in all clinical and radiographical parameters (p-value<0.001). Intergroup comparison between the test and control group did not show any statistical significance in terms of plaque index, gingival index, relative Clinical attachment level, probing depth (p-value≥0.05). Intragroup comparison of the depth of defect was statistically significant in both test (p-value=0.011) and control groups (p-values=0.002). Intergroup comparison did not show any statistical significance in linear bone fill (p-value=0.1). Intergroup comparison did not show any statistical significance in defect angle (p-value=0.773). No statistical significance was obtained in percentage fill (p-value=0.074). Intergroup comparison did not show any statistical significance in the clinical and radiographical parameters. Conclusion: The additional laser irradiation at the test site did not exhibit any significant benefits in the bone regeneration. All the outcomes were similar in test and control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of the pandemic disease covid 19 in the year 2019, disease had a devastating and life-threatening impression in the second wave that has calamitously ascended the number of cases of the disease called Mucormycosis all over the world and including our country, India. Being the most infrequent fungal infection, it was seen as the most rapidly occurring fulminating disease among the patients who were recovering from recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common form of this infection is seen in the rhinomaxillary region and in patients who were immunocompromised such as diabetes. This article will highlight the various characteristic oral features of Mucormycosis with the CBCT characteristic features that have been observed in 6 different cases of recovered COVID-19 patients, with few patients having a history of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Knowledge of transverse dentofacial dimensions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Periodontitis can alter the widths of the arches by causing pathological migration of teeth and the concurrent bone loss can affect the transverse width of the arches. Aim: To compare the transverse dentofacial widths in adults with skeletal class I and class II malocclusions with horizontal growth pattern and with mild to moderate periodontitis using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, from January 2019 to January 2021. Total 96 CBCT samples (48 skeletal Class I, 48 skeletal Class II) of patients between age group of 25-35 years, patients having mild to moderate periodontitis based on bone loss seen on CBCT and patients having a horizontal growth pattern with the angle between sella-nasion and mandibular plane less than 320 degrees were included in the study. Transverse dentofacial measurements were made on the coronal plane of the CBCT scans. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Chi-square test and Student's t-test were used to compare age, linear measurements and angular measurements between the skeletal class I and skeletal Class II groups. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% class interval. Results: In this study the mean age of patients with skeletal class I and class II was 30.89±3.23 and 30.97±3.28 years, respectively. There were 24 females and 24 males belonging to class I and class II groups, each. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean interjugal width and the antegonial width. The mean interjugal width in skeletal Class I and Class II group was 56.95±5.68 mm and 51.28±5.94 mm respectively (p-value was <0.001). The maxillomandibular difference (p-value=0.002), the mean maxillary buccal alveolar crest width difference (p-value <0.001) and mandibular buccal alveolar crest width difference (p-value <0.001) was also statistically significant. The palatal height in skeletal Class I group (21.77 mm) was significantly higher (p value <0.001) and the mean maxillary palatal alveolar crest width in skeletal Class I (36.47 mm) was lower than in the Class II group (37.97 mm). Conclusion: The dentofacial transverse widths such as the interjugal width, antegonial width, maxillomandibular difference, maxillary buccal alveolar crest width and mandibular buccal alveolar crest width were higher in skeletal Class I groups compared to skeletal Class II groups. The maxillary palatal alveolar crest width was higher in skeletal Class II groups compared to skeletal Class I group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: When endodontic treatment has failed, non surgical retreatment is often the first choice. This procedure includes removal of previous obturating material followed by chemomechanical preparation, disinfection and refilling of the root canals. However, residual sealer during retreatment remains a concern when such bioceramic sealers are utilised for obturation and this can affect the prognosis. Aim: To evaluate and compare the amount of residual filling material after retreatment in straight and oval root canals filled with iRoot SP and AH Plus sealer using V-Blue file system using Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth (deemed to be) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, between November 2020 to December 2021. Sixty freshly extracted human mandibular premolar with straight and oval canals standardised with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) were prepared with ProTaper next files and were assigned to two groups for obturation with gutta-percha using AH Plus and iRoot SP sealer respectively. Quality of obturation was confirmed with CBCT. After one month, retreatment was carried with V-Blue files and percentage of remaining obturating material was were evaluated before and after retreatment through micro-CT imaging. Two sample means and Kolmogorov Smirnov test were used to analyse data. Results: Data of all the samples from the micro-CT evaluation indicated that the mean volume of the initial filling material did not differ significantly among AH Plus sealer