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The increased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications in India has been related to rising obesity. Purpose: To evaluate the BMI, waist circumference (WC), body fat composition, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and explore the gender differences and association between these parameters. A total of 155 T2DM patients (89 males and 66 females) from Coastal Karnataka, India, participated in this study. Waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were measured using standard procedure, and Body Fat Composition was measured using a bioelectric impedance analyzer. The mean BMI, WC, and HbA1c visceral fat values were higher, whereas skeletal muscle mass was lower than the reference range in both males and females. In age-matched males and females, the total body fat, WC and subcutaneous fat were significantly higher in females. In contrast, the skeletal muscle mass in males was significantly higher. The HbA1c levels were found to be higher in males compared to females. Total body fat and subcutaneous fat were negatively correlated, whereas visceral fat and skeletal muscle mass were positively correlated with HbA1c. There was slightly poor glycemic control in males compared to females, related to higher visceral fat. Hence, measuring the body fat composition and currently used clinical and laboratory parameters helps monitor and prevent T2DM-related complications. The study highlights the low skeletal muscle and high visceral fat in the Indian population. The study also relates the high visceral fat and poor muscle mass contributing to insulin resistance, which causes poor glycemic control and T2-DM-related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In a normal healthy adult, sympathetic and parasympathetic system should be in synergy. Measuring resting heart rate is a one of the methods to assess health condition. It can be affected by different factors such as exercise, mental health, any disease, etc. Normal subjects with reduced heart rate are associated with better cardiovascular health. Physical inactivity is associated with high level of inflammatory markers. Increased inflammatory markers are related to inflammation and chronic diseases. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammatory diseases. High CRP level is a potent risk factor for obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, etc. Aim: To study the effect of short-term endurance and resistance exercises in healthy young adults on resting heart rate, CRP body mass index and also to compare the changes between two exercise groups. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to May 2020 in the Department of Physiology at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study included 60 healthy young subjects with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and age between 18-25 years participated. Subjects were equally divided into endurance (group I) and resistance exercise (group II) groups. Subjects did moderate intensity exercise (based on maximum heart rate) for five days in a week for eight weeks. Endurance group did jogging. Resistance group did pushup, pull-up and squats. Target heart rate during moderate intensity of activities is 64-76% of maximum heart rate. Heart rate measurement was done before the start of exercise and after five to seven minutes of exercise when it reached 64-76% of maximum heart rate. It was measured by pulse oximeter. Follow-up was done after eight weeks of exercise training in both the groups. Evaluation was done by comparing resting heart rate and CRP level before the start of training and after the completion of training programme. Statistical analysis was done using student t-test and paired t-test. Results: Mean age of subjects of group I was found to be higher (19.98±1.26 years) as compared to group II (19.97±0.98 years). Mean pre-intervention BMI of both the groups was found to be similar (21.97±1.78 kg/m2). No statistically significant change in resting heart rate was found in both resistance group (p-value=0.096) and endurance group (p-value=0.326) after exercise training. Statistically significant increase in CRP was found in resistance group (p-value<0.001) and endurance group (p-value<0.001). The increment in CRP was more in endurance group (55.04%) than resistance group (35.34%). Conclusion: Short duration of exercises increase inflammation but no significant effect on resting heart rate was seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]