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Present study is conducted to know the influence of bank-specific and macro-economic variables on bank performance in Indian context. A comparison has been made between public and private sector banks. For the purpose of the study, we have selected 32 commercial banks. Secondary data has been collected from the annual reports of the respective banks for the period 2010-11 to 2020-21. Panel regression model have been employed for the study. Empirical findings show that high operating expenses are not appropriately used to manage financial performance in sample banks especially for public sector banks. Study results also show that credit risk has an inverse association with financial performance. Leverage is negatively related to financial performance for public sector banks only. Deposit ratio, size and Annual GDP growth rate positively related to financial performance in all sample banks. While exchange rate has negative impact on the financial performances. The results show that different bank-specific and macro-economic variables influence differently with bank performance in public and private sector banks. The findings of the study will help policymakers and other stakeholders especially in the financial sector to understand various macro-economic and bank-specific variables impact on bank performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ichnospecies of the ichnogenus Nummipera Hölder, 1989 has been documented in the carbonate packstone and wackestone of the Ypresian (early Eocene) Naredi Formation from the western Kutch (Kachchh) Basin, India. This new ichnospecies is distinguished from Nummipera eocenica (the existing sole ichnospecies of ichnogenus Nummipera) on the basis of the burrow orientation, taxonomy and orientation of foraminifera lining the burrow walls, and burrow filling. Nummipera saraswatii isp. nov. represents the earliest occurrence of Nummipera. It is a horizontal to gently inclined, straight to feebly curved, intermittently vertically flattened tubular burrow closed at one end, displaying circular to elliptical cross-sections, and representing three-distinct morphotypes. The analyzed specimens are characterized by walls mostly lined with unbroken and well-sorted megalospheric tests of Assilina laxispira. Burrows are characterized by active massive fill akin to the host material consisting of organic-rich muddy material and bioclasts or active concentric fill displaying a distinct outer and inner lumen, filled with organic-rich materials of different grain-sizes varying from mud to sand. Crustaceans and vermiform animals can be envisaged as the probable producers based on the distinctive morphotypes and ethological affinity. The shallow-tier N. saraswatii shows association with the deep-tier Cylindrichnus concentricus. The association manifests key features of a stressed Cruziana Ichnofacies and characterizes an Assilina bank of a proximal carbonate open shelf setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Covid-19 sparked new interest in consumer financial resilience (CFR) amongst regulatory authorities, financial institutions, policymakers and the academia. No financial and health crisis has been worse than Covid-19, erasing the growth momentum of nations at all development stages. This study measures consumers' current financial resilience and future expectations within India's emerging market and its likely response to policy measures. Design/methodology/approach: CFR is investigated using individual household data on economic state, employment, income and savings from the Reserve Bank of India's consumer confidence survey. The empirical approach is based on the temporal time-series data with mixed frequency regression. Consumers' current and future expectation indices appear as the regressand, whereas credit-deposit ratio, credit outstanding, number of bank accounts and digital transactions act as main regressors. Findings: The response of consumers' current situation is 3.50 times higher than that of their future expectations. This implies that a rise in the credit-deposit ratio and credit line positively affects CFR. In contrast, a higher number of bank accounts, a proxy for financial inclusion, adversely affect consumer's well-being possibly owing to the government's failure to provide financial support through banking networks. Digital payments (value) positively affect consumers' current situation and future expectations. Practical implications: The results of this study inform policy formulation for enhancing financial resilience. Consumer sentiment index acts as a proxy for CFR. Originality/value: Financial resilience is a concern for policymakers. This study is one of the first studies linking CFR with financial inclusion, credit creation and digital financial capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to answer an interesting question of whether green and socially responsible companies are well rewarded in terms of better price discovery and higher returns in the Indian stock market during the COVID'19 pandemic. The paper makes use of a semi-log regression equation, Paired Samples t-test and various risk-adjusted techniques of performance evaluation to achieve the objectives of the study. We find that the impact of COVID'19 was positive and significant for green and socially responsible companies. Further, these companies outperformed their counterparts by showing better price discovery, significantly higher returns and risk premiums using various risk-adjusted measures. Our findings have paved the way for