and iRoot SP sealer group (p>0.05). Percentage of residual volume of AH Plus sealer (0.02%) was lower than that of iRoot SP sealer group (0.06%) and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Considerable amount of iRoot SP sealer remained after retreatment using V-Blue file as compared with AH Plus sealer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective  The mandible has been used for sex determination and forensic identification due to its unique anatomy and morphology. Every part of the mandible is unique, including the shape and size of the temperomandibular joint, the ramus, the body and the symphysis region, and the inferior alveolar canal. In addition, the position and placement of the teeth within their sockets are unique for every individual. Sample Population  A study was conducted on 20 males and females to estimate sexual dimorphism using anthropometric measurements obtained by cone beam computed tomography images of the mandible of Karnataka and Kerala populations. Materials and Methods  The mean, standard deviation, and standard error along with the confidence interval of different measurements were documented. Various measurements between the sexes were compared using Student's t -test. Association between categorical variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test. A p -value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software. Results  The p -value of mRBr L, GA L, and GA R among females was significantly higher in the Karnataka population when compared with that in the Kerala population. The Karnataka State population showed significantly higher values of RL R, BiGBr, and BiCBr among males, and the p -value of the Kerala population for GGL L and GGL R was significant and higher among the males. Conclusion  The data derived from the above study suggest that the mandibular anthropometric measurements used may be applied for forensic sex estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of dens invaginatus (DI) and palatogingival groove (PGG) in maxillary lateral incisors, and the occurrence of apical periodontitis in association with these anomalies in North Indian population. Methodology: Maxillary lateral incisors in 163 cone-beam computed tomography scans were assessed to determine the presence of DI and PGG. Anomalies identified were then classified as per Oehler's and Gu's classification, respectively. Their side and gender predilection and association with apical and lateral radiolucency was also studied. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive data were reported as percentages. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the association with gender and side predilection. Results: DI was present in 13.5% of the scans, while PGG was present in 7.3% of the scans. No significant gender and side predilection was observed. 6.67% of lateral incisors with DI and 25% of lateral incisors with PGG had an associated apical radiolucency. 33.33% of lateral incisors with PGG had an associated lateral radiolucency. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of DI and PGG in maxillary lateral incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sex determination from unidentified skeletal remains a daunting task in forensic odontology. The mandible is the strongest and most durable of bones available for post-mortem profiling and its morphometric characteristics have been investigated. Less explored is the location of the mandibular canal which in a few populations has shown gender dimorphism. Aim: The present cross-sectional study explores sexual dimorphism in an eastern Indian population of Odisha from an analysis of cone-beam CT system (CBCT) images for the relative position of the mandibular canal and its foramina. Method and Materials: A total of 120 CBCT images from either gender (1:1 ratio) of adult dentate individuals aged 18–60 years were analysed for the relative position of the mandibular canal. Ten measurements (8- coronal and 2- from axial slices) concerning the mandibular canal; at the level of the mandibular foramen, mandibular first molar and mental foramen were performed. Unpaired Student's t-test was employed to compare variables between the sexes at P < 0.05 level of significance. Results: The results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the genders in most of the variables (8/10), with higher mean values in males compared to females except in the distance between mandibular foramen and anterior border of the ramus (2.648 ± 0.67 mm in females, 2.527 ± 0.75 mm in males) and in the distance between the canal and lingual cortical plate in the region of the first molar (14.515 ± 1.33 mm in females, 14.288 ± 2.01 mm in males). Conclusion: The relative position of the mandibular canal and its associated foramina show sexual dimorphism in an adult eastern Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. The amount and quality of bone at the implant installation site have an impact on the implant's prognosis however, the effects of menopause on jaw bone remain unknown. Few studies have looked at the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in India's general population, but none have looked at the link between vitamin D deficiency (osteoporosis) and postmenopausal women's jaw Bone Mineral Density (BMD). This is the first study of its sort in India to look at postmenopausal women's vitamin D levels and jaw BMD. Aim: To evaluate and correlate vitamin D levels and jaw BMD in pre and postmenopausal females undergoing implant therapy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study will include 50 partially or completely premenopausal (n=25) and postmenopausal females (n=25) having edentulous anterior and posterior maxillary and mandibular jaws. Females will be tested to evaluate their vitamin D levels and jaw BMD with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and results will be recorded in Hounsfield Units (HU) using Planmeca romexis viewer software. Chi-square test and Students t-test will be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- In dentistry, dental implants have become an indispensable established therapy to replace missing teeth in different clinical situations. Henceforth, implant education has become an integral part of postgraduate prosthodontic curriculum. Materials and Methods- This study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge at S. Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Science & Research, Gulbarga, Karnataka. A questionnaire of 22 questions was mailed to the postgraduate students of prosthodontics. A total of 83 students participated in the study. The forms were analyzed by using suitable descriptive statistics. Results- A variety of responses were received from the participants. A total of 82 (98.8%) participants were included in the study. Most of the participants (around 56 of them) start to place implants from the second year and remaining. 69 of the participants responded in affirmation with the use of CBCT for routine implant cases. 54 participants reported that overall, in a month, more than 10 implants were placed in their department. In culmination, out of the 83 participants 69 of them want to learn more as implantology is evolving as a separate branch in dentistry. Conclusion- Implantology treatment is constantly evolving as the prime line of treatment in different edentulous situations. Within the limitation of this study, it is concluded that dental colleges of India having active postgraduate program are moderately equipped with Implantology syllabus and courses. Although, there are variations in responses, but it has made necessary to review and standardize dental implant curricula among institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blunt abdominal trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young people. Abdominal Ultrasonography (USG) can detect organ injury and free intra-abdominal fluid which provides indirect evidence of injury. Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) is the modality of choice in haemodynamically stable patients as it can accurately diagnose and ascertain the severity of injuries. It can also evaluate retroperitoneum and detect arterial contrast extravasation or pseudoaneurysm which predicts the need for surgery or angioembolisation. Aim: To study the spectrum of abdomino-pelvic injuries on MDCT and to compare the MDCT findings with operative findings wherever possible. Materials and Methods: The prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis at Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, from the period 1st June 2019 to 31st May 2020. Patients with history of Road Traffic Accidents, fall, or assault or other causes where clinically blunt trauma of abdomen was suspected and referred for MDCT abdomen and pelvis were included. The blunt abdominal patients who were Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) positive or had clinical suspicion of abdomino-pelvic injury were evaluated with MDCT. The present study was conducted on 64 slice MDCT scanner light speed Volume Computed Tomography Xte General Electrics (VCT Xte GE) medical systems. All patients underwent CECT abdomen and pelvis in arterial (30 seconds) and porto-venous phase (60 seconds). The MDCT findings were compared with operative findings and clinical follow-up was done after three months. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel sheet and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 20.0 version was used for analysing data. Results: Thirty five haemodynamically stable patients with blunt abdominal trauma were included in the study with mean age of 28.5±8.8 years with male predominance. Road traffic accident was the most common mechanism of injury. Visceral injury or free fluid was seen in all the 35 patients on MDCT of abdomen and pelvis. Twenty eight patients were managed conservatively while seven patients were operated. Solid organ injury was seen in 28 patients. Amongst solid organ injury, spleen was the most common organ injured followed by liver. On comparing MDCT and operative findings, pancreatic transection was found in three patients. Sigmoid perforation, renal injury and UB perforation were confirmed in one patient each. On comparing with surgical findings, MDCT had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100% for detecting solid organ injury and the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were 100% and 100%, respectively. Amongst hollow visceral injury, jejunal perforation was seen in two patients while ileal perforation and Urinary Bladder (UB) perforation was seen in one patient each. However, one case of sigmoid perforation was missed on MDCT. On comparing with surgical findings, MDCT has a sensitivity of 66.66%, specificity of 100% for detecting hollow visceral injury and the PPV and NPV were 100% and 80%, respectively. Conclusion: The MDCT is helpful in detecting solid organ injuries. The MDCT plays a major role in the management of blunt abdominal trauma and helps in making decision regarding operative and non operative treatment. Therefore, MDCT is the investigation of choice in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Knowledge on shaping ability of advanced Nickel Titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments holds a great significance in the field of endodontics. Root canal shaping systems should maintain the original canal anatomy and thereby, reduce the risk of iatrogenic errors. Aim: To compare and evaluate the canal transportation, centering ability and time taken for preparation of curved root canals after instrumentation with F6 SkyTaper, Navigator EVO and One Shape file systems using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging. Materials and Methods: This was an in-vitro study conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India in July 2020. Thirty mesiobuccal canals of extracted mandibular molars with an angle of curvature between 20 to 40 degrees were selected and divided into three groups (n=10 into each group): F6 SkyTaper (group I), Navigator Evo (group II) and One Shape (group III). Canals were biomechanically prepared till size 30/6%; scanned using CBCT, before and after instrumentation to evaluate shaping ability at 3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm and 9 mm from the apex. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test with level of significance set at p-value<0.05. Results: Out of three file systems selected, Navigator EVO showed significantly least canal transportation (0.222) (p-value<0.05)and highest centering ability (0.535) as compared to F6 SkyTaper and One Shape. Overall, F6 SkyTaper and One Shape showed comparable results with respect to canal transportation and centering ability. F6 skyTaper showed the fastest preparation (75.72 sec) of canals while Navigator EVO took the maximum time (307.046 sec). Conclusion: Navigator EVO showed superior shaping ability in curved canals than single file systems, although the time taken was the least with F6 SkyTaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Using the CBCT, this technique has the ability to identify the proper dimensions of the mesiodistal width of the tooth and other clearing techniques that in the past have been of higher value to the other conventional techniques that can be implemented to give a three-dimensional perspective of the complete morphological details. With this, analysing the mesiodistal width of mandibular central incisors between male and female based on CBCT can be accomplished. Methods: One hundred Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images from different patients are selected randomly from Department of Oral Radiology of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, India. All the CBCT images of patients are examined for the inclusion criterias in the mesiodistal width of the mandibular incisors between different genders. All mesiodistal width of mandibular central incisors between different genders are investigated and compared. Conclusion:When both the genders were compared in terms of the number of canals, there was a significant difference seen (p-value: 0.000002208). With the p-value calculated, it was found that there was a significant difference between the genders in terms of the distance between the occlusal pit to the pulp chamber (p-value: <0.0000001). Overall, there is no significant difference between the two genders at the level of the cervical third (p-value: 0.6554). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Using the CBCT, this technique has the ability to identify the root canal morphology as detailed as using the root canal staining and other clearing techniques that in the past have been of higher value to the other conventional techniques that can be implemented to give a three-dimensional perspective of the complete morphological details. With this, analysing the variation in root canal morphology of human maxillary second premolar between different gender in Chennai population can be done. Methods:One hundred Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images from different patients are selected randomly from Department of Oral Radiology of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, India. All the CBCT images of patients are examined for the inclusion criteria in maxillary second premolars between different genders based on Vertucci classification. All root canal configurations of maxillary second premolars between different genders are investigated and compared withVertucci Classification. Conclusion: Of all the 100 maxillary second premolars, the most common type of canal configuration for both the genders is Type I (41%), Type III (22%), and Type V (22%). In females, the most common type of canal configuration discovered is Type I (35%), Type III (63.6%) and Type V (83.3%). In males, the most common type of canal configuration determined is Type I (65%) and Type III (36.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emanated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has become a major public health challenge for countries around the world including India. This new virus seems to be very contagious and has quickly spread globally. Due to the characteristics of dental practice the risk of cross infection is high. The emphasis of dental practice during the pandemic and the second wave of infections has changed from cessation/reduction of elective cases requiring dental treatment and according to priority to emergency cases. Although patients with symptomatic COVID-19 have been the main source of transmission, recent observations suggest that asymptomatic patients and patients in their incubation period are also carriers of SARS-CoV-2. Most patients experienced fever and dry cough, while some also had shortness of breath, fatigue, and other atypical symptoms, such as muscle pain, confusion, headache, sore throat, diarrhoea, and vomiting. The dental chair and all equipment to be used must be wiped with isopropyl alcohol prior to seating of the patient. Preoperative antimicrobial mouth rinse could reduce the number of microbes in the oral cavity Therefore, extraoral dental radiographies, such as panoramic radiography and cone beam CT, are appropriate alternatives during the outbreak of COVID-19. Adherence to protocol and being vigilant will help other dental colleges/centres/clinics across India and the world to carry out routine emergency treatment in such trying times where utmost importance must be given to personal protection at all costs at the same time deliver quality oral health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aims to report a retrospective observation of the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) and quality of root canal treatment in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans among the Mid-West Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1229 CBCT scans were obtained across different CBCT centers in western India. After the exclusion criteria, those that were included were divided into broadly two groups – those