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Unregulated use of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and monocrotophos (MCP) in agriculture casts adverse effects on non-target freshwater mollusc, Pila globosa and humans. Levels of CPF and MCP were assessed in the paddy field from the edible foot tissue of apple snail (Pila globosa) exposed to low (1.5 ml l−1 water) and high (2.5 ml l−1 water) agricultural doses for 48 h to determine human health risk associated with consumption of tissue. CPF and MCP were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction and analysed by QuEChERS method using GC–MS/MS. For low and high concentrations of CPF exposure, the pesticide residue levels in the paddy field water ranged from 4.43 to 1.08 and 5.13 to 1.53 µg l−1, respectively, whereas, for low and high concentrations of MCP exposure, the residue levels in water ranged from 16.43 to 5.78 and 31.41 to 9. 27 µg l−1, respectively, for 3–48 h. In the foot tissue, residues ranged from 4.36 to 15.54 µg kg−1 for low-dose CPF, 7.1 to 18.05 µg kg−1for high-dose CPF and from 5.28 to 12.3 µg kg−1 and 8.94 to 18.21 µg kg−1 for low and high dose of MCP, respectively, during 3 to 48 h of exposure. Pesticides in the tissue were lower than the recommended maximum residue limits. Estimated health risk for adults and children revealed that the estimated daily intake values did not exceed the threshold values of acceptable daily intake. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects were less than the safe value of 1.0 and 1 × 10−6, respectively, suggesting that CPF and MCP residues from ingestion of apple snail posed low risks to both children and adults. This preliminary result suggests regular monitoring of pesticides residues in Pila globosa collected from the paddy field of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and seasonal distribution of PAHs, source identification, and their associated carcinogenic health risk was investigated in street dust of Durgapur, India. Street dust is an important indicator to detect the quality of the environment as well as the sources of pollutants. The obtained results showed fluctuation in PAHs concentrations from 2317 ± 402 ng/g to 5491 ± 2379 ng/g along with the sampling sites. Seasonal variation revealed higher PAHs concentrations in the winter season (5401 ± 993 ng/g) with the maximum presence of 4-ring PAHs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) exposed that the sites, seasons and site-season interactions were vividly affected by dissimilar PAHs. The PAHs source identification was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), diagnostic ratios, and they revealed pyrogenic, diesel, gasoline, wood and coal combustion to be the key sources of the PAHs in street dust. Obtained results from incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model exhibited the carcinogenic risk for children ranged from 2.4E-06 to 3.8E-06 while 2.1E-06 to 3.4E-06 for adults which were above the baseline value 1.0E-06. The Monte Carlo simulation model identified cumulative cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in 50th percentile were 2.8 and 1.7 times more while in 95th percentile, the values were 8.8 and 7.8 times higher than the acceptable value of 1E-06 for child and adult respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)