green investing or socially responsible investing in India and are relevant for banks, mutual fund or portfolio managers, policymakers and investors. Offering green or socially conscious products like Green Fixed Deposit Options, Clean Technology Ventures, etc., should become a priority for banks and mutual funds. Regulators and policymakers should ensure that environmentally friendly and socially conscious businesses receive enough funding for the best possible use while causing the least amount of environmental damage. Since the securities of these companies are performing well during the pandemic period, there is a distinct possibility that investors are putting more faith in these companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supervised machine learning algorithm‐based logistic regression predicts the loan default risk by correctly identifying banks with risky/safer loans in the Indian commercial banking sector. Higher levels of interest income and spread have been found negatively associated with the probability of loan default risk, while interest expended, operating expenses and credit deposit ratio are positively related to the level of loan risk. The study recommends that a high spread, low rate of interest expended and lower operating expenses, will effectively lower the probability of loan default risk in the Indian banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent innovation in the Indian banking system is the emergence of Small Finance Banks (SFBs). These banks are expected to carry forward the task of financial inclusion by providing basic banking services and credit services with a differentiated model. The challenge of these banks is to meet the objectives of constructing a low-cost liability portfolio and an affordable lending structure supported by robust technology. This paper evaluates the performance of five SFBs in addressing these challenges since their inception. The study is based on secondary data, and applies the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, a multi-criteria decision analysis technique, for overall ranking of the banks based on their performance. The study finds that SFBs have concentration risk on assets and liabilities side of the balance sheet. On the liabilities side, they have low current and savings account deposits and rely heavily on bulk deposits, while on assets side, the share of unsecured microfinance loan is disproportionately large. This anomaly needs to be corrected to meet the objectives envisioned by the Reserve Bank of India while conceiving the idea of SFBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the impact of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on the profitability of Indian scheduled commercial banks. The analysis is based on the panel data of 71 scheduled commercial banks in India for a period of 15 years. Traditionally, banking performance is measured by return on assets, and factors such as bank size, operating efficiency, credit risk, Non-Performing Assets (NPA), Ratio of Interest Income (RII), cost of funds, capital ratio, deposit ratio, ratio of priority sector lending, liquidity and asset management are used as bank-specific factors. GDP, inflation, interest rate, demonetization and financial crisis are used as macroeconomic factors. Linear regression model is used with pooled, fixed and random effect methods. The results show that bank-specific factors such as operating efficiency, NPA and RII have a statistically negative impact on ROA, while asset management has a favorable influence. In terms of the effect of macroeconomic determinants, the results show that GDP, interest rate, demonetization and financial crisis have a negative effect, while inflation is coefficiently negative but has an insignificant impact on ROA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the aggregate economic effects from India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), which provides up to 100 days of labor to rural laborers at the mandated minimum wage. We examine the within-district change to nighttime lights, a proxy for economic development, and banking deposits using the staggered program rollout for identification. We find consistent and robust evidence that NREGS increased aggregate economic output by 1% to 2% per capita measured by nighttime lights. This effect, however, is not equal across districts. We observe no positive effect of the program in poorer districts, illuminating an important source of heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the determinants of bank deposits with special focus on bank ownership. The study uses the data of 39 commercial banks of India for the period 2001-2020. System GMM is used to analyse the impact of various factors on the volume of bank deposits. The log of the aggregate deposits of a bank is used as a dependent variable in this study. Independent variables include lagged value of the dependent variable, average term deposit Rate, lagged value of NPA ratio, number of branches, ownership dummy and an interaction term between ownership dummy and bank size. Empirical results revealed that deposit rates and branches have insignificant impact on volume of bank deposits and lagged value of NPAs and ownership dummy have significant negative impact. However, the main finding of this study is that the size of the banks would influence the impact of ownership on the volume of deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of promotion of financial inclusion in India, Payments Banks (PBs) have a key role to play as they accept small deposits from the