that were filled and those that were unfilled. Various parameters were taken into account such as AP, length of the root canal filled, and coronal filling. Results: There were a significantly higher percentage of nonfilled canals. Poor filling quality, inadequate coronal restoration, and also missed extra canal were significantly associated with AP. Both males and females showed higher presence of AP in the nonfilled teeth than filled ones (X2 - Chi square value M = 612.156, P < 0.00001, X2 F = 1032.9092, P < 0.00001). Conclusion: (1) The inadequacy of the filling of the root length was a contributory factor to the higher prevalence of AP among the study population. (2) The density of the filling and the quality of the coronal filling also significantly affected the successful outcome of the root canal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The root and canal morphology of maxillary first permanent molars (MFPMs) is a very widely studied issue in endodontics. However, only one study has been conducted to date on this issue using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in India, and the sample consisted of extracted teeth.Aim: To investigate the root and canal morphology of MFPMs in an Indian population, by using CBCT.Methods and Material: 487 bilateral MFPMs (974 teeth) were assessed and the root and canal morphology were determined according to Vertucci's classification. In addition, the prevalence of a second mesiobuccal canal in the mesiobuccal root (MB2) was correlated with gender, age and arch side.Results: Three roots were most commonly found in the MFPMs regardless of gender (P > 0.05), but this prevalence varied according to the side of the dental arch (P < 0.05). MB2 was present in 77.5% of 3-rooted teeth. Patients above 60 years had a higher incidence of these canals (84.7%) (P < .05). The occurrence of bilateral MB2 was 71.8% in 3-rooted MFPMs. Gender had no significant impact on the occurrence of bilateral MB2 in 3-rooted MFPMs (P > .05). The most common canal configuration was type IV (46.5%) and I (98.9%) in the mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots, respectively (P < .05). The prevalence of MB2 in 3-rooted MFPMs was higher in patients above 60 years of age.Conclusions: The root and canal morphology of MFPMs in an Indian population may have significant variations depending on the dental arch side and patient age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To interpret a correlation between buccolingual inclination of molars and palatal depth in hyperdivergent patients and to identify importance of determining inclination of molars in assessing transverse discrepancies (as skeletal or dental) This was a retrospective cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study. The study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. This was a retrospective CBCT study of 79 patients who underwent diagnostic CBCT for treatment purposes. The CBCT scans were evaluated systematically and the required parameters were accessed with suitable reference planes. Student's t-test (95% confidence interval) was performed to determine buccolingual inclination of first molars between the right and left sides. Only patients with a vertical growth pattern and skeletal class I relation were included and they were classified into three groups based on their palate depth. In patients with palatal depth > 22 mm, the mean inclination of molars was 7.4°; with palatal depth in the range of 19–22 mm, the mean inclination of molars was 5.23°; and with palatal depth < 19 mm, the mean inclination of molars was 2.9°. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between the buccolingual inclination of molars and the palate depth in vertical growers (P < 0.05). The buccolingual inclination of first molars is increased in patients with greater palatal depth. This parameter is helpful in classifying crossbites as skeletal or dental. The amount of compensation required to correct the cross bite can be adjusted using Korkhaus Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the presence and course of the anterior loop (AL) in an Odisha sample population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to accurately identify and analyze the length, height, and diameter of AL in male and females. Materials and Methods: CBCT images from 1000 patients obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence, length, height, and diameter of the AL. The various parameters were then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, independent t-test, multiple post hoc procedure, and one-way ANOVA test. Results: An AL was identified in 9.7% of the cases, and its mean length ranged from 1.8 to 4.8 mm. The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males. The diameter ranged from 1 to 4 mm and height ranged from 7.8 to 15.1 mm. The AL was most commonly found in the middle-aged patients (39-48 years) which attributed to around 27.83%. Conclusion: In this study, a lower prevalence of the AL of the mandibular canal was found. Being an anatomical variation, an exact evaluation of the AL must be established using the imaging techniques prior to any surgical procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trauma to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is one of the complications during surgical procedures in the posterior mandible. Most of the time, this is due to inaccurate assessment of an operator from conventional radiographs. Lately, with the availability of advanced imaging techniques such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), precise location of anatomic structures has become a reality. This study was designed to evaluate the course and position of IAN in relation to the alveolar crest, buccal cortical bone, lingual cortical bone, and inferior border of the mandible using CBCT in South Indian population.Materials and Methods: A total of 139 CBCT scans were assessed using sagittal section done at every 5-mm interval beginning 1 mm posterior to the mental foramen