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Male circumcision (mc) was among the first surgeries done by mankind. This method has the ability to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted illnesses such human papillomavirus (HPV), genital ulcer disease, and HIV infection. The Problems such as haemorrhage, edoema, and poor cosmetic outcomes remain prevalent in individuals who have traditional mc. Furthermore, traditional mc is time-consuming. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical results of adult male circumcision using a circular stapler to traditional methods. Primary and secondary outcomes were used to conduct a comparative assessment. Methods: We used a comparative randomised control to examine numerous characteristics and results of male circumcision using a circular stapler vs traditional male circumcision in adults in Central India. The surgical time, pain score, blood loss volume, healing time, treatment expenses, and postoperative complications were compared in the two groups. Results: The stapler group had a considerably shorter operation time and lower blood loss volume compared to the traditional group (6.8 ± 3.1 vs 24.2 ± 3.2 min and 1.8 ± 1.8 vs 9.4 ± 1.5 mL, respectively; P<0.01). The stapler group had substantially lower intraoperative and postoperative pain levels than the traditional group (0.8 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 and 4.0 ±0.9 vs 5.8 ± 1.0, respectively; P<0.01). Furthermore, the stapler group had considerably less problems than the traditional group (2.7% vs 7.8%, respectively; P<0.01). However, the stapler group had significantly greater treatment expenses than the traditional group (8000 ± 500.20 vs 1000.50 ± 125.00, respectively; P<0.01). Conclusion: Overall, the current research demonstrated that stapler circumcision is a time-saving and safe male circumcision procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a common condition where there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. Most common hematologic abnormality in pregnancy is anemia. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including increased blood volume during pregnancy, inadequate intake of iron and other nutrients, or conditions such as iron deficiency anemia or Vitamin B12 deficiency mainly. Material and Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 1781 pregnant women who attended antenatal clinic between March 2023 to February 2024 in a tertiary care hospital at whose blood samples and socio-demographic information were collected. Hemoglobin concentration, blood indices, WBC & RBC counts were determined by automated hematology cell counter. Grading was done according to WHO criteria and morphological typing was done on the basis of peripheral blood smear examination. Result: A high prevalence (86%) of anemia was observed among 1781 pregnant women commonly seen in younger age group (20-30 years). Factors such as age at marriage, age at first childbirth, gravida, residence and socioeconomic status were found to be significant. According to blood indices and peripheral blood smear analysis hypochromic microcytic anemia (50.2 %) was the commonest morphological type of anemia followed by normochromic normocytic anemia (35.2 %). Iron deficiency anemia was the most common cause of anemia during pregnancy. Conclusion: The present study concluded that a well-balanced diet rich in iron, vitamins, and minerals along with regular prenatal check-ups should be implemented to reduce the prevalence of anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Plasmapheresis or plasma exchange is the most effective and treatment of choice in many neurological disorders. Thus the objective was to study the efficacy of plasmapheresis, compared to other therapies in Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS). Materials and Methods: A prospective interventional study done on 164 patients with acute neurological disorder i.e., Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) admitted in a tertiary hospital in South India. 22 patients were treated with IVIg, 46 with small volume plasma exchange (SmVPE) and 5 with large volume plasma exchange (LVPE). They were compared with 91 patients on supportive therapy. Outcome of treatment was assessed by Hughes disability score and mortality at the end of 2weeks, one month and 3 months. Data analysed in percentages, paired and unpaired t-test. Results: Out of 164 patients, 1.8% overall mortality was observed. Although early recovery (14days) was seen with IVIg compared to plasmapheresis (18 days), improve in muscle weakness was more by one grade early in SmVPE than IVIg. Statistically significant improvement was seen in three treatment modalities compared to control but equal efficacy observed in plasma exchange and IVIg. Conclusions: In a developing country like India where socio economic status is very low where many people who can't afford costlier treatment like IVIG and PE, they can be treated with small volume plasma exchanges which are cheaper and with fewer complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Liver transplant is a life‐saving treatment, but due to the limited availability of suitable liver donors, ABO‐incompatible liver transplants (ABOi‐LT) are conducted to increase the availability of liver donors. Perioperative desensitization for ABOi‐LT is an established strategy to circumvent the risk of graft rejection. A single prolonged session can be performed to achieve the desired titers to avoid using multiple immunoadsorption (IA) columns or off‐label reuse of single‐use columns. This study retrospectively assessed the effectiveness of a single prolonged plasmapheresis session using IA as a desensitization strategy in live donor liver transplant (LDLT). Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study conducted at a center for liver diseases in North India on six ABOi‐LDLT patients who underwent single prolonged IA sessions in the perioperative period from January 2018 to June 2021. Results: Median baseline titer in patients was 320 (64, 1024). The median plasma volume adsorbed was 7.5 volumes (4, 8) per procedure, with a mean procedure time of 600 min (310‐753). The reduction in titer ranged from 4 log to 7 log reduction per procedure. Two patients developed transient hypotension during the procedure, which was managed successfully. The median duration of pre‐transplant hospital stay was 1.5 days (1, 3). Conclusion: Desensitization therapy helps overcome the ABO barrier and decreases the waiting period before a transplant when ABO identical donors are unavailable. A single prolonged IA session reduces the cost of additional IA columns and hospital stay, thus making it a cost‐effective approach to desensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) in primary unilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is well documented. However, considering the potential side effects including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, the ideal route of administration of TXA to patients undergoing THA is still not known. Aim: To compare the efficacy of single dose intravenous (i.v.) TXA administration versus combined intravenous and local infiltration of TXA in reducing the perioperative blood loss in primary unilateral THA patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomised clinical study, was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care at Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, between October 2020 to May 2021. 60 patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the combined group C (i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg of TXA combined with local infiltration of 600 mg TXA diluted to 60 mL with normal saline) and the single i.v. group S (i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg of TXA). The perioperative blood loss was calculated in terms of three variables-intraoperative blood loss, drainage blood loss and total blood loss. The number of postoperative blood transfusions noted. Student's t-test and Fischer's-exact tests were applied for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 60 patients scheduled to have primary unilateral THA. Both the groups were similar in demographic features, baseline biochemical values and procedural distribution. There was a statistically significant reduction in the (mean±SD) intraoperative blood loss (697.26±221.43 mL), drain blood volume (254.66±81.36 mL) and total blood loss (952.26±263.57 mL) in the combined group C when compared to the single group S. There was no statistically significant difference (p-value=0.671) in the postoperative blood transfusion rate between the two groups. Conclusion: Intravenous combined with local infiltration of TXA significantly reduced the perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing primary unilateral THA when compared to single dose intravenous administration of TXA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Though, many cross-sectional modalities are available for evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis but their results are highly variable. There is paucity of the literature in India, regarding lymph nodal assessment using Computed Tomography (CT) perfusion in head and neck malignancies even though, there is high incidence of oral cancer in India. Aim: To assess the role of Computed Tomography Perfusion (CTP) in evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck malignancies, by using CT perfusion parameters as compared to histopathology. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis in collaboration with the Department of Surgery and Pathology at Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India, from October 2017 to April 2019. The study included 30 newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients, with 46 nodes planned for surgical neck dissection. Computed tomography scan of neck was acquired using Siemens Somatom Definition Flash 256CT scanner. Reconstruction and post processing was performed on workstation and perfusion parameters were obtained to generate the CT perfusion maps. Differentiation between benign and malignant lymph nodes was done, on the basis of CT perfusion parameters such as Blood Flow (BF), Blood Volume (BV), Mean Transit Time (MTT) and Permeability Surface (PS), which were compared with histopathological findings of resected lymph nodes. McNemar's test was applied for comparison and statistical analysis. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of quantitative parameters were obtained, for the detection of sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPP) and diagnostic accuracy. Results: Out of 46 nodes, 23 were metastatic and 23 were non metastatic. The average value of BF in metastatic nodes was 174.61±71.76 mL/100g/min, BV was 16.32±11.9 mL/100g, MTT was 4.83±2.54 seconds and PS was 49.3±28.59 mL/100g/min. The average values for non metastatic nodes were: BF 88.06±34.4 mL/100g/min, BV: 9.89±7.63 mL/100g, MTT: 13.11±18.58 seconds and PS: 37.07±29.26 mL/100g/min. The differences between the parameters like blood flow (p-value <0.0001), blood volume (p-value=0.005) and MTT (p-value=0.002) in malignant and benign nodes were significant. In case of blood flow, sensitivity was 82.61% and diagnostic accuracy was 84.78%. In case of blood volume, sensitivity was 91.30% and diagnostic accuracy was 73.91%. In case of mean transit time, sensitivity was 56.52% and diagnostic accuracy was 73.91%. In case of permeability surface, sensitivity was 91.30% and diagnostic accuracy was 67.39%. Conclusion: Blood flow and blood volume values were significantly increased in metastatic cervical lymph nodes as compared to non metastatic nodes, whereas MTT was significantly low. Permeability surface showed equivocal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a prime cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Peripheral venous blood (PVB) culture is a gold standard for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Low sensitivity of blood culture in newborn is due to small volume of blood sample and antibiotics given before sampling. Aims and Objectives: The study aims to compare and analyze the microbial spectrum in the Umbilical cord blood (UCB) culture with PVB culture and evaluation of both for detection of early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in high risk neonates and to use appropriate microorganism specific antibiotic for treating the sepsis. Materials and Methods: About 100 inborn neonates with two or more risk factors for EONS, chosen by sequential sampling method were included in this