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The objective of the study was to investigate the glycemic index (GI) of various Indian breakfast preparations containing defatted fenugreek seed flakes (Fenuflakes™) using validated protocols in compliance with international standards. Fifteen subjects aged 18 to 45 years with a body mass index of 18.5 to 22.5 kg/m² were recruited for the study. The study assessed six breakfast preparations based on rice (cooked raw rice and idly), wheat (Semolina upma and Potato paratha), potato (potato sandwich), or oat (oat porridge), each with 10 g Fenuflakes (Test) or without Fenuflakes (Control), standardized to 50 g (25 g for oat porridge) of available carbohydrates. After overnight fasting, blood samples for each participant were collected 5 minutes before, immediately after (0 minutes) consuming the food, and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the consumption of the assigned food breakfast preparations. Each participant consumed the reference food (55 g of glucose in 250 ml of water) for 3 days and the Test or Control food preparation for 6 days in a random order, with a wash-out period of 2 days. The GI of each food preparation was calculated from the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of glucose in the food with the IAUC of the reference food. The GI of Fenuflakes-incorporated food preparations (Test) shifted from high to low (cooked raw rice) or medium (rice idly, Semolina upma, and potato paratha), or remained unchanged (potato sandwich and oat porridge) as that of compounding controls. In conclusion, Fenuflakes may be a useful addition to Indian breakfast preparations to lower the GI of some rice- or wheat-based Indian breakfast food preparations and lowers postprandial glycemic spikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work compares two bacterial isolates Streptomyces barkulensis RC1831 and Streptomyces chitinovorans RC1832 isolated from Chilika Lake sediments in Odisha, India, using whole-genome sequence analysis. According to the results of the genome analysis, the RC1831 genome has a chromosome with 6,383,258 bp (72.9% GC) and 6145 coding sequences and 66 RNA, while the RC1832 genome has a chromosome with 6,055,792 bp (73.1% GC) and 5824 coding sequences and 63 RNA. Further analysis of the carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZyme) revealed that RC1831 contains 78 glycoside hydrolase family genes, whereas RC1832 includes 50 glycoside hydrolases that have the potential to regulate the chitin-degrading enzymes. KAAS (KEGG Automatic Annotation Server) and AntiSMASH online tool V3.0.5 were used to identify a biosynthetic gene cluster in the isolated strain's genome. The detailed comparative analysis of the genes between the strains will help to gain better insight of chitin and other carbohydrate polymer degradation and secondary metabolite production in both the strains as well as the evolutionary relationship and possibilities of industrial application of these strains. Chitosan production might be explained by genes for the chitin breakdown pathway found in the genome sequence, but genes for later-stage conversion were not found. One significant biomolecule with a wide range of industrial uses is chitosan. Therefore, using these microbes to produce chitosan offers a viable waste disposal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) have not been studied under the stress of stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in wheat. Wheat cultivars PBW725 (resistant) and HD2967 (susceptible) were compared at 1, 2 and 4 d of GABA, Pst, and GABA + Pst sprayed to 30-d of seedling growth. Starch was hydrolyzed, and levels of sugars and proteins improved over time of infection in PBW725 however HD2967 improved under GABA + Pst. Proline increased while GABA decreased over the time of infection in HD2967. Progressive increase of diamine oxidase and glutamate decarboxylase was seen in PBW725 during infection. Protease levels became low at 4 d of infection but improved under GABA + Pst in HD2967. Protein carbonyls increased in HD2967 only under Pst but decreased under GABA + Pst. Results concluded that GABA is an essential regulator of carbohydrates under stripe rust. Sustained response over time of infection may be important for resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An annual herb is known as "Fumitory," Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley (Fumariaceae), is a widespread weed in Pakistan's and India's plains. The plantis frequently employed in the Unani and Ayurvedic medical systems, both as a single herb and in different polyherbal preparations. It is helpful for aches, diarrhea, fever, influenza, liver issues, dyspepsia, constipation, vomiting, diuretic, anthelmintic, leukoderma, diaphoretic, blood purification, and for jaundice when combined with black pepper. It has several different chemical components, including carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phytosterols, fixed oils, saponins, steroids, tannins, and more. According to research investigations, this plant has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, and therapeutic effects on biliary disorders and irritable bowel syndrome. This review focused on the chemical components and pharmacological properties of this plant, which may be useful in future molecular and phytochemical research for the development of medication formulations for the treatment of various ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is an endocrine disorder distinguished by hormonal imbalances, ovarian dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. The incidence of PCOS varies greatly in India, from 2.2% to 26%.14 Purpose: To find out the effect of Kapalabhati, Sithali, seethakari pranayama and yogic postures inPoly- cystic Ovarian Syndrome Materials and Methods: A total number 50 were selected from Jain Hospitals and labs based on inclusion criteria and were divided. Yoga group: Kapalabhati pranayama -- 3 rounds with 5 forceful expirations Sithali pranayama -- 5 breaths Seethakari pranayama - 5 breaths, Suryanamaskar -- 6 rounds Bhujangasana, supta baddha konasana, dhanurasana, badhakonasana, and Nauvasana all hold for 15 -- 30 s and dietary changes low fat food, less carbohydrates and high protein and meditation for 10 minutes. Conventional group: Conservative management including exercise including treadmill, steps climbing and cycling. Total session flows for an hour. Both groups were compared with the pre- and post-test measurements Results: The study shows a significant effect on Polycystic Ovarian syndrome using yoga intervention Conclusion: Yoga intervention can be used effectively on Polycystic ovarian syndrome for long term benefits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North-Eastern part of India consists of seven states namely Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. This region is popularly referred to as seven sisters, and is inhabited by different tribal communities, each of which has unique cultural and linguistic identity. All the communities are known for their traditional homemade alcoholic beverages prepared from rice. These rice-based alcoholic beverages are parts of their food and socio-cultural life as well as used to earn a livelihood by some families. In this article, we have made an effort to review the biochemical indices of the beverages such as physical state, color, taste, pH, total solid content, opacity, sugar content, total acidity, volatile acidity, carbohydrate content, protein content, amino acid content, ethanol content, non-reducing sugar content, etc. along with the consumption pattern within the communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted during kharif seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at the instructional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India to evaluate the performance of aromatic rice varieties under varying level of vermicompost. The experiment was arranged out in split plot design where three aromatic rice varieties Kataribhog, Geetanjali and CR S. Dhan-910 were allocated in main plots and five level of nutrient management fitted in sub plots namely NM1 : 100% RDF (60:30:30 kg NPK ha-1), NM2 : Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, NM3 : Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, NM4 : Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1 and NM5 : Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 and replicated thrice. Results revealed that among the variety Geetanjali was found superior in terms of yield attributes and gave 5.32 and 15.73% yield advantage respectively over CR Dhan-910 and Kataribhog. Pooled data over the years revealed that variety Geetanjali recorded highest amount of carbohydrate (79.61%), starch (73.82%), amylose (24.19%) and lipid (2.63%) while highest protein (9.92%) was found in Kataribhog. Among the level of nutrient management 5 t ha-1 of vermicompost (NM5 ) ominously enhanced yield attributes, grain yield, grain quality as well as soil quality irrespective of variety and year of experimentation. Highest net return to the tune of ₹ 99212.80 and ₹82441.75 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 2.20 and 1.79 was realized with variety Geetanjali through 100% recommended dose of fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Jamun is an underutilised fruit crop of India whose utilization needs to be considerably increased. Despite its impressive nutritional profile and several health benefits, its cultivation is still very limited. Hence, this study aims to highlight the essential nutrients, health benefits and value-added products of jamun fruit and seed. Design/methodology/approach: Major sources of bibliometric information such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were extensively searched with keywords such as nutritional composition of jamun, bioactive compounds, health benefits and jamun-based food products to obtain a database of 317 papers. Thirty four publications met