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Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is still a common and widespread disease that leads to severe morbidity and death, longer hospital stays, and ultimately higher healthcare costs. P.aeruginosa clinical isolates have been shown to express the virulent gene Exo T, which is significant in the aetiology of infection. The current study aimed to identify the resistance gene Exo T gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to ascertain the prevalence of SSI and associated risk factors among those who had undergone any type of surgical operation. Aim and Objective: To Study the Prevalence, Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infections and the Molecular Characterization of Exo T gene in Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients at a Tertiary Care Centre, India. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a hospital setting over the period of 1 year i.e., August 2022 to August 2023 at a Tertiary Care Centre. All surgically treated adult patients of both sexes who were older than 16 years old were included. Patients who received a second surgery at the same location for any reason, patients receiving immunosuppressant medication, people with immunodeficiency diseases, people currently taking antibiotics, and people with infections elsewhere were all disqualified from participating. If there was signs of a wound infection 48 hours after surgery, the patient was diagnosed with SSI. The DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNA Extraction kit and the resistant gene Exo T was detected using the conventional PCR. Results: In the present study a total of 170 patients underwent different types of surgeries. The prevalence of SSIs during the study period was 8.2%. SSIs were more common in abdominal surgeries with the Males (64.2%) have a higher risk of getting SSI than females (35.7%). Patients who underwent emergency surgery have a higher risk of getting SSI than those who underwent elective surgery. Those with diabetes had a higher risk of getting SSI than those who were nondiabetics. In the present study it was also observed that Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.5%) was the most common isolate followed by E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 21.4%, S.aureus with 14.25% and least for Staphylococcus epidermitidis and Klebsiella oxytoca with 7.14%. It was observed that the site of the infection most common affected was the superficial site with 57.1%. The Molecular characterization confirms that out of 3 Pseudomonas 2 showed the presence of Exo T gene (66.6%). Conclusion: SSIs were more likely to follow abdominal operations. Patients who were male, in the 30-year-old age range, had emergency surgery, had diabetes, and/or had a protracted hospital stay prior to any kind of surgery were more likely to experience surgical site infections (SSIs). It was also found that the proven role of Exo T virulence genes in the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa would help in treatment and prognosis of Pseudomonas infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Multiple antibiotic resistances in the bacteria that cause infections in humans have been directly caused by the ongoing use of antibiotics in clinical practise. In undeveloped and impoverished nations, the overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase the risk of resistant bacteria emerging and proliferating throughout the population. Consequently, the antibiotics' effectiveness is declining. Therefore, there is now more interest in the therapeutic use of natural materials due to the need for innovative alternative antibacterial techniques. Aim and Objective: To study the antimicrobial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to Mec A gene, from various clinical samples at a tertiary care centre, Uttar Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Pharmacology and the Microbiology Department for a period of 1 year i.e, August 2022 to August 2023 at a Tertiary care centre, Uttar pradesh. The antibacterial activity of Dabur pasteurised honey was evaluated against the bacterial strains of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Their antibacterial sensitivity pattern was tested using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility testing technique according to the CLSI guidelines 2022 along with other commonly used antimicrobials. Results: A total of 200 clinical isolates were isolated, out of which 72 isolates were of S.aureus in which a total of 24 MRSA isolates were were identified by CX, OX, and E-test. The DNA was extracted using the DNA extraction Qiagen Kit and the Mec A gene was detected by the PCR. In the present study there were 24 isolates of MRSA out of which 15(62.5%) isolates were sensitive to honey and 48 isolates of (MSSA) Methicillin sensitive S. aureus out of which 42(87.5%) isolates were sensitive to honey. It was observed that all the Methicillin resistance isolates were resistant to Cefoxitin and Oxacillin whereas sensitive to linezolid, Teicoplanin and Vancomycin. In the present study the results of antibacterial activity of honey towards the two microorganisms tested were performed. MRSA as well as MSSA were sensitive to undiluted honey samples tested with an average zone of inhibition of 30.03± 0.1 and 41.06±0.2 respectively. Both MRSA and MSSA isolates were sensitive to honey. But MRSA were resistant to all antimicrobials tested except linezolid where as MSSA were sensitive to all except penicillin. Conclusion: Honey is undoubtedly a viable candidate for further research and testing as an antibacterial in the future. With more research on its mode of action at the molecular level, honey could find extensive application as an antibacterial agent in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The emergence of strains resistant to methicillin and other antimicrobials has become a major concern, particularly in the