poor and offer them low value remittance services. The unique feature of PBs is the size of remittances performed through technology platform being too large and value of each transaction being too small. Consequently, risk in remittance services is high and increasing. Therefore, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed regulatory compliance norms on the part of PBs, which include minimum capital, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), deployment of deposits in government securities, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and best management practices. These are expected to ensure the financial soundness of PBs, strengthen safety in remittance services and protect the interests of small customers at large. Though the number of PBs is just six at present, considering the emerging business potential, a few more PBs are expected to come up. But from the study of financial analysis of PBs, it is observed that they face numerous issues which need to be addressed. Towards this end, the paper offers suggestions, besides discussing the origin, regulatory aspects, activity profile and performance review of PBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Bank branching plays a significant role in a wide range of economic activities. Existing studies on determinants of bank branching activities largely focus on developed countries; studies devoted to developing countries are scant. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of bank branching activities in one of the largest developing country India. Design/methodology/approach: The authors employ a unique longitudinal data to study the determinants of bank branch location in India. These data are collected at the state level covering 25 Indian states for the period 2006–2017. The authors employ Poisson regression that are better suited for modeling counted dependent variable. Findings: First, region and bank specific factors such as size of population and bank deposits influence location of bank branches. Second, the relationship between these factors and branch locations is heterogeneous across different types of banks and across states with different business environments. Practical implications: First, from the view of banks, considering the factors of branch location are crucial in order to set out branching strategy. Irrespective of policy measures aimed at promoting financial inclusion in India, the authors show that banks consider economic activities in the region in locating their branches. Second, from the view of policy makers and regulators, such branching strategy could potentially contribute to financial exclusion. As a result, population in the less developed regions may be excluded from accessing financial services. Hence, policy makers and regulators should take into this account when formulating policies aimed at promoting financial inclusion. Originality/value: First, while existing studies largely focus on developed countries, studies devoted to developing countries are scant. To the best of our knowledge, the authors have not come across any study that investigates the determinants of bank branch location in India, so the authors reasonably believe that this study is a first-of-its-kind. Second, the study provides a new perspective concerning how regional and bank specific factors influence banks of different ownership in locating branches. Third, while traditional regression used to be a method of choice among early studies, the authors employ Poisson regression that is better suited for modeling counted dependent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion and inclusive growth are indispensable for the economic growth of a nation. Financial resources need to be distributed equitably to the unreached and poor sections of the society who have limited access to banking facilities. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a policy initiative of the Government of India in this direction. In this paper, an attempt is made to understand the extent of financial inclusion through banking activities in India post implementation of PMJDY considering banking growth and resultant financial inclusion by means of major banking variables such as deposits and credits of banks in India before 2014 and after 2014 (the year of implementation of PMJDY). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper attempts to make a review of the performance of Small Finance Banks (SFBs) since their inception. The review covers profitability, assets quality, and operational capability of SFBs based on the annual data of these banks and applies a regression model. The statistical results indicate that bank specific variables viz., Net Non-Performing Assets (NNPA) ratio and Cost Income Ratio (CIR) and Non-Interest Income ratio are the important determinants of Return on Assets (ROA). Further, ROA is inversely in relationship with NNPA ratio & CIR, and directly in relationship with Non-interest Income ratio and size of the bank. It is also found that these banks face numerous issues such as low declining profitability, lower share of CASA deposits, heavy dependence on borrowings, increasing bad debts, etc. To resolve such issues, several strategies are suggested in the paper to ensure that SFBs shall continue to serve the people down the line by remaining financially viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Red pigments of Rhodonellum psychrophilum GL8 exhibit antimicrobial and bio enhancer properties. • Red pigments of R. psychrophilium GL8 possess antioxidant activity and thus are potentially useful as functional food ingredient. • Red pigments of R. psychrophilium GL8 can be used in developing antimicrobial fabrics. • Red pigments of R. psychrophilium GL8 stimulate cell proliferation of mouse cells in vitro. A psychrophilic bacterium (named GL8) producing red pigments was isolated from the high altitude Pangong Tso Lake located in Leh Ladakh, India. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing amplicon of 1370 bp, the psychrophilic bacterium was identified as Rhodonellum psychrophilum (R. psychrophilum GL8) and deposited in Gen Bank under accession no. MH031708.1.The red colored pigments from R. psychrophilum GL8 showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli , S. aureus , C. albicans, (MTCC 277, ATCC 90028) and S. cerevisiae (H1086) with minimum inhibitory concentrations from 31.25 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL. Red colored pigments also showed synergistic antifungal activity when combined with fluconazole and amphotericin B against C. albicans (MTCC 277 and ATCC 90028) and S. cerevisiae ; vancomycin and erythromycin against E. coli and S. aureus. The red pigments showed antioxidant activity with an IC 50 of 13.159 μg/mL, LC–MS/MS analysis demonstrated that red pigment extracts contained a mixture of 2-methyl-3-butyl-prodigine, Prodigiosin, 2-methyl-3hexyl-prodigine, 3, 4-Didehydrorhodopsin, anhydrorhodovibrin, alloxanthin and Tetradecanoyl-hexadecanoyl compounds. Red pigment extracts were used to develop antimicrobial fabrics and did not show any cytotoxicity to U87MG human glioblastoma cell line, but showed a marginal growth inhibition to A172 human glioblastoma cell lines. In contrast, the red pigment extracts showed significant growth stimulation on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Deposit Insurance Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1968, required DICGCI to register all the 'eligible co-operative banks' [as defined in Section 2(gg) of the DICGC Act] as insured banks. At March-end 2019, 1,941 cooperative banks were registered with the DICGCI with their insured deposits at Rs. 3,800 billion which constituted 11.2 per cent of the total insured deposits of all the insured banks. Compared to commercial banks, extent of protection was substantially high in respect of cooperative banks. During 1998-2019, premium collected from cooperative banks grew at an average annual rate of 15.3 per cent (commercial banks: 19.0 per cent). Up to March-end 2019 since its inception, the DICGCI has settled claims of 351 cooperative banks with the amount of claims settled at over Rs. 48,000 million. The current flat-rate premium system has led to under-pricing of risks (to the DIF) in respect of the cooperative banking sector. Ceteris paribus, this encourages more aggressive behaviour by cooperative banks. Therefore, DICGCI should quickly act on implementing a risk-based premium system. Two DIFs - one for commercial banks and the other for cooperative banks - needs to be instituted. The paper adds to the existing limited research on Deposit Insurance in India and especially, in relation to the cooperative banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, an individual investor generally invests their money in bank deposits, which do not offer a hedge against inflation and often have negative real returns due to inflation. The last few years have been very significant for the Indian mutual fund industry in terms of expansion and avenue for investments. But still, mutual funds investments have not been a favorable investment options as compared to other investment options. Thus, it is a cause of concern to the financial market and portfolio managers. This calls for better understanding of the investment behavioral patterns of mutual funds investors. In comparison to Asset under management (Aum) world wide, India ranks much below (World Bank, 2017). This research investigates Investment Behavior of selected sample drawn from Delhi NCR to find out factors that influence investors' choice of mutual funds. Seventeen important factors have been chosen from prior researches reviewed here in this area. Then statistical tests such as "Chi square" and "t" tests were carried out. The study found that demographic factors like age, education, income and savings shape the investment behavior but not all factors specific to different mutual fund unit selected for analysis have significant individual influence on investment behavior of the sample investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian economy witnessed an unprecedented event on 8 November, 2016-Demonetization, wherein the higher denomination currency ceased to be in force. The initiative nullified around 86% of the currency and converted it into a legal, bankable, and taxable part of the Indian economy. A 50 day period was announced as a transit period where the older currency could be deposited in the banks or exchanged for new. Till the time the new currency could expand in circulation, there were a number of problems that citizens faced as cash transaction is a way of life in India. Nonetheless, the move proved to be a major disruption in changing and molding behaviors and India took to digitization cashless transactions, digital wallets and the like. In the given context, the study attempts to explore the digital payments behavior of B-School students in the city of Jaipur. The study proposes to study the change in behavior, the preferred platforms and instruments of digital payments, the usage occasions and the reasons for resistance for going digital. As an outcome, the authors make