the criteria for review. Findings: Jamun fruit (Syzygium cumini L.) is known for its attractive colour, astringent taste, enormous nutrients and nutraceutical properties; nevertheless, this fruit is seasonal, perishable and underutilised. Furthermore, the fruit is used for the treatment of diabetes and also possess anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and cardio-protection properties. Investigations were done on the production of value-added food products such as read-to-serve beverages, jam, cookies and cake from jamun due to their several health benefits. The present review was an attempt to provide spotlights on the health benefits and food product applications of jamun fruit and its by-products. Originality/value: This review systematically collates evidence from various published sources regarding the nutritional profile, development of food products from jamun and their health benefits. The compiled information will help researchers and professional become aware of the significance of jamun fruit and thereby enhances its processing and applications in food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caesalpinia crista belonging to family Caesalpiniaceae is found in the hotter parts of India. It is common in West Bengal and South India. It often grows as a hedge plant. It is commonly known as Fever nut or Latakaranja. Various parts of the plant like seeds, leaves, bark, flowers, root and oils are used in traditional system of medicine to treat fever, malaria, skin diseases and inflammation. It also possesses antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, antifertility, antidiabetic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumour, wound healing, antipyretic and antiulcer activities. The major constituents isolated are diterpenoids of the cassane and norcassane types. The extracts also show the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, triterpenoids and fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea is the second-most-cultivated legume globally, with India and Australia being the two largest producers. In both of these locations, the crop is sown on residual summer soil moisture and left to grow on progressively depleting water content, finally maturing under terminal drought conditions. The metabolic profile of plants is commonly, correlatively associated with performance or stress responses, e.g., the accumulation of osmoprotective metabolites during cold stress. In animals and humans, metabolites are also prognostically used to predict the likelihood of an event (usually a disease) before it occurs, e.g., blood cholesterol and heart disease. We sought to discover metabolic biomarkers in chickpea that could be used to predict grain yield traits under terminal drought, from the leaf tissue of young, watered, healthy plants. The metabolic profile (GC-MS and enzyme assays) of field-grown chickpea leaves was analysed over two growing seasons, and then predictive modelling was applied to associate the most strongly correlated metabolites with the final seed number plant−1. Pinitol (negatively), sucrose (negatively) and GABA (positively) were significantly correlated with seed number in both years of study. The feature selection algorithm of the model selected a larger range of metabolites including carbohydrates, sugar alcohols and GABA. The correlation between the predicted seed number and actual seed number was R2 adj = 0.62, demonstrating that the metabolic profile could be used to predict a complex trait with a high degree of accuracy. A previously unknown association between D-pinitol and hundred-kernel weight was also discovered and may provide a single metabolic marker with which to predict large seeded chickpea varieties from new crosses. The use of metabolic biomarkers could be used by breeders to identify superior-performing genotypes before maturity is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is a versatile grass with multiple applications and yielding edible tender shoots. Juvenile shoots are a delicacy for many ethnic communities all over the globe and are rich in essential nutrients for human health. A study was conducted to identify the concentrations of essential amino acids viz. Lysine, Methionine, and Tryptophan with Crude protein, Crude fiber, and Carbohydrates in both fresh and processed tender shoots of seven commercial bamboo species available in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Concentrations of all nutritional parameters considered for this study are comparable with conventional foods and some values were higher in processed bamboo shoot products than those of fresh tender shoots. Findings of this study revealed that bamboo shoots and their processed products are highly nutritious which can provide opportunities in both nutritional as well as economic aspects to the people of the country in general and the state in particular. It may provide opportunities to combat poverty and hunger by opting for new readily available food sources and may also provide scope to overcome malnutrition, especially in the areas where it is widely prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of various biochemical components in Thrissur Kole wetland were analyzed to assess the quality of organic matter (OM) and trophic status. Thrissur Kole wetland forms part of the Vembanad wetland system, located on the southwest coast of India. Surface sediment samples were collected from sixteen sites during the pre-monsoon (February 2019) and monsoon (August 2019) seasons. Concentration of biochemical parameters displayed the trend as follows: total carbohydrates > total protein > tannin and lignin > total lipids. Intermediate values of C/N ratios [average: 17.15 ± 0.86 (pre-monsoon), 9.81 ± 0.42 (monsoon)], indicated a mixed origin of OM. The occurrence of high tannin and lignin content substantiated terrestrial vascular plant input to the wetland ecosystem. Elevated levels of PRT were due to anthropogenic inputs via aquaculture activities and guano of birds. Majority of the sites exhibited lower values of protein to carbohydrate ratios (< 1) revealed the occurrence of aged sedimentary OM. Lower values of total lipid to total carbohydrate ratio (< 1) indicated lower nutritional quality of the OM. Lower % contribution of labile OM to total OM, lower biopolymeric carbon to total organic carbon ratio and lower algal contribution to the biopolymeric carbon suggested that a bulk fraction of OM exists as refractory. Based on protein and carbohydrate content, biopolymeric carbon and algal contribution to biopolymeric carbon, trophic state of the wetland system was evaluated as hypertrophic which implies deterioration in ecosystem health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of mulberry have been shown to reduce post-prandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) responses, but reliability of these effects and required doses and specifications are unclear. We previously found that 1·5 g of a specified mulberry fruit extract (MFE) significantly reduced PPG and PPI responses to 50 g carbohydrate as rice porridge, with no indications of intolerance. The trials reported here aimed to replicate that work and assess the efficacy of lower MFE doses, using boiled rice as the carbohydrate source. Two separate randomised controlled intervention studies were carried out with healthy Indian males and females aged 20–50 years (n 84 per trial), with PPG area under the curve over 2 h as the primary outcome. Trial 1 used doses of 0, 0·37, 0·75, 1·12 and 1·5 g MFE in boiled rice and 0 or 1·5 g MFE in rice porridge. Trial 2 used doses of 0, 0·04, 0·12, 0·37 g MFE in boiled rice. In trial 1, relative to control, all MFE doses significantly decreased PPG (–27·2 to −22·9 %; all P ≤ 0·02) and PPI (–34·6 to −14·0 %, all P < 0·01). Breath hydrogen was significantly increased only at 1·5 g MFE (in rice porridge), and self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms were uniformly low. In trial 2, only 0·37 g MFE significantly affected PPG (–20·4 %, P = 0·002) and PPI (–17·0 %, P < 0·001). Together, these trials show that MFE in doses as low as 0·37 g can reliably reduce PPG and PPI responses to a carbohydrate-rich meal, with no apparent adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate is the major source of energy in our diet, but it spikes blood glucose. A rich carboholic diet with a sedentary lifestyle turned India into a diabetic volcano. Considering the need of the hour, many tools have been developed to analyze and estimate the effect of food on blood glucose (glycemia), like glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI) and glycemic glucose equivalents (GGE), etc. Even though the food types are classified based on GI, considering the limitations, GL is a better way for analyzing the effect of food on postprandial blood glucose release. Different food components such as carbohydrates, dietary fibers, proteins, and fats affect the access to the digestive enzyme and thus affecting the rise in blood glucose levels. So, it's vital to understand the interplay of various components- starch, lipid, and protein. Starch quality and digestibility are important parameters. It forms complex with other components and embedded in a matrix, it becomes inaccessible for digestive enzymes and slowly raises blood glucose levels. Study about the appropriate descriptors and factors affecting glycemic response can help in diabetes management. This paper reviews the importance of appropriate descriptors to analyze the glycemic response of food. Also, the factors affecting glycemic response are highlighted that play a key role in the management of blood glucose levels from a nutritional viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litsea belonging to the family Lauraceae, is among the most diverse genera of evergreen shrubs and trees. Litsea is distributed majorly in the Western Ghats of India. Litsea are traditionally used to treat cold, fever, bruises, insect bites and other diseases. The objective of this study was to understand the phytochemistry of the methanol extract of Litsea ghatica stem bark and evaluate it for potential antioxidant activity in an effort to understand the nature of phytoconstituents present in the stem bark. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrates. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanol extract was determined by Folin Ciocalteau's and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power and NO radical scavenging assays. The methanol extract showed significant potential antioxidant activity, namely 93.08 and 95.1 % radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay at 100 ppm for the methanol extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. In FRAP and NO radical scavenging assay, the methanol extract showed dose dependent antioxidant activity reaching maximum at 100 ppm concentration. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by in vitro albumin denaturation assay using naproxen as the reference standard. The results indicated encouraging anti-inflammatory activity with 18.53% inhibition at 60 ppm of the methanol extract. This preliminary anti-inflammatory data needs to be substantiated with additional in vitro and in vivo studies for conclusive evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Tribulus belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae comprises approximately 25 species that grow as prostrate. This study will collect Tribulus terrestris L. and Tribulus subramanyamii P. Singh, G.S. Giri & V. Singh. and analyzed for their macroscopic, microscopic and phytochemical properties. Selected plant species were collected from three geographical locations in Maharashtra State, India. To confirm the quality and authenticity of plants, standard pharmacognostic procedures described in standard reference books were used to conduct a comparative analysis of Tribulus sps. The current study examines pharmacognostic studies on its numerous parts, such as the stem, leaf, flower and fruit. The study shows the presence of unicellular trichomes on leaf section are substantially less denser in T. subramanyamii than T. terrestris. In numerous tests for qualitative analysis of distinct Tribulus sps. phytochemical substances such as alkaloids, starch, carbohydrates, tannin, saponins, glycosides, phenol, flavonoids, and proteins were found to be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submarine groundwater drainage (SGD) changes the elemental composition of the neighboring coastal ocean and impacts the biogeochemical cycles. To examine the seasonal and spatial variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and labile organic compound biochemical compounds like dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO), dissolved proteins (TDPRO), and dissolved free amino acid (TDFAA) concentrations during the dry and wet periods, groundwater samples were taken at 90 locations (180 samples) along the Indian coast. The mean DOC contents in Indian coastal groundwaters were more significant than the global mean values. DOC, TDCHO, TDPRO, and TDFAA concentrations are higher during wet than dry periods. The DOC and labile organic compound showed a substantial positive association with soil organic carbon, and respective labile compounds in soil, population, and land usage and poor relation with woodland territories, implying that soil organic compounds leaching is a source of DOC and other labile organic compounds into the groundwater. DOC and other labile compounds concentrations were linearly associated with population density, land usage, and sewage production, demonstrating that anthropogenic activities tightly regulate the formation of DOC in groundwater. During the wet and dry periods, total labile organic compounds (TDCHO, TDFAA, and TDPRO) constituted 21% and 10.5% of DOC, respectively. Compared to the wet time, more aromatic compounds accumulated during the dry season but were less bioavailable. SGD DOC flux contributed 2-7% of riverine DOC flux to the coastal ocean. The SGD flux from the Indian subcontinent to the nearby northern Indian Ocean accounts for approximately 2% of the worldwide SGD flux. The effect of DOC flux via SGD on coastal bacterial activity, the plankton food web, and the oxygen minimum zone must be studied., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Opioid-dependent patients undergoing opioid substitution therapy (OST) consume alcohol in a hazardous pattern which adversely affects their treatment outcome. This study aims to measure alcohol biomarkers to screen for secondary alcohol use in OST patients. Methods: A pilot study was planned to measure alcohol biomarkers (AST, ALT, GGT, and CDT) to assess alcohol use in OST patients from three community clinics. The biomarkers were categorized based on the reported frequency of alcohol use. The association of the biomarkers with the frequency of alcohol consumption was determined using the post hoc (Mann-Whitney) test. Results: Forty-five patients with a mean (SD) age of 37.04 (10.7) years were included in the study. Alcohol intake was reported in daily, weekly, and monthly patterns by 22, 63, and 16% of the patients, respectively. High levels of ALT, GGT, and CDT were measured in patients with daily use of alcohol. Serum CDT levels significantly differentiate daily and weekly use from monthly consumption of alcohol. Conclusions: Alcohol biomarkers significantly predict the pattern of alcohol use among OST patients. These results can be prudent in low-resource community clinics to improve the overall outcomes of OST in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study is uncovering potential strains of microalgae from Indore, Madhya Pradesh situated in central India with a diverse climate for sustainable production of different bio‐products. Assessing the entire biochemical profile is crucial to select species‐ specific metabolites for sustainability of algal bio‐refinery processes. In the current study, seven algal species (C. proboscideum, Desmodesmus psuedocommunis, Asterarcys quadricellulare, Ettlia texensis, Pediludiela daitoensis, Coelastrella sp., Pectinodesmus sp.) were isolated and identified using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18 s rRNA sequences, and these species found to be from the Chlorophyta phylum. The highest biomass productivity (51.25 ± 1.96 μg/ml/day) with chlorophyll content (33.07 ± 0.63 μg/ml) was observed in A. quadricellulare on 21st day (P < 0.0001). Biochemical profiling of isolated species showed each species is unique in its biochemical composition (total lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins). Coelastrella sp. and Pectinodesmus sp. was found to be accumulating considerable quantities of (P < 0.0001) carbohydrates (303.3 ± 1.11 μg/mg dry cell weight) and lipids (212.67 ± 2.53 μg/mg per dry cell weight), respectively. Whereas P. daitoensis was found best (P < 0.0001) for protein production (205.78 ± 2.56 μg/mg dry cell weight), on 21st day. Highest total fatty acid content was detected in Pectinodesmus sp. (115.74 μg/mg) on 21st day, which has shown good saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentage, inflicting high quality biodiesel production. Confocal microscopy further supported the data. Assessing the biochemical profile at different phases of growth for each species therefore reduce the production time of biofuels as well as make this process much more cost‐effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exploration was conducted in the year 2017-2018 at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India to evaluate nutritional quality of dehydrated spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) slices as influenced by different pretreatments. Spine gourd is a high value underexploited vegetable which is rich in nutrition, medicinal value and also having potential to cure many diseases and disorders with good cultivation potential. In order to enhance its availability in the offseason along with proper retention of nutritional property dehydration was carried out with different pretreatments as a preservative method. The effect of pretreatments on nutritional attributes was observed in the present study. The treatment T2 which include blanching of spine gourd slices for 3 min. and steeping in 0.2 per cent KMS and 2 per cent salt solution for 10 min. showed significantly best results with respect to protein (1.93%), ash (8.11%), total phenols (831.20 mg GAE/100g) and L*(78.32), a*(0.68), except b* (32.28) values and carbohydrate per cent (p>0.01). The effect of pretreatments showed non-significant results for moisture, water activity, fat, crude fibre and calorific value (kcal/100g). It was concluded form the study that the pretreatment with KMS (0.2 %) and salt (2%) solution along with blanching for 3 min. was considered best with respect to nutritional quality retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyctaginaceae, the Four O'Clock Family, consists of around 33 genera and 290 species and it is well recognized for its ornamental and medicinal values. Pisonia alba span is one such medicinal plant of the Nyctaginaceae family with excessive medicinal practicable and is freely reachable in India. This study was intended to determine the major class of phytochemicals evaluate the bioactivities of the crude extracts and finally identify the drug lead compounds present in Pisonia alba. The analyzed phytochemical of diverse extracts of P. alba leaf showed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, carbohydrates, and glycosides. The extracts of the plants exhibited significant antioxidant activity which has potential application to reduce oxidative stress with consequent health benefits. All extracts showed a concentration-dependent increase in the antioxidant activity the findings suggest that Pisonia alba should be a conceivable supply of herbal antioxidants that should have outstanding significance as a therapeutic agent. So it is encouraged as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: About