extending till the anterior border of the ramus. Measurements were made on sectional images as CN - alveolar crest to the nerve, BN - buccal cortex to the nerve, LN -lingual cortex to the nerve, and IN - inferior border to the nerve.Results: IAN showed a wavy pattern from posterior to anterior in relation to the alveolar crest and was positioned inferiorly in males when compared to females at Section one of CN1 (P = 0.004). IAN was more away from the lingual cortex in dentulous compared to partially dentulous group (P = 0.003). Females showed more bone present lingual to nerve near the first molar region. Gender and presence or absence of dentition had an influence on overall results.Conclusion: There is a considerable variation in the position of IAN throughout its course in the mandible. Henceforth, advanced diagnostic images such as CBCT should be strongly recommended in evaluating the position of IAN preoperatively before advanced implant surgical techniques, nerve repositioning, and any other surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to investigate the root canal anatomy of human extracted permanent maxillary anterior teeth in patients reporting to our dental institution in Chennai using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A total of 285 maxillary anterior teeth comprising of 100 central incisors, 85 lateral incisors, and 100 canines extracted from various patients reporting to our institution were studied. The number of roots and number of canals were assessed; following which, the root canal anatomy of each tooth was evaluated for the canal pattern using CBCT. The collected data were analyzed using IBM. SPSS statistics software 23.0 version. Results: All the teeth examined were observed to be single rooted. All maxillary central incisors displayed Type I (100%) pattern whereas maxillary laterals and canines displayed canal variations. In maxillary laterals, Type I pattern (98%) was most prevalent followed by Type II (2%) configuration. Maxillary canines revealed a predominant Type I (96%) canal pattern followed by Type II (3%) and Type III (1%). Conclusion: A varied root canal anatomy was observed in maxillary anterior teeth among Chennai urban population in this institutional-based study. The most frequent canal pattern reported in the maxillary anterior dentition was Type I. Type II was observed in both maxillary lateral incisors and maxillary canines whereas Type III canal configuration was reported only in maxillary canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aims: There is a paucity of literature on external auditory canal (EAC) fractures secondary to maxillofacial trauma, with most of the literature on EAC fractures consisting of isolated case reports. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study to use cone beam computed tomography to evaluate the EAC region. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of external auditory canal (EAC) fracture following maxillofacial trauma and to evaluate the association between EAC fracture and other maxillofacial fractures and the region of trauma.Materials and Methods: One hundred patients were prospectively evaluated over 6 months from February to August 2016. The patients were referred for CBCT regarding temporomandibular joint or condylar fractures following maxillofacial trauma. Two observers (both experienced radiologists) assessed the EAC and associated fractures in the maxillofacial region.Results: External auditory canal (EAC) fracture was confirmed in 32% of the patients. Of the EAC fractures, 68.75% and 31.25% were associated with mandibular fractures and non-mandibular fractures, respectively. Of the EAC fractures, 68.75% were single fractures and 31.25% of patients had multiple comminuted fractures. Significant association was observed on cross-tabulation of the fractured region and region of trauma with the presence of EAC fracture using chi-square test.Conclusion: External auditory canal (EAC) fracture is associated with maxillofacial fractures with increased incidence in mandibular fractures compared to non-mandibular fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an upcoming imaging modality in field of dentistry with promising outcomes.Aim Of the Study: To assess the dental student's knowledge and attitude regarding CBCT in K. M. Shah Dental College and Hospital as they are future practitioners.Methodology: An anonymous questionnaire consisting of 11 questions was distributed among 320 dental students which included final BDS students, interns, and postgraduate students. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the responses of the participants, and Chi-square test was applied to statistically evaluate the differences in the responses according to the education level.Results: Totally, 96.9% response rate was achieved. All the students had heard of CBCT used for dental practice. The majority of them gained knowledge about CBCT through faculty lessons. Lower radiation dose was given as the most important advantage of CBCT over medical computed tomography. Many of the students thought that CBCT should be taught during clinical phase of their education, and there is necessary for CBCT unit at dental faculties. More than half of the students believed that the use of CBCT would become more widespread in the near future, and they aspire to use CBCT technology in their future careers.Conclusion: Seeing the positive attitude, it was concluded that the students' should be provided with thorough practical knowledge and efforts should be made to improve their concepts regarding CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: This study compared digital two-dimensional (2D) lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) total and half-skull images for the reliability of cephalometric measurements.Aims: (1) To compare the accuracy of cephalometric measurements and reproducibility between the digital and CBCT cephalograms in the Indian population. (2) To compare interobserver variability in landmark identification through their cephalometric measurements by comparing different imaging modalities (CBCT total skull, CBCT half-skull, and conventional lateral cephalogram). (3) To further compare half-skull with the total skull synthesized CBCT and digital cephalograms in the same regard.Materials and Methods: Thirty patients, who had consented with orthodontic treatment, participated in the study. Informed consent was obtained from the patient before the radiographic procedures. 