recommendations to ease the process of digitization of payments and provide a seamless, integrated and frictionless experience to the customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to discern the cyclical appearance of the Non-Performing Assets with special emphasis to the Indian Banking Industry. It further aims to determine what factors cause such behaviour of the Non-Performing Assets. Also, an attempt has been made to make a comparison in between Public sector, private sector and foreign sector banks. Design/Methodology/Approach: Descriptive research is employed to fulfill the said objectives. Both external (macro-economic variables such as business cycle shocks, current state of the economy, expected and unexpected growth of the economy) and internal (bank specific variables such as loan interest rates, proportion of unsecured loans to total loans, size, leverage, term loans, cost conditions, credit to deposit ratio, secured and unsecured lending) variables are regressed on the net performing assets of Indian public sector, private sector and foreign banks. Panel data regression has been applied on three categories of banks for a period of thirteen years from 2004-05 to 2016-17. Practical Implications: The study helps the regulators in estimating that how the macro-economical variables such as business cycle events can change the conduct of NPAs. It also helps banks in determining the important factors that may cause the cyclical behaviour of their non-performing assets and adopt the strategies to mitigate the problem of NPAs accordingly. Research Limitations: The study is restricted to the Indian sector only. A comparison with other emerging nations can also be made. The scope of the study is restricted to limited variables for a specific period of time. Originality/Value: The paper brings the most recent empirical results related to Indian banking industry. The behaviour of NPAs is examined and possible reasons for such conduct is discerned. Additionally, complete banking industry of India including all types of scheduled commercial banks have been taken bringing the most comprehensive picture of the present situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment is one of the foremost concerns of every individual investor as their small savings of today are to meet the expenses of tomorrow. The savings and investments pattern by the people vary from person to person and even with same person during two periods due to difference in motives. The present paper explains different reasons of savings and investment, awareness level and association between demographic factors and awareness level among rural households of Chamba district. 100 samples were used to examine the objectives of the study. Investors have given less importance for their old age requirements and unexpected contingencies and bank deposits still hold higher priority among institutional investments in rural area are the major findings of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We try to evaluate the significance of demand and time liabilities of scheduled commercial banks on total credit at different periods-Nationalization, Post liberalization and Post crisis. During the post nationalization era, both demand and time deposits were significant contributors towards the total advance of commercial banks. During the post liberalization era, only demand deposit was significant. Post crisis period shows that, time deposit is the significant element. During post crisis period, more long term liabilities are being converted into current assets. The process can be termed as maturity shortening. It is a destructing element in meaningful financial intermediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquidity is the life-line of every business. Banking business' liquidity was the bone of contention during the economic crisis of Greece and the downfall of Finance Behemoth like Lehman Brothers. Banking Sector- Illiquidity was the epicentre of such crisis. Globally, the Off-Balance Sheet Exposure played a vital role in managing liquidity and solvency issues of commercial banks. This research paper explores the concepts, aspects, analysis of liquidity and the impact of Off-Balance Sheet Items on Liquidity and Solvency. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the liquidity aspects of Public and Private Sector banks towards scrutinizing whether the ownership has any influence on the liquidity and solvency aspects of the banking structure, under the backdrop of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure. Besides, it looks into the unpredictability of RBI's policies on liquidity like Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deposit is an important element determining the development of the bank. Deposits are the reserves of the people with the bank. Mobilisation of deposits promotes social wellbeing of the depositors as also the public at large by instilling in them the habit of savings. The present study is an empirical analysis on deposit mobilisation of Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank. The study is mainly based on secondary data which is collected from the annual reports of APGB. Data were processed by using simple statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation compound growth rate and t tests. The study concludes that there is a rapid progress in the mobilisation of deposits by APGB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk concentration has arguably been the single most important cause of major problems in banks. Banks should be particularly attentive