one third of the maize production is imbibed in the form of flat breads or chapati which is consumed basically in the northern states of India. Maize flat breads are generally prepared with hands, owing to lower gluten content and lower binding properties it is difficult to prepare. In the present study the effect of blending composition of wheat and gram in maize flour on physicochemical and functional properties were investigated. Methods: The maize flour of PMH-1 variety was blended with wheat and gram flour in different combinations of (20, 30 and 40%). The composite flours were evaluated for different physico-chemical properties like moisture content, protein content, crude fat, crude fibre, ash content, carbohydrates, titrable acidity, color value, titrable acidity, swelling power, oil holding and water holding capacity. Result: It was observed from the study that the protein content (2.83±0.02%), fat content (6.13±0.02%) and fibre content (2.82±0.02%) was higher for gram blended flour than wheat blended flour. The swelling power of the flour blended with wheat was found out to be higher (30.74±0.01%), than blended with gram flour (25.30±0.01%), whereas the oil holding and water holding capacity of wheat blended and maize blended flours was similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phytohormone producing, N2-fixing and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase synthesizing bacterium Ensifer adhaerens KS23 effectively increased the yield and nutritional contents of Pisum sativum var. Arkel. The isolate KS23 showed positive ACC deaminase activity with 174.2 (nmol of α-ketobutyrate/g-1 biomass½ h−1) a 9.7-fold increase in glutathione S-transferase activity. The proximate analysis exhibited an increased yield of protein (21.45%), carbohydrate (38.90%), sulphur (29.94%) starch (27.52%), total ash (35.57%), fat content (27.5%), nitrogen (24.06%) and hydrogen (17.91%) in treated seeds of P. sativum as compared to untreated crop seeds in field trials at Srikot village, Srinagar-246,174 (Garhwal) India. The most desirable essential and non-essential amino-acids content was also enhanced simultaneously by E. adhaerens KS23 as compared to non-treated crop seeds. This study revealed the enhancement of various nutritional contents resulting in quality improvement and an increase in growth productivity of pea. This study provides an encouraging result that may benefit the marginal income of farmers belonging mainly to hilly regions who are dependent on traditional methods of farming and thus improving their economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of copper (Cu) toxicity on the growth, pigments, protein, carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant enzyme activities of two endemic microalgae, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Nitzchia closterium from Cochin estuary were studied and compared. The 96 h median inhibition concentration (IC50) of Cu for C. calcitrans was 143.8 µg L−1 and that for N. closterium was 204.5 µg L−1. No observable effect concentration (NOEC), lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) and chronic value of Cu on C. calcitrans were 17.93 µg L−1, 31.91 µg L−1and 24.92 µg L−1 respectively, whereas that for N. closterium were 18.35 µg L−1, 36.04 µg L−1 and 27.2 µg L−1 respectively. Chlorophyll a and c showed significant variation from the control at NOEC in both species. Carotenoid content showed significant increase at LOEC. The chlorophyll a/c ratio significantly decreased at NOEC and LOEC of N. closterium. In N. closterium catalase (CAT) activity showed significant increase at NOEC and LOEC, but in C. calcitrans it varied significantly above LOEC. Protein content showed a significant decrease at NOEC of C. calcitrans. No significant variation was observed for N. closterium. Carbohydrate showed significant variation between the species at NOEC. Lipid content varied significantly at NOEC of C. calcitrans. Chaetoceros calcitrans was observed to be more sensitive to copper toxicity than N. closterium. The metal stress tolerance mechanism of N. closterium and its bioremediation capacity can be established in further studies. This study also provides an insight on the biochemical changes that happened at NOEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a vital aspect of management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and should be tailored to ethnic and family traditions and the socioeconomic and educational status of the patient. In this article, we discuss the unique aspects of MNT in children and adolescents with T1DM in the Indian setting, with focus on the challenges faced by patients, dieticians and physicians and how these can be overcome. The authors reviewed the available literature on MNT in T1DM from India and prepared the document based on their vast collective clinical experience in treating patients with T1DM from different regions in India. Indian diets are predominantly carbohydrate‐based with high glycemic index (GI) and low protein content. Various methods are available to increase the protein and fiber content and reduce the GI of food in order to limit glycemic excursions. Insulin regimens need to be tailored to the child's school timings, meal schedule, and the availability of a responsible adult to supervise/administer insulin. All patients, irrespective of economic and education background, should be taught the broad principles of healthy eating, balanced diet and carbohydrate counting. There are various barriers to dietary compliance, including joint family system, changing lifestyles, and other factors which need to be addressed. There is a need to customize dietary management according to patient characteristics and needs and develop standardized patient educational material on principles of healthy eating in various regional languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trend analysis, graphical representation, and summarization of pharmacological research trends were carried out to act as guidance for the future. The main objectives of the research are to find out the complete research trend on the national tree of India so far and to validate its traditional uses along with the pharmacological hepatoprotective activity of Ficus benghalensis L. by developing three in vitro experimental models. Methods: The fruit of the said plant (F. benghalensis) was extracted with different solvent (petrochemical ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, water) system and the yield value was determined. Phytochemical screening was also done with a different solvent. In an in-vitro study, the liver of freshly slaughtered goat (Capra Capra) was used for various investigational tests, and the hepatotoxicity was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 2 ml/kg, Acetaminophen at a dose of 7 g/kg, and with Erythromycin at a dose of 1.4 g/kg. The ethanol extract of fruits of F. benghalensis at the doses of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg were used to observe its hepatoprotective effect against drug/chemical-induced in vitro hepatotoxicity as the model developed here with against a standard molecule, Silymarin. Results: Amongst all solvents, ethanol was considered to be a universal solvent and resulted in a yield of 2.96%, which is maximum. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of fruit also showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and glycosides. The protein concentration of liver homogenate based on comparison with standard protein concentration was found to be 1.6 mg/mL as measured at λmax of 750 nm. About the protein concentration, catalase (enzymatic) activity was also measured using the standard curve of H2O2, to calculate the specific activity of different models to compare the study results. Conclusion: The significant effect of the reduction of hepatotoxicity was found at a dose of 500 mg/kg of fruit extract against Silymarin. Evaluation of Hepatoprotective activity of fruit in terms of catalase activity with different models flourishing the new research scope to fulfill the shortage of availability of a new, efficient, safe hepatoprotective agent in upcoming days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staple diet patterns such as white rice consumption play an important part in the occurrence of chronic lifestyle-related disease like diabetes. This study intended to identify pigmented rice cultivars from India as an alternative to white rice. Nine carbohydrate components were quantified in six red and two black pigmented rice varieties. In vitro starch digestibility was also analyzed and the predicted glycemic index (pGI) was estimated. The relationship between the carbohydrate components and the pGI of the rice varieties was analyzed. The rice varieties, Kattuyanam and Chennangi exhibited high levels of insoluble dietary fibre, total dietary fibre and amylose. High soluble dietary fibre contents were observed in Poonghar and Aruvadam kuruvai. The levels of resistant starch and slowly digestible starch were found to be the highest in Karupakavuni. The results indicated Kattuyanam, Chennangi, Karungkuruvai, and Poonghar to be low pGI rice varieties (< 55). The three varieties, Kesari, Karupakavuni, and Aruvadam kuruvai were categorized under the medium pGI category (56-69). Mapillai samba had a high pGI of 70 which could be due to processing (partially milled and parboiled), but had significantly lower pGI than the white rice, Sona masuri (GI – 76). The dietary fibre components, resistant starch, slowly digestible starch, and the amylose content were negatively correlated with the pGI. Among these components, the insoluble dietary fibre, total dietary fibre, and resistant starch with significantly high (p ≤0.01) correlation were found to be the major determining factors of pGI in the studied pigmented rice cultivars. The inclusion of the identified pigmented rice varieties with low to medium glycemic response in the diet could become a key role in the dietary management of diabetes, especially among