prospective analytical study. Blood samples were collected from umbilical cord and peripheral vein for culture. Sepsis screen was done to substantiate the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Results: Out of 100 neonates, 21 belongs to sepsis; 14 to probable sepsis; 65 to no sepsis. Among these 27 had UCB culture & 24 had PVB culture +ve. Organisms grown on culture were Klebsiella(m/c isolate), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter, Coagulase-ve Staphylococcus (blood culture contaminant), Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. Conclusion: UCB culture is simple and convenient method for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis as compared to PVB culture with Sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 93%. Organisms grown are comparable to PVB culture sample (Klebsiella - most common isolate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The management of lung masses depends upon the nature of the mass i.e., being benign or malignant. The use of contrast based Computed Tomography (CT) scan helps in ascertaining the malignant nature of the lesion. In previous studies, computed tomographic evaluations are done to evaluate pulmonary nodules, but only few studies characterised the lung masses into benign and malignant lesions. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a non invasive modality (dynamic contrast enhanced perfusion CT), in the characterisation of lung masses by comparing with histopathology. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from January 2018 to November 2019 where 62 patients between age group 20 to 80 years of both sexes with lung masses and no contraindications to the administration of iodinated contrast material were enrolled in the study. Dynamic Contrast Enhanced CT (DCE-CT) perfusion was done which included parameters like Blood Flow (BF) in mL/100 g/min, Blood Volume (BV) in mL/100 g, Mean Transit Time (MTT) in seconds, and Flow Extraction Product (FEP) in mL/100 mL/min. The DCE-CT features were compared with histopathology to determine the sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Results: Among the 62 lung mass cases included in the study, 30 were histopathologically found to be benign lesions and 32 were malignant lesions. On contrast enhancement, the values of the CT perfusion parameters among the malignant masses were significantly higher as compared to benign (p<0.001). DCECT was able to correctly diagnose 31/32 cases of malignant and 26/30 cases of benign lung masses in concordance with histopathology. Thus, the overall, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy was 96.90%, 86.70%, 88.60%, 96.30%, and 91.90%, respectively. Conclusion: DCE-CT has a high diagnostic value in differentiation of malignant from benign lung masses and thus can be promoted for its use as a non invasive methods for lung masses characterisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A reduced blood supply to lower limb, due to arterial disease, is a common cause of foot ulceration in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A reduced blood supply to lower limb, due to arterial disease, is a common cause of foot ulceration in patients with DM. Impedance Plethysmography (IPG) is based on the measurement of changes in the electrical resistance (impedance) caused by blood volume changes. Aim: The IPG parameters of type-2 diabetic subjects were compared with those of healthy subjects and comparison between different age groups was done, and correlation was sought for Blood Flow Index (BFI) with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PP2BS) and Body Mass Index (BMI) Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at Government Medical College and in UHTC, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India, from May 2012 to August 2013 on 100 healthy subjects and 100 type-2 diabetic subjects. IPG arterial parameters like BFI, Pulse Arrival Time (PAT), Pulse Termination Time (PTT), Differential Pulse Arrival Time (DPAT), Z0 (Basal impedance) recorded. The data were analysed by unpaired t-test and ANOVA test. Results: This study had 200 subjects of age more than 30 years. The diabetic subjects included 56 males and 44 females whereas the healthy subjects included 67 males and 33 females. There was bilateral significant reduction of BFI, PAT at knee, ankle and calf segment among diabetics group in males and females; and a bilateral significant reduction of PTT at ankle segment among diabetic males and females. DPAT value increased at knee, calf and ankle segment on both sides in male and female; except right ankle segment in diabetic group in females as compared to healthy subjects. Z0 increased at knee, ankle and calf segment in diabetic group on both side in males and females. BFI decreased with an increase in the duration of diabetes. The effect of FBS, PP2BS and BMI in diabetic subjects suggested a negative correlation with BFI. Conclusion: There was decrease in BFI, PAT, PTT and increase in DPAT in the knee, calf and ankle region of diabetic subjects. BFI negatively correlated with FBS, PP2BS and BMI among diabetics and decreased with increased duration of DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Donated blood is very crucial and lifesaving for those who require large volumes of blood in any medical emergency. Many blood donation camps are routinely organized to fill this void of demand and supply. In a university campus associated with a hospital, it is important that student volunteers should contribute towards the increase in demand for blood during times of crisis. This makes it imperative to understand their perception of this noble cause. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 354 volunteers of a university campus using convenience sampling. The primary outcome was to assess the factors that influence voluntary blood donation among the volunteers. The adjusted association was performed using logistic regression. R Console was used for statistical analysis. Odds ratios and p-value < 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the level of significance. RESULTS A total of 354 responses were received and analysed. Among these, 38.98%, (n=138) participants had donated blood at least once. Factors that were significantly associated with blood donation were gender, being a member of an NGO, frequency of volunteering activities, fear of needles, and belief that they would acquire the disease during blood donation. CONCLUSION Most of the participants had good knowledge of blood donation, but their attitude and practice did not fall along the same lines. The study also highlighted that attitude towards donating blood is high among the participants who are associated with the NGOs or participate in voluntary activities. Voluntary work induces a 'sense of giving something to the society which appears to be facilitating factor and an effective measure to encourage blood donation among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications, adverse reactions, and outcome of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. Settings and Design: Retrospective Observational study. Methods and Material: A total of 18 patients of MG had undergone 18 cycles and 87 session of TPE at our Institution, a tertiary care center in Western India. It was performed using a single volume plasma exchange with intermittent cell separator (Freseniouscomtec), subclavian central line access, and with alternate day interval. Outcome was assessed shortly after each session and overall outcome at the time of discharge. Results: Total of 68 patients of MG were admitted to Neurology Intensive care unit (ICU) during the study period [January 2016–December 2019]. Out of them, TPE was done in 18 patients. Among the 18 patients, 11 patients had myasthenic crisis and 7 patients had worsening of MG. The mean number of TPE session was 4.2(SD ± 1.2), volume exchange was 2215 ml (SD ± 435); overall incidence of adverse reaction was 33.3%. All patients had immediate benefits of each TPE cycle. Good acceptance of procedure was observed in 72.2% of patients. Conclusions: TPE is cost-effective rapid therapy for myasthenic crisis and progressive myasthenia gravis. It reduces ICU stays and improves outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no published reports on desensitization protocol for ABO-incompatible kidney transplants using Immuno-Adsorption (IA) plasmapheresis from India. IA offers certain advantages including processing of larger plasma volumes, quicker reduction of isoagglutinin titers and no requirement of replacement fluids. Aims and Objectives: Authors' center evaluated success of desensitization protocol, and graft/patient outcomes when IA procedures were performed for desensitization in adult and pediatric ABO-incompatible kidney transplant patients. Methods: Patients undergoing ABO-incompatible kidney transplant with use of IA were evaluated at tertiary care center in north India. Patient records for 2-years were collated from hospital information system (HIS) and procedure forms. Results: Sixteen IA procedures were performed in five patients who underwent successful ABO-incompatible kidney transplant. Initial isoagglutinin IgG titer ranged from 32-512. Mean number of IA procedures performed to achieve the desired pre-transplant IgG titer ≤8 was 3.2. New IA column was used for each patient (and re-used for the same patient, if needed, after sterilization with Low temperature steam of formaldehyde). Mean plasma volume processed during each IA procedure was 4.5 times. No adverse events were observed during any IA procedure. All patients achieved successful desensitization. All patients continue to do well clinically with mean follow-up period of 8.8 months. Although IA was expensive, it offered advantages like specificity, larger plasma volume processing with desired reduction in titer, no 'replacement fluid' requirements and no adverse events in present case series. Conclusion: IA plasmapheresis was universally successful in decreasing the ABO-isoagglutinin titers to desired level in all prospective ABO incompatible kidney transplant patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thalassaemia is the major health problem all over India which is prevalent amongst all population groups irrespective of caste, religion and creed. Number of studies from different parts of the country provides the data on distribution of various haemoglobinopathies but there are limited data from Northern Maharashtra, India. Regular blood transfusion is one of the conventional treatments for survival in patients with Beta Thalassaemia Major (BTM). This may cause oxidative stress and tissue injury due to iron overload and altered antioxidant enzymes. Aim: To assess the effect of number of blood transfusions on oxidant/antioxidant balance in patients with beta thalassaemia major of North Maharashtra region. Materials and Methods: Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of number of blood transfusions. Group A having number of transfusion =140 and Group B having number of transfusion >140. These groups were compared on the basis of haematological and biochemical parameters. Results: Iron overload in Group B than Group A was indicated by significantly (p<0.0001) high levels of iron, ferritin and Transferrin Saturation (TS) with significantly low level of Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC). Oxidative stress in Group B is higher indicated by significantly (p<0.0001) high level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Copper (Cu) with significantly low levels of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Zinc (Zn) and vitamin C than Group A. We also observed non significant difference in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and serum Ceruloplasmin (CP) in both groups. Conclusion: The above data implies that after each blood transfusions, accumulation of free iron in the body of thalassaemic patients increases. This excess iron deposited in body tissues leads to many pathophysiological conditions like expanded plasma volume, cardiac output, reduced glucose tolerance, hepatitis, various endocrine abnormalities, cardiac and renal dysfunctions. Estimation of these biochemical parameters along with blood transfusion would help in early detection of the associated complications in these patients. This would be quite helpful to reduce the burden of this disease through preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a case study of identification of high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb Andrew-Minneapolis) in an Indian family.