2D digital lateral cephalograms and their corresponding CBCT scans were taken and imported in DICOM format to OnDemand 3D software. Twenty-three landmarks were identified by 3 observers and 9 linear and 14 angular measurements were digitally traced. The values were sent for statistical analysis using ANOVA to check the interobserver reliability between the imaging modalities.Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA, Student's t-test, and post hoc test were used for the statistical analysis.Results: The interobserver reliability was high between the modalities. CBCT total skull received an overall intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value of 0.76. The ICC value for the CBCT half-skull was 0.79 and for the digital cephalograms it was 0.80. The reliability for CBCT total skull was marginally less when compared to the CBCT half-skull and digital cephalograms, but more for the mid-sagittal measurements. Digital cephalograms showed the most variation with measurements of the mandibular plane when compared to CBCT.Conclusions: CBCT has the potential to be used for cephalometrics, especially the half-skull images, but further studies are required to prove whether CBCT total skull images can be used. 2D cephalometry, however, still does remain as the mainstay of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning and cannot be easily replaced by three-dimensional cephalometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study to evaluate the oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal and oronasal pharyngeal airway in complete unilateral cleft individuals and normally growing individuals using cone beam computed tomography. The study involved two groups, 11 with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate with mean age of 12 years, and another 11 with noncleft cases and mean age of 14 years. It finds that the nasopharyngeal airway is significantly smaller among children with cleft palate.

Root canal system is complex to understand because of its unpredictable nature. It differs for different teeth and for the same teeth in different individuals. Successful endodontic therapy thus depends on the clinician's ability to anticipate and look for these variations. A mandibular first molar with six root canals represents a rare anatomical variant, particularly when four canals are found in distal root. This case report discusses successful nonsurgical endodontic management of two-root mandibular first molar with four distal canals and two mesial canals reported for the first time in Indian population. Cone beam computed tomography was used as a diagnostic method to confirm the position and presence of 4 root canals in the distal root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To document a clinically relevant position of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in complete dentate south Indian patients in the age group of 20-29 years using cone beam computerized tomograms. Materials and Methods: The investigators used a cross-sectional study design and a study sample of subjects who had a radiographically identifiable IAN canal with complete set of 28 permanent teeth excluding 3rd molars. Predictor variables were age, tooth position, and side. Outcome variables were the linear distances between the buccal and lingual aspect of the IAN canal, buccal and lingual cortical thickness, IAN canal diameter, and the superior aspect of the IAN canal from the periapex of first and second mandibular molar. Descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test were performed. P value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The study sample was composed of 10 male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 24.2 ± 3.00 years. On average, the lingual cortical thickness was 1.68 mm at 1st molar and 1.44 at 2nd molar level. Gender and side influenced the outcome with varying statistical significance. Conclusions: The range of linear dimension of mandibular canal, cortical bone thickness, and distance between tooth apex and IAN canal have been presented for the South Indian population in the age group of 20-29 years. The implications of the findings will influence on the course of surgery. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of the mandibular incisive canal, evaluate its location and dimensions using cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) in Indian population. Materials and Methods: CBCT scan images of 120 subjects were analyzed for the presence of the mandibular incisive canal, its location, size, and its length. The distance between the incisive canal and the buccal and lingual plate of the alveolar bone, and the distance from the canal to the inferior border of the mandible were also measured to position the canal in the mandible. Results: About 71.66% of the CBCT scans of Indian subjects examined showed the presence of the Incisive canal, of which 48.33% exhibited canals bilaterally and 23.33% showed unilateral canals. 