the rice-eating population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The betel leaves are scientifically known as Piper betle L. and belong to the Black Pepper familyi.e. Piperaceae. They are commonly known as Paan in most parts of India and have deep greenheart shaped leaves. India is the inhabitant of forty varieties of betel leaves amongst the abouthundred varieties found in the world. These betel leaves have effective neutraceutical properties,anti-ulcer, anti-malarial, anti-filarial, anti-asthamatic, anti-cancer, cyto-toxic, wound healing,radioprotective and platelet inhibition activities. The betel leaf extract is known to beantioxidant, anticancer, anti-allergic etc. Owing to these properties, a study was conductedinvolving the development of novel foods with the incorporation of betel leaves, the organolepticproperties were evaluated and nutritive value of the food products was determined. Five recipeswere developed with three variations each in terms of the amount of betel leaves added. Theorganoleptic analysis revealed the acceptability of each variation for the five recipes in terms ofappearance, colour, flavour, taste and texture. The nutrient content of the betel leaf incorporatedrecipes was studied in terms of carbohydrate, protein, fat, ascorbic acid (24.5mg/100mg), β-carotene (4676μg/100μg), calcium (196mg/100mg) and potassium (678mg/100mg). The presentstudy aimed to branch out the association of betel leaves with nutrition in order to increase itsutility in everyday meal pattern and to combat malnutrition. As it is quite affordable, itsacceptance and utility would be more with the vulnerable population, which in turn would aid inhaving a better health status index in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term mucosubstances is used to denote all tissue components other than glycogen, rich in carbohydrates, which are present in connective tissue or as secretion of certain epithelial structures. Connective tissue mucosubstances are called "mucopolysaccharides", while those secreted by epithelia are referred as "mucins". Objectives: To show the usefulness of PAS staining in identification of carbohydrates in normal and malignant lesions of mammary gland and endocervical gland . Methodology: This is a retrospective, observational, analytical, case control study aimed to evaluate mucin histochemical pattern in normal and diseased lesions of mammary and endocervical glands. Twenty five histologically proven blocks of normal and Intraductal carcinoma of mammary gland, normal and adenocarcinoma of endocervical glands were taken. Tissue sections were stained by PAS technique. Results: Results were tabulated according to colour intensity into different grades ranging from + to ++++. PAS staining of normal endocervical glands showed presence of PAS +ve substances like carbohydrate& mucins. PAS stain for adenocarcinoma cervix gave mild reaction with focal magenta shade, suggestive of presence of few neutral mucosubstances. PAS staining of normal mammary gland and of Intraductal carcinoma showed similar results. Ducts and lobules stained with magenta showed the presence of PAS positive substances like carbohydrate and neutral mucins. Conclusion: Mucin histochemical patterns serve as valuable, cost-effective tool for diagnosis in histopathology and for the researchers in histology, where a slight change in the mucin pattern may help in the early diagnosis of disease process. PAS technique is perhaps the most versatile and widely used of techniques for the demonstration of glycoproteins, carbohydrates and mucins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization being the main force of development has caused many changes not only in the global phenomena but also on a regional level through its ill effects on plants and animals. The present study was thus undertaken to assess the biochemical alterations in plants subjected to polluted (industrial) and non-polluted (control) environments. The results revealed that all the studied biochemical parameters (ascorbic acid, protein, carbohydrate, total chlorophyll, catalase, and peroxidase activities) showed significant variation with respect to sites (p < 0.05). Excepting the peroxidase activity, all other biochemical parameters showed a decline in their concentration in the polluted environment as compared to their counterparts in a non-polluted environment. The highest concentration of biochemical parameters in plants of polluted sites were: ascorbic acid (4.85 mg/g), carbohydrate (0.905 mg/g), protein (28.07 mg/g), total chlorophyll (1.13 mg/g), catalase (0.394 µmoles/H2O2 decomposed/min/g) and peroxidase (433.76 µmoles/GDHP/min/g) while that in the control site, the highest value of all the biochemical parameters were: ascorbic acid (8.97 mg/g), carbohydrate (1.283 mg/g), protein (48.68 mg/g), total chlorophyll (1.17 mg/g), catalase (0.434 µmoles/H2O2 decomposed/min/g) and peroxidase (271.25 µmoles/GDHP/min/g) respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that plants do undergo physiological stress when exposed to polluted environments and their biochemical synthesis is severely altered by pollution. However, they develop an inbuilt mechanism to counter the pollution and protect themselves in polluted or stressed environment. In the present study, peroxidase activity was primarily responsible to protect the plant in the stressed environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to study the effect of Holder pasteurization on macronutrients and immunoglobulin profile of pooled donor human milk. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a Human Milk Bank of a tertiary care teaching institute in south India. Thirty random paired pooled donor human milk samples (before and after pasteurization) were analyzed for macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) using infrared spectroscopy. Similarly, immunoglobulin profile (IgA and IgG) before and after pasteurization was quantified using ELISA. Results: The mean values of protein, fat, and carbohydrates in pooled donor milk pre-pasteurization were 1.6, 3.6, and 6.1 g/dl compared with post-pasteurization values 1.4, 2.7, and 5.9 g/dl, respectively. Pasteurization reduced protein, fat, and energy content of pooled donor milk by 12.5%, 25%, and 16%, respectively. However, carbohydrates were not significantly reduced. Pasteurization decreased IgA by 30% and IgG by 60%. Conclusion: Holder pasteurization of pooled donor human milk decreases protein, fat, and energy content and also reduces the levels of IgA and IgG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The key objective of the study is to evaluate Anti-Alzheimer activity of hydroalcholic extracts of Butea monosperma leaves (BMLE) by streptozotocin induced Alzhemier. Butea monosperma (Lam.) is medium size tree belonging to family Leguminoceae. It is reported to have numerous uses in the indigenous system of medicine in India. Material and Methods: AD was induced by streptozotocin i.e. STZ (3 mg/kg, ICV) day 1st and 3rd day after surgery. Surgery was done on anesthetized rats by the help of stereotaxic apparatus. STZ induced AD rats were treated with ethanolic extracts of Butea monosperma (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days. Effect of BMLE in AD rats were assessed by estimating inflexion ratio in EPM and the alteration in the behavior (Y maze apparatus), biochemical parameter in the brain tissue acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation of BMLE showned the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, fixed oil, vitamin C, proteins and amino acids. Extracts at dose levels of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed a significant elevation in inflexion ratio in elevated plus maze and elevation in percentage alternation in Y-maze model. A significant decline in brain AChE level was noted in animals treated with extracts in both models. Conclusion: These results suggest that, the Anti-Alzheimer effect of BMLE might be due to enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibition of AChE activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was intended to discover the preliminary phytochemicals of Iris kashmiriana Baker collected from Kashmir region, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted in methanolic and aqueous extracts which showed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, diterpenes, cardiac glycosides. Among the various phytochemicals studied, alkaloids and proteins were found to be absent in both methanolic and aqueous extracts. From the results, it was noted that the extracts of Iris kashmiriana Baker was found to be a rich source of variety of active secondary metabolites. This report will lead to the further isolation and characterization of these active secondary metabolites for bioefficacy and bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived protein with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory action, but there are few studies on its association with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in different ethnic groups in Australia. This cross-sectional study evaluated ethnic differences in adiponectin levels and its association with age, gender, body composition and diet in 89 adult Australians of European (n = 28), Indian (n = 28) and Iranian (n = 33) ancestries. Different measures of adiposity were assessed using the method of whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Total adiponectin levels determined in Indians and Iranians were significantly lower than those in Europeans (p values < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the adiponectin levels in Indians and Iranians (p value > 0.05). There was no substantial change in the results after adjustment for potential confounders. Circulating levels of adiponectin was associated with age, truncal fat percentage, dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and carbohydrate intake, by correlation analysis (p values < 0.05). Using multiple linear regression analysis, a model