hospital settings as MRSA infections are resistant to the majority of conventional antibiotics, possesing serious risks to hospitals and communities all over the world. Aim and Objectives: To study the prevalence and the molecular characterization of Mec A gene in MRSA isolates at a tertiary care centre, Uttar Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Microbiology at a tertiary care centre, for a period of 1 year i.e, August 2022 to August 2023. A total of 682 clinical isolates was studied out of which 200 isolates of S. aureus were identified using the biochemical test from the clinical samples such as pus, swab, blood, wound and urine etc. The different Phenotypic Methods including Cefoxitin and Oxacillin Disc Diffusion test and the genotypic method including MecA gene detection for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates was performed. The DNA was extracted using the DNA extraction Qiagen Kit and the Mec A gene was detected by the PCR method. Results: In the present study a total of 42 MRSA isolates were identified by CX, OX, and E-test test phenotypically. The prevalence of MRSA was found to 21%. The maximum number of isolates were observed from the OPD ward with 38.5%. The ratio of the males 28 (66.6%) was more as compared to the females with 14 (33.3%) with the maximum age of 41-50 years being affected the most followed by 31-40 years and least in the age group of 61 years and above. The pus 47.6% was the most common isolate followed by the blood with 23.8% and least for urine and the body fluids 2.3%. All the MRSA isolates were found sensitive to linezolid, Teicoplanin, vancomycin, however all the isolates were recorded resistant with Cefoxitin and Oxacillin. The presence of MecA gene was recorded in all the 42 isolates of MRSA. The presence of MecA gene was confirmed by the PCR followed by sequencing assay. Conclusion: This study provides a clear guidance to effectively diagnose and measure MRSA infections in hospitals and communities. Future research could identify MRSA isolates with the help of the data produced in this investigation. For the control of antibiotic resistance, there is a need for ongoing monitoring and the deployment of effective control techniques where continuous surveillance, awareness of the incidence of MRSA, and upkeep of hygienic standards have been needed to reduce MRSA infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented global pandemic. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests are being used in the diagnosis of COVID-19 worldwide however mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome have generated many SARS-CoV-2 genome variants and which may affect the correct Reverse transcriptase-Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) diagnosis. Aim: To confirm and study the incidence of the non amplification of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid gene (N gene) target among known SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out at the State Virology Laboratory, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, during January to May 2021. During the study period, a total of 159 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were failed to amplify the N gene target. To investigate the non amplification of N gene target of SARS-CoV-2, a total of 20 samples were selected and retested using the initially used RT-PCR kit (VIRALDTECT RT-PCR kit) and also with the two different RT-PCR kits (TaqPath RT-PCR kit and Hi-PCR RT-PCR kit) which also contain primers/probes for the SARS-CoV-2 N gene target. Results: Amplification and detection of the SARS-CoV-2 N target gene was not observed in VIRALDTECT RT-PCR test results. In contrast, amplification was detected in the N gene target of SARS-CoV-2 while using the TaqPath and Hi-PCR kits. Obtained results confirm the failure of the annealing of VIRALDTECT kit N gene primer/probe and suggest the possible mutation event in the SARS-CoV-2 N gene among the N gene non amplified samples. Conclusion: Present study reports, the incidence of non amplification of SARS-CoV-2 N gene, where the RT-PCR kit failed to detect N gene target and seriously affect RT-PCR diagnosis. Hence, the study emphasises the revalidation of commercially available SARS-CoV-2, RT-PCR kits to identify these kinds of failure incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arunachali yak, the only registered yak breed of India, is crucial for the economic sustainability of pastoralist Monpa community. This study intended to determine the genomic diversity and to identify signatures of selection in the breed. Previously available double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing data of Arunachali yak animals was processed and 99,919 SNPs were considered for further analysis. The genomic diversity profiled based on nucleotide diversity, π (π = 0.041 in 200 bp windows), effective population size, Ne (Ne = 83) and Runs of homozygosity (ROH) (predominance of shorter length ROHs) was found to be optimum. Subsequently, 207 regions were identified to be under selective sweeps through de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) statistic which combined three individual test statistics viz. π, Tajima's D and |iHS| in non-overlapping 100 kb windows. Mapping of these regions revealed 611 protein-coding genes including KIT, KITLG, CDH12, FGG, FGA, FGB, PDGFRA, PEAR1, STXBP3, olfactory receptor genes (OR5K3, OR5H6 and OR1E1) and taste receptor genes (TAS2R1, TAS2R3 and TAS2R4). Functional annotation highlighted that biological processes like platelet aggregation and sensory perception were the most overrepresented and the associated regions could be considered as breed-specific signatures of selection in Arunachali yak. These findings point towards evolutionary role of natural selection in environmental adaptation of Arunachali yak population and provide useful insights for pursuing genome-wide association studies in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]