to identifying credit risk concentrations and ensuring that their effects are adequately assessed. There have been many instances where large borrowers have caused sizable losses to many banks and jeopardized the health of many financial institutions. The current study attempts to compare and contrast the levels of concentration risk in the Indian banking industry in terms of concentration of deposits, advances, exposures and NPAs in the period 2010-2014, and to study the relationship between concentration risk and NPAs of the banks in the Indian scenario along with its relationship of concentration levels with age, return on net worth (RONW), capital adequacy ratio (CAR, Cost of Borrowings and Cost of Deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the concept of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), a people money scheme of the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi among banking and financial services industries in India. The Indian people money scheme intends to strengthening the financial inclusion practices among financial services industries on access to financial services such as bank savings, deposit accounts and remittance. The PMJDY also aimed to create awareness on the value and benefits of banking accounts.

A major part of the income is earned through fund based activities. At the same time, it involves a large share of expenditure also in the form of interest and brokerage. In recent times, a number of banks have started accepting deposits by offering a very high rate of interest. When the cost of deposit resources go up, the lending rate also should go up. It means that such banks have to compromise the quality of its investments. A fee based income, on the other hand, does not involve much risk. But it requires a lot of expertise on the part of a bank to offer such services. In the face of declining net interest margins, depository institutions have entered new product areas over the ancient times, moving from traditional lending to Areas that generate Non-fund Based Income. The change is of importance for financial control. The more unbalanced is a bank's earnings stream, the more unsafe the institution is. The traditional wisdom in the banking industry is that earnings from fund-based products are steadier than loan-based earnings and those fund-based activities lessen bank risk via diversifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uneven pattern of the banking sector growth regionally has been assumed to be a source of disparity in the financial sector and one of the parameters of financial exclusion. The present study is an attempt to examine any decline in regional disparity in the growth of scheduled commercial banks in India in terms of deposits, credit, number of bank offices and population group-wise distribution of banking centers. Moreover, the paper seeks to examine the performance of different banking parameters between preand post-financial inclusion periods. An attempt is also made to understand the pattern of financial inclusion in Assam in terms of General Credit Card (GCC) and no-frills accounts in recent years. The paper found that although financial inclusion period showed some improvement among different banking parameters, the northeast region of India is lagging behind compared to other regions of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banking sector plays a vital role in the economic development of a nation. The Indian banking sector has played a significant role in achieving the socio-economic objectives through deposit mobilization, mass branch networking, priority sector lending etc. But in the post liberalization era the Indian banking sector has been facing the reduced productivity, deteriorated asset quality and efficiency and increased cost structure. Among these short comings, the erosion of asset quality is considered as the biggest threat for the development of a sound and efficient banking sector. The deteriorated asset quality affects the profitability, intermediation costs, liquidity, income generating capacity and overall functioning of banks. The reduction in asset quality results in accumulation of nonperforming assets (NPAs). Today the Indian banking sector is facing a serious problem of NPAs. The NPAs in public sector banks have been growing constantly year by year. To improve the efficiency and profitability of banks the NPAs need to be reduced and controlled. This paper highlights the causes for increasing NPAs, impact of NPAs on banks and the magnitude of NPAs in the Indian public sector banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banking sector is one of the most important contributors in Indian Financial System. In India, the banking sector broadly consists of Scheduled Commercial banks (SCBs) and Co-operative Banks and Regional Rural Banks. The country witnessed rapid change in the banking sector after nationalization of banks. Co-operative banks supplement the commercial banks in financial inclusion by bringing large number of small depositors/borrowers under the formal financial sector. The present paper is an attempt to compare the position of State Co-operative Banks (StCBs) with Scheduled Commercial banks (SCBs) on the basis of three financial ratios viz. Cash-deposit ratio, Credit-deposit ratio, Investment-Deposit Ratio, though there is no comparison between these two kinds of Banks in terms of business volume. The study identified that Cash-deposit ratio of StCBs has been more than that of SCBs, Investment-Deposit Ratio of StCBs has also always been more than that of SCBs, and Credit-deposit