including truncal fat percentage (p < 0.001), ethnicity (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.001) and dietary glycemic index (p = 0.04) could predict 50% of the variance in adiponectin levels (R2 = 0.504). Among different variables assessed, truncal fat percentage (in Indian and Iranian groups) and glycemic index (in European group) were the strongest predictors of serum adiponectin when data were analysed for three ethnic groups, separately. In conclusion, individuals with Iranian or Indian ancestries may have lower adiponectin levels compared to Europeans. Ethnicity was found as an independent factor affecting adiponectin levels. Our results also highlighted age, truncal adiposity and dietary glycemic index as other determinants of serum adiponectin, however the extent to which these factors influence adiponectin concentrations may vary across ethnicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the leading causes for the future diabetes. Diet modification is an imperative part in attenuating this progression., Objectives: This study assessed energy and nutrient intakes of Sri Lankan mothers at 6 weeks after delivery, with the aim of developing specific dietary guidelines for postpartum mothers with GDM., Materials and Methods: A community-based, descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted as a part of a quasi-experimental study. Nutrient and energy intakes were assessed among 100 mothers using 24-h dietary recall and a validated food frequency questionnaire. Energy and nutrient intakes were analyzed using NutriSurvey 2007 (EBISpro, Germany) which was modified for native food recipes and food composition tables for Sri Lanka., Results: The mean ± standard deviation intakes of total calories, carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 2817 ± 984 kcal, 445 ± 186 g, 95 ± 39 g, and 87 ± 58 g, respectively. The total calorie intake was significantly higher when compared to recommended levels based on the body mass index in both normal weight (3033 ± 1122 vs. 2300 kcal/d; P < 0.00) and overweight or obese (2759 ± 944 vs. 1800 kcal/d; P < 0.00) postpartum women. In the obese group, daily carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes were significantly higher than the recommended values (P < 0.00). Folic acid intake was lower in both normal (23.7 vs. 400; P < 0.001) and obese or overweight (63 vs. 400; P < 0.001) groups., Conclusion: The study indicated that in majority of the mothers with GDM, the daily calorie and carbohydrate intakes were higher than the recommended. The findings suggest the need for developing a scientifically feasible and culturally acceptable dietary modification program. All macronutrients were taken more than the recommended amounts, especially in the overweight/obese group.

Estuarine organic matter (EOM) supports heterotrophic carbon demand in the estuaries. However, the fraction of bioavailable organic compounds, which are easily assimilated by biological organisms, in the EOM is unclear. We hypothesize that a significant fraction of dissolved EOM is bioavailable and supports heterotrophic activity in the Indian estuaries. In order to test this hypothesis, 26 major, medium and minor Indian estuaries were sampled during wet and dry periods (2011–2012) for dissolved bioavailable organic compounds and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The mean concentration of total dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO) and total dissolved proteins (TDPRO) were higher during wet than dry period in contrary to the observations of dissolved free Amino Acids (DFAA). TDPRO:TDCHO and statistical analysis revealed that terrestrial oganic matter contributed significantly to the EOM in the major and medium estuaries during wet period whereas fresh organic matter derived from in situ production contributed in all estuaries during dry period and minor estuaries during wet period. The lower concentrations of TDCHO and DFAA and their contribution to DOC were observed in the Indian than global estuaries suggesting that either efficient utilization of bioavailable organic compounds or less inputs (autochthonous/allochthonous) in the Indian estuaries. Indian estuaries transported an order of magnitude higher concentration of bioavailable organic compounds to the coastal Bay of Bengal (490 × 10 9 gC y −1 ) than to the Arabian Sea (50 × 10 9 gC y −1 ). The contribution of bioavailable organic compounds to the DOC export was 25% and 7% in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea respectively. This study suggests that EOM contains a significant fraction of bioavailable organic compounds, as hypothesized, which might support heterotrophic carbon demand in the Indian estuaries as well as adjacent coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many people take wellness drinks on a daily basis to enhance physical and emotional well-being. The safety and/or efficacy of these are not always known or even established in the populations likely to consume these. The safety, tolerability and clinical impact of CHD-FA in a formulated wellness drink (F0210) (a pure and novel fulvic acid) were researched in a pre-ART HIV-1 positive population in India an area where patients are known to use organic acids such as fulvic acids (Shilajit) for health enhancement. Methods: This double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study recruited 332 patients (n = 166 on active; n = 166 on placebo). The study outcomes recorded safety and tolerability data, as well as the time to ART and/or the time to a decrease in CD4 count of 100 cells/mm³ for subjects in each treatment group. Change in immune status is an important clinical endpoint. The secondary outcomes were CD4 count, HIV-1 viral load changes and quality of life (the latter as a further proxy for tolerability). Results: The only notable side effect of the active medication was gastrointestinal intolerance such as diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, which were more frequently experienced compared with placebo. The study was terminated before full recruitment due to regulatory changes in India and at the time of study termination there were too few clinical study endpoints reached to demonstrate any clinical difference between active and placebo treatments (no difference in hazard of experiencing an event (reaching indication for ART) between groups; p = 0.5724). An interesting trend was that patients' CD4 counts in the study demonstrated a slower than anticipated decline compared with trends recorded in the literature for natural progression of disease. Conclusion: The CHD FA wellness drink is well tolerated in an ART-naive study population and does not negatively affect the disease-specific parameters and hence does not adversely affect the natural progression of the HIV-1 disease or patients' general health. Further exploration of fulvic acids is therefore warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Reproductive problems are becoming the most predominant health care problems in many countries. World Health Organization (WHO), in 2012, also exemplified maternal illnesses, for instance, birth asphyxia and post birth difficulties are rising at an alarming rate. In addition, not all abnormalities of the human reproductive system have the same origin; the effects of reproductive problems would likely been affected by both male and female. For easy accessibility and affordability, medicinal plants are playing crucial role in primary healthcare services in India and their use is moreover, an integral part of the cultural heritage. However, our growing understanding of the human reproductive problems are segregated and scanty for herbal medications. Aim of the study To document the local name of the medicinal plants used by both male and female from indigenous knowledge for the treatment of reproductive ailments and to explore their biological and pharmacological confirmation and to address the class of secondary metabolites present therein. Materials and methods The results stem in September 2015–April 2016 from an array of informations that were collected by direct interviews of the traditional medicinal practitioners in three villages, viz. Jaha, Niz-Bahjani and Madhupur of the southern Nalbari district, Assam. Both semi-structured and open-ended interview schedule was carried out with purposively selected individuals and focus group discussion (FGD) in the three selected sites for this study. Systematic analysis of fidelity level percentage (FL %), preference ranking percentage (PR %) and formulation scoring (FS) were calculated. Electronic databases such as Google, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were also been used to search existing pharmacological citations. Finally, qualitative chemical profiling were executed for the plants whose PR % scores ≥ 65. Results A total of 71 plant species belonging to 48 families and 64 genera are reported to be used for the treatment of several reproductive problems such as, infertility in male, impotence, erectile dysfunctioning, retrograde ejaculation and sexual potency in men and in women, aphrodisiac, metrorrhagia, infertility, dysmenorrhea and/or post birth difficulties under mono (57), di (17) and poly (8) herbal formulations. Herbs (40.85%) were reported as the most common lifeform, whereas leaves (22.54%) and the roots (22.54%) were the commonly used plant parts against different ailments. Extracts of Abroma augusta L. (stem) (FL: 66.67%, PR: IM-77.33%, L-65.33, FS: 2), Morinda angustifolia Roxb. (bark) (FL: 64.29%, PR: L-68%, FS: 1), Hodgsonia heteroclita Roxb. (fruit) (FL: 63.64%, PR: IF-65.33, FS: 0.25) and Hibiscus mutabilis L. (stem) (FL: 40%, PR: IM-68%, IIM: 65.33%, IML-68%, FS: 2) were than selected for further phytochemical analysis. Conclusions Of the 71 plants used for reproductive management system, the highest number of plants were used for the treatment of irregular menstruation (22) followed by infertility (in both men and women) (19), vaginal disorder and leucorrhoea (9) and sexual potency (8). The qualitative chemical profiling have demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phytosterols, in maximum concentrations. Additionally, these data may be the most important resource for the new discovery of many bioactive principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition and nutritional value of two wild mushroom species namely, Amanita hemibapha (Berk.&Br.) Sacc. and Trogia cantharelloides (Mont.) Pat. was determined. Nutritional evaluation includes proximate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral analysis. The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich source of carbohydrates and protein, and had low fat content. On the basis of proximate analysis, it can be calculated that an edible portion of 100 g of these mushrooms provides, on an average, 420.083 kcal (1758.802 kJ). Among the total amino acids lysine, leucine, threonine and isoleucine were found as major essential amino acids in both the species. The fatty acid analysis by Gas Chromatography could identify and quantify about 17 and 18 fatty acids in A. hemibapha and T. cantharelloides, respectively. Linoleic acid (34.56±0.002 g) per 100 g lipid was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid in T. cantharelloides where oleic acid (38.82±0.005 g) per 100 g lipid was in A. hemibapha. Phosphorous and potassium was the most abundant minerals followed by magnesium in both the species. This study contributes to the documentation of the nutritional composition of A. hemibapha and T. cantharelloides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ricebean accessions (n = 38) were analyzed for nutrients and anti-nutrient profile. • None of the sample exhibited phytic acid:Fe molar ratio below the critical value. • Among ricebean accessions, n = 21 (56 %) had higher protein content (>25.36 g/100 g). • Nine ricebean accessions showed high nutrients and low anti-nutrients content. • The higher SDF and RS were observed in 16 and 23 samples. Ricebean accessions (n = 38) cultivated in India were evaluated for their comprehensive nutrient, anti-nutrients and mineral composition. Protein and total dietary fibre ranged between 23.23 and 27.33 and 12.27 to 16.69 g/100 g, respectively. Among the oligosaccharides, verbascose was not detected, however, raffinose and stachyose ranged between 47 and 186 and 117 to 5765 mg/100 g, respectively. Among the free sugars, sucrose was found dominating (up to 370 mg/100 g). Resistant starch (4.13 to 8.62 %), iron (3.49 to 7.46 mg/100 g), zinc (1.90 to 3.72 mg/100 g) and selenium (0.28 to 4.48 µg/100 g) varied significantly (p < 0.05) among ricebean samples. Phytic acid, saponin, trypsin inhibitor and oxalate analysed in ricebean accessions ranged between 303 and 760 mg/100 g, 19 to 46 mg/g, 309 to 1076 mg/100 g and 219 to 431 mg/100 g, respectively. Multivariate analysis using hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to decipher the diversity of nutrients and anti-nutrients across the ricebean accessions. Based on HCA, dendrogram-1 (nutrients) and dendrogram-2 (minerals, anti-nutrients) were produced, having four clusters in each. In the dendrogram-1 and 2, the largest cluster had (n = 21) and (n = 15) accessions, respectively. The PCA analyse the uncorrelated set of variables (principal components) and it condenses a large set of data variables. Based on the eigenvalue >1, a total of eight PCs were formed contributing total variance of 78.8 %. The factor loading contribution in the PC1 and PC2 were from iron, fructose, glucose, raffinose and total dietary fibre, selenium (Se) and protein, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microalgal technology has been getting attention over the last decades, mainly for primary use but also for generating high-value compounds. Dunaliella salina is one of the most important microalgae, and its biomass can be used to yield carotenoids, lipids, glycerol, carbohydrates, and proteins for biofuel, pharmaceuticals, and food generation. Many factors affect bioproduct yields, such as light regime and intensity, salinity, harvesting period, and media composition, which directly impact the feasibility of biorefineries. Although it has been addressed over the past decades, there is still a lack of consensus regarding an effective method for biomass and bioproduct generation and recovery on an industrial scale. In this study, a bibliometric analysis over the five years is used to identify (I) the global distribution of research; (II) the bioproducts yielded by D. salina , and (III) the future perspective for the valorization of its biomass. China is the major contributor to research on D. salina , followed by India and the United States of America. Carotenoid production has been the major focus of the research, followed by protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and glycerol. The genetic engineering approach seems to carry out the future of D. salina to improve the generation of bioproducts, especially pigments and protein. • China is the biggest contributor to the research on D. salina. • D. salina can be used for biofuel, pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical production. • Bioproducts yield can increase the profitability of algae-based industries. • Optimized cultivation condition must be applied to best yield specific bioproducts. • Salinity, light, and nutrient availability impact bioproduct quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity have been shown to modify the association between fat mass and obesity--associated (FTO) gene variants and metabolic traits in several populations; however, there are no gene-lifestyle interaction studies, to date, among Asian Indians living in India. In this study, we examined whether dietary factors and physical activity modified the association between two FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs8050136 and rs11076023) (SNPs) and obesity traits and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: The study included 734 unrelated T2D and 884 normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) participants randomly selected from the urban component of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated interviewer administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Physical activity was based upon the self-report. Interaction analyses were performed by including the interaction terms in the linear/logistic regression model. Results: There was a significant interaction between SNP rs8050136 and carbohydrate intake (% energy) (Pinteraction = 0. 04), where the 'A' allele carriers had 2.46 times increased risk of obesity than those with 'CC' genotype (P = 3.0 x 10-5) among individuals in the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake (% energy, 71 %). A significant interaction was also observed between SNP rs11076023 and dietary fibre intake (Pinteraction = 0.0008), where individuals with AA genotype who are in the 3rd tertile of dietary fibre intake had 1.62 cm lower waist circumference than those with 'T' allele carriers (P = 0.02). Furthermore, among those who were physically inactive, the 'A' allele carriers of the SNP rs8050136 had 1.89 times increased risk of obesity than those with 'CC' genotype (P = 4.0 x 10-5). Conclusions: This is the first study to provide evidence for a gene-diet and gene-physical activity interaction on obesity and T2D in an Asian Indian population. Our findings suggest that the association between FTO SNPs and obesity might be influenced by carbohydrate and dietary fibre intake and physical inactivity. Further understanding of how FTO gene influences obesity and T2D through dietary and exercise interventions is warranted to advance the development of behavioral intervention and personalised lifestyle strategies, which could reduce the risk of metabolic diseases in this Asian Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sugars that occur naturally in foods and those added in processed foods may act as the source for fermentable carbohydrates and may initiate caries process. Among all the foods consumed by children, chocolates form an important constituent. A wide variety of chocolates are available in the Indian market and very few studies have compared their acidogenicity and salivary sugar clearance.Objectives: To compare the acidogenicity and salivary sugar clearance of 6 different commercially available chocolates in the Indian market.Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects aged 10-15 years were selected randomly from one of the available public schools in Nellore city. Six commercially available chocolates in the Indian market were divided into three groups, unfilled (dark and milk chocolate), filled (wafer and fruit and nuts chocolate), and candy (hard milk and mango-flavored candy) groups. Plaque pH values and salivary sugar clearance rates are assessed at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min after consumption. All the data obtained were statistically evaluated using independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA for multiple group comparisons.Results: Mango-flavored candy had maximum fall in plaque pH and least fall in plaque pH was recorded with milk chocolate. Fruit and nuts chocolate had a maximum clearance of salivary sugar and least fall in the salivary sugar clearance was recorded with dark chocolate. When the plaque pH and salivary sugar clearance of all the chocolates were assessed, it was seen that the values were statistically significant at all the time intervals (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Dark chocolate had a high fall in pH and milk chocolate had low salivary sugar clearance which signifies that unfilled chocolates are more cariogenic than other chocolates. Even though mango-flavored candy had maximum fall in plaque pH, its salivary sugar clearance was high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance The plant Jasminum sambac L. (Oleaceae) is cultivated throughout India. The leaves and roots of the plant are used traditionally