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a life-threatening condition. We evaluated the feasibility of blood volume monitoring (BVM) and blood temperature monitoring (BTM) in preventing IDH in patients prone to the same. Fourteen hemodynamically unstable end-stage renal disease patients who were prone to IDH and unable to achieve dry weight were given BVM treatment twice weekly for two weeks. Forty patients who were not on BVM treatment served as controls. Patients were anemic, had low serum albumin (3.4 ± 0.43 g/dL) and fluid overload and were edematous. Of the 40 patients in the control group, 18 patients experienced IDH and dialysis had to be terminated. The incidence of IDH was 5% in the control group. In the BVM group, the total volume of fluid removed during hemodialysis was between 2.0 and 4.5 L (mean 3.2 L). By the end of dialysis, the hemo-concentration increased by 34.8%. With use of BVM and BTM, the blood pressure did not drop below 120/80 mm Hg, the dialysis sessions were uneventful and none of the patients suffered symptoms of hypotension. There was a difference of 3 kg between weight achieved and dry weight of the patient, although there was a 14.2% reduction in extracellular water (ECW), 14.5% in plasma fluid and 14.5% decrease in interstitial fluid. Blood volume significantly correlated with post-dialysis intracellular water (ICW) (r = 0.722, P = 0.008) and ECW/ICW ratio (r = 0.698, P = 0.012). There was a significant correlation between systolic blood pressure and ECW (r = 0.615, P = 0.033). Diastolic blood pressure significantly correlated with post-dialysis ECW (r = 0.690, P = 0.008), plasma fluid post-dialysis (r = 0.632, P = 0.027) and interstitial fluid (r = 0.604, P = 0.038). The ECW/ICW ratio was high (1.13 ± 0.48; control 0.74), implying overhydration and expanded extracellular fluid. BVM should be included in the dialysis protocol where patient compliance to maintenance hemodialysis is poor and patients are constantly in volume overload.

1. The effects of single oral doses of propranolol (80 mg), or atenolol (100 mg) on resting heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance and on responses to central hypovolaemia, were compared with those of placebo in nine healthy European and nine healthy Bengalee volunteers, in a double-blind, three-period, cross-over study. 2. Atenolol induced a significant reduction in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Europeans but not in Bengalees, although the bradycardic effects of atenolol were similar in both groups. Atenolol did not have any significant effect on forearm blood flow (FBF) or forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in either group. In the presence of propranolol (80 mg) there were no statistically significant falls in BP but there were significant bradycardias, falls in FBF and rises in FVR that were similar in Europeans and Bengalees. 3. In the presence of placebo Europeans exhibited significant falls in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of 20 and 30 mm Hg. Bengalees did not show falls in DBP during LBNP. However, there were no significant differences between DBP responses in Europeans and Bengalee subjects. Both Bengalees and European subjects showed similar reductions in FBF and FVR during LBNP of 30 mm Hg. 4. In the presence of propranolol, significant changes in forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance were evident in Bengalee subjects during LBNP of 20 mm Hg and 30 mm Hg, whereas in the Europeans significant changes in those variables did not occur at any level. The changes in FBF and FVR during LBNP of 20 and 30 mm Hg in Bengalee and European subjects were significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)