ratio of SCBs has been more consistent in comparison to that of StCBs under the reference period. Keeping this in view, this paper aims to review the position of State Co-operative Banks and Scheduled Commercial banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the comparative performance of selected banks in India from 2008 to 2012, on the basis of certain criteria. Nowadays banks are performing a number of functions in addition to their two main functions, i.e., lending and accepting deposits. Public and private sector banks are competing with each other in bringing out new products and services. This paper analyzes the growth, performance and services provided by both public and private sector banks in terms of loans, cash credits, advances outside India, NPAs, net profits, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks create deposits in the process of lending. Of the total deposits of the banking systems in India over 4/5th is generated endogenously within the banking system through credit creation. In the context of fractional reserve banking, the traditional description of banking as "acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending" distorts the perspective in which economics of banking is perceived and analyzed. In the real sector liabilities create assets, whereas in the monetary sector, assets create liabilities. The reserve requirement of central bank directly affects banks' deposit intermediation and checks bank leverage. In this context, the concept of asset based cash reserves appears more logically appealing than liability based reserves. As ownership of money equips the owner with the means to stake claim on the finite resources of the world, ability of banks to create money ex-nihilo, places them in a very special category of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with the relationship between economic growth and financial intermediation, in particular stock market development, in post-liberalization India. It identifies three possible relationships: (a) the relationship between growth of manufacturing and growth of the stock market; (b) the relationship between growth of the stock market and growth of traditional financial intermediaries like banks; (c) the relationship between the growth of the primary stock market and that of the secondary stock market. These three relationships are empirically tested using Indian data. While the growth of turnover in the stock market is found to be positively correlated with the change in the growth of manufacturing and the growth of sales of new shares is found to positively affect the secondary market, evidence on the relationship between sales of new shares and traditional banking activities is mixed. The primary stock market is found to crowd out bank deposits, but crowd in bank credit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The study examines the relationship among growth, profitability and productivity for Indian public sector banks. For measuring profitability, Return on Assets (ROA) was selected and for assessing productivity, business per employee and profit per employee were used as measures. We chose Indian public sector banks as they contribute 74.20% to total deposits of scheduled commercial banks and 75.07% to the total credit of scheduled commercial banks. The study intends to assess whether differing growth rates of Indian public sector banks have any impact on profitability and productivity. During the study period (2005-2012), the business of the Indian public sector banks grew at a compounded annual growth rate of 18.7%. The study concludes that change in growth rates does not significantly affect the profitability. The business per employee and profit per employee for public sector banks remained higher for banks with higher growth rates. We observed significant differences for business per employee for all the years and for profit per employee for four out of seven years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Co-operative banks have come to constitute an important segment of the financial system, occupy a unique position and organized on co-operative principles. Present study evaluates the performance of the West Bengal State Co-operative bank Ltd. from the year 2001-02 to 2010-11. The West Bengal State Co-operative Bank Ltd. is performing its role of leading the co-operative movement of the state of West Bengal. The objectives of the paper are to explore and evaluate the growth prospect, operational profitability, stability and recovery performance of the WBSCB Ltd. In order to measure the growth prospect of the banks some important parameters like deposits, loans and advances, and business are analysed from the year 2001-02 to 2010-11. The study shows that all the variables exhibited positive and significant growth during the period of study. It is found that overall profitability of the bank during the study period is satisfactory as "Burden Coverage Ratio" in all the years is more than 1. Results obtained in the study shows that WBSCB Ltd. have satisfactory Z score that means probability of book-value insolvency has decreased during the study period, suggesting that banks are sufficiently stable during the period of study. The study finds that recovery performance of WBSCB Ltd. is satisfactory during the period of study. The management of WBSCB Ltd. should focus on diversification of business activities of the banks, modernization of the services rendered by the bank, proper methods of borrower appraisal and credit management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]