in the treatment of inflammation, fever and pain. The leaves of the plant have been reported to posses significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Objective: To scientifically validate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of roots from Jasminum sambac . Materials and methods Ethanol root extract of Jasminum sambac (EJS) was standardized using HPTLC and was subjected to acute oral toxicity study. Further, analgesic activity of EJS at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. was evaluated using writhing test on Swiss albino mice and tail-flick test on Charles Foster albino rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of EJS was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and Freund׳s adjuvant-induced arthritis models, while antipyretic activity was evaluated using Brewer׳s yeast induced pyrexia. In addition, biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in blood serum and edematous tissue of rats exposed to acute (carrageenan) and granulomatous tissue in sub-chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) inflammation models were also evaluated. Results Phytochemical analysis of EJS revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates in major quantities, while the quantity of hesperidin in EJS (using HPTLC) was found to be 4.25% w/w. EJS at 400 mg/kg, p.o. reduced writhing count up to 49.21%, whereas in tail-flick test, EJS in a dose dependent manner increased latency in flicking tail. EJS at 400 mg/kg, p.o. showed significant anti-inflammatory activity after 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th h of treatment in carrageenan-induced edema, while a 33.58% inhibition in cotton pellet induced granuloma formation was observed at same dose level. EJS significantly ( p <0.001) inhibited adjuvant-induced arthritis and also showed significant antipyretic activity. Further, a significant reversal in alterations of all the biochemical parameters (except ALP) in tissues was also observed. Conclusions The study confirms the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of EJS which may be attributed to the presence of various phytoconstituents quantified especially hesperidin which have already been reported for its significant role in the treatment of inflammation and associated problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent outbreaks have been recorded in the north-eastern hill region of India since time immemorial. This study was carried out in Arunachal Pradesh where rodent outbreaks are associated withDendrocalamus hamiltonii,Dendrocalamus strictus,Bambusa tulda,Bambusa balcoaandSchizostachyum arunachalensis. Four species of rodents are reported in the flowering area of whichRattus rattusis predominant and causes greatest damage to many crops. The greatest damage recorded in rice ranged from 12.9% to 15.4% in the bamboo flowering year, whereas it was 5.3% to 5.8% in the non-flowering year. Higher levels of damage were also observed in maize, pineapple, cabbage, French bean, potato, tomato and tapioca in bamboo flowering affected area than in other areas. Live burrows count, trap index and percent damage revealed that in bamboo flowering areas, the rodent population was significantly increased. The comparison of nutrient content of bamboo seeds and other food materials suggested that higher carbohydrate content of the bamboo seeds triggered the active behaviour of rodents. Damage was caused only to those crops which are a very good source of carbohydrate. The cumulative effects of rainfall, flowering season, hunting of predatory animals or birds and geographical barriers might be responsible for the outbreak of rodents. The study also explains why every flowering season does not result in a rodent outbreak of the same severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: During lactation, traditional food supplements (TFS) are commonly consumed in India to increase lactation performance and health of mothers. TFS are rich in fats, nuts, dry fruits, and sugars and indulging in such supplements for 3 to 6 mo postpartum may put the mother at risk for obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient quality of TFS and its effect on nutritional status of lactating mothers and infant's weight gain in first 6 mo after delivery. Methods: A random sample of 125 Indian urban lactating mothers (28.9 ± 3.2 y) was assessed within 6 mo postpartum for anthropometry, diet by 24-h recall on 3 random days, along with socioeconomic factors, lactation history, and infant's birth weight and current weight. Results: Among 18 different TFS, 50% TFS were rich in calcium, 33% rich in iron, 38% in zinc, and only 13% were good sources of vitamins. Mothers consuming TFS (n = 75) had significantly higher fat intakes than mothers consuming no TFS Supplements (NTS; n = 50). A higher weight gain was seen in TFS mothers (10.5%) than NTS mothers (8.8%) after adjusting for number of days after delivery, parity, mother's age, and breast-feeding practices (P < 0.05). Percent weight gain in infants of TFS mothers (120.7% ± 7.3%) was higher than in infants of NTS mothers (96.2% ± 7.8%; P = 0.024) after adjusting for infant's age and mother's breast-feeding practices. Conclusion: TFS may be modified to increase its micronutrient quality and to reduce fat contents with the goal of reducing the risk for obesity in mothers, while still benefiting infant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world and is believed to have originated more than 10,000 years ago and is prevalent across ancient Tamil land. It is undeniable that inhibitor preferences rise with increasing solubility in water due to the considerations pertaining to the bioavailability and the ease of which unabsorbed residues can be disposed of. In this study, we showed the phytochemical discrimination of Saussurea costus extracted with water at room temperature as a green extraction procedure. A total of 48 compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fatty acids had a high phytochemical abundance at 73.8%, followed by tannins at 8.2%, carbohydrates at 6.9%, terpenoids at 4.3%, carboxylic acids at 2.5%, hydrocarbons at 2.4%, phenolic compounds at 0.2%, and sterols at 1.5%. Of these compounds, 22 were docked on the active side and on the catalytic dyad of His41 and Cys145 of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (M pro ). Eight active inhibitors were carbohydrates, five were fatty acids, three were terpenoids, two were carboxylic acids, one was a tannin, one was a phenolic compound, and one was a sterol. The best inhibitors were 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-diol, 1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethyl), Andrographolide, and delta.4-Androstene-3.beta.,17.beta.-diol, with a binding affinity that ranged from -6.1 kcal/mol to -6.5 kcal/mol. The inhibitory effect of Saussurea costus of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell was studied using a pseudovirus with Spike proteins from the D614G variant and the VOC variants Gamma and Delta. Based on the viral cycle of SARS-CoV-2, our results suggest that the Saussurea costus aqueous extract has no virucidal effect and inhibits the virus in the events after cell entry. Furthermore, the biological activity of the aqueous extract was investigated against HSV-1 virus and two bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA 1026 and Escherichia coli ATCC 9637. According to this study, an enormous number of water-soluble inhibitors were identified from Saussurea costus against the M pro , and this is unprecedented as far as we know.

Background: Detection of cancer at an early stage is of utmost importance to decrease the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Apart from the conventional biopsy, non.invasive methods like analysis of serum and saliva may provide cost.effective approach for screening a large population. Tumor markers are a major part of secondary prevention and thus, the detection of malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate total sialic acid (TSA), total protein and total sugar (TS) in serum and saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and controls to assess their role as a diagnostic marker. Materials and Methods: Unstimulated whole saliva and sera were collected from 40 squamous cell carcinoma patients and 20 controls. Serum and salivary TSA, total protein and TS estimation was carried out. This was correlated with clinical stages and histopathological grades of OSCC. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using Chi-square test, ANOVA and Student's t-test with SPSS statistical software. Results: A highly significant rise in the salivary sialic acid, serum sialic acid and serum protein was noted in OSCC subjects compared to controls. Salivary protein, serum and salivary sugar did not show any significance. Furthermore, serum and salivary sialic acid levels were found to be significantly increased with increasing level of histopathological grading. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant increase in serum sialic acid, salivary sialic acid and serum protein from control to OSCC and suggests that these markers may be reliable in diagnosis and predicting prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desert area is gifted with valuable natural resources particularly arid fruits and vegetables. Arid fruits are used by native people as a prime source of food with some traditional value attached to it. Processing of traditionally important arid foods into more functional and convenient product can improve livelihood security of the people worldwide. Thus, value addition prospects have been studied and reported along with its nutritional composition, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. The effect of various solvents on extraction procedure and their activities were also analyzed. The study demonstrated Kair and Kachri the arid fruits of Rajasthan to be rich in proteins and carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]