28.33% of the subjects CBCT scans did not exhibit the presence of incisive nerve canal. The average length of the incisive canal was 10.173 mm. The average diameter of the Incisive canal in the CBCT scans was 2.578 mm. The distance from the Inferior border of the mandible to (a) the origin of the Incisive canal was 9.425 mm and (b) to the apex of the Incisive canal was 9.095 mm. The distance from the buccal cortex of the mandible to (a) the origin of the incisive canal was 1.48 mm and (b) to the apex of the incisive canal was 4.476 mm. The distance from the lingual cortex of the mandible to (a) the origin of the incisive canal was 4.464 mm and (b) to the apex of the incisive canal was 5.561 mm. Conclusion: The presence, location, and dimensions of the mandibular incisive canal are an additional required data that needs to be elicited before planning an inter-foraminal placement of implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infrazygomatic crest miniscrews are an important advancement in the field of orthodontics for anchorage reinforcement. The size of the miniscrews and the site of placement depend on the bone thickness in the infazygomatic crest area. The bone morphology and the thickness vary among different ethnicities of population., Objectives: To assess the bone thickness in the infrazygomatic crest area around the distobuccal root of the maxillary first molar using cone beam computed tomography and determine the best possible site and angulation for the placement of the miniscrew. Therefore, to determine the size of the implant that will suit the Dravidian population., Methods: The infrazygomatic crest bone thickness was evaluated on 10 patients using cone beam computed tomography. The measurements were made along the distobuccal root of maxillary first molar at different angulations ranging from 75° to 40° to the occlusal surface of the molar., Results: The infrazygomatic crest bone thickness was of 4.5mm to 9mm for the Dravidian population, when measured at an angle of 40° to 75° to the maxillary first molar occlusal plane and of 11 to 17mm above the occlusal plane. Student t-test (confidence interval 95%) was done to determine gender variation and compare the bone thickness of right and left side. ANOVA and post-hoc test were done to find the statistical difference between the bone thickness measured at different insertion angles., Conclusions: The best possible site for miniscrew insertion is 12 to 17mm above the occlusal plane at an angle of 65° to 70°, with no injury to the adjacent anatomical structures, no mucosal irritation and adequate stability for the miniscrew. The ideal infrazygomatic crest screw length for Dravidian population is 9 to 11mm., (Copyright © 2019 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: In India, the incidence of prostate cancer is low and patients are usually diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease. Patients with localized high risk prostate cancer usually undergo androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and whole pelvic radiation. This study aimed to assess the impact of radiation on urinary toxicity in Indian men with prostate cancer undergoing WP-IMRT utilizing CBCT image guidance. Materials and methods: In 2010, our centre acquired a linear accelerator with CBCT. The cohort consisted of 44 patients with localized high risk prostate cancer, treated with ADT and WPIMRT between 2010 and 2016. WP-IMRT (4680 cGy) was followed by an IMRT boost (2520 to 3200cGy) or moderate Hypofractionation (6625 cGy) based on the tolerance of organs at risk. Image guidance was done by daily CBCT prior to radiation. Urinary symptoms of the patients were assessed by recording the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) prior to starting radiation (baseline) and during each follow up. The initial scores were analyzed and compared with the scores on follow up. The IPSS scores were categorized into three groups namely mild (0-7), moderate (8-19) and severe (>19). Results: The median follow up was 18.5 months (range 4-66 months) and median total RT dose was 7560cGy (range 6625-7880cGy). Initially, the Pre-treatment IPSS score of 40.9% of the patients was mild, 47.7% of the patients was moderate and 11.4% of the patients was severe. But after 24 months, the IPSS score of 64.3% of the patients was mild, 35.7% of patients was moderate and none were severe. Conclusion: Patients undergoing WP-IMRT experience urinary toxicity. However, this resolves within within 6 to 24 months and majority of patients do not experience any significant long term urinary toxicity. This indicates that radiation dose escalation with WPIMRT is well tolerated by high risk prostate cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Anatomical literature has described the anterior loop being an extension of the mental nerve which is present anterior to the mental foramen while the caudal loop has been described as the distance between the lower border of the mental foramen and the lowest point of the mandibular canal. The knowledge and identification of the anterior and caudal loop of the mental nerve are important in surgical procedures performed around the mental foramen to avoid inadvertent damage to these vital structures resulting in postoperative complications., Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the incidence and measurement of mental nerve loop in the mandibular arches using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)., Settings and Design: A total of 200 CBCT images were retrieved and inspected for the presence of the mental nerve loop. The length of the anterior loop was measured by counting the number of consecutive contiguous vertical cross sections displaying two round hypodense images. This number was multiplied by the thickness of the slices. The caudal loop was measured as the distance between the lower border of the mental foramen and the lowest point of mandibular canal., Statistical Analysis Used: Shapiro-Wilk test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: 57.5% (n = 200 scans) presented with the anterior loop of the mental nerve with a mean length of 0.50 mm and 0.37 mm on the right side and left side, respectively. All the samples of CBCT scans taken were having caudal loop extension with a mean length of 3.53 mm., Conclusion: A considerable number of individuals (57.5%) in the present study presented with the anterior loop of the mental nerve. CBCT was found to be an effective imaging modality for the detection of anterior loop of the mental nerve., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest