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Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of students regarding the use of antibiotics in Punjab, Pakistan. Participants: 525 medical and non-medical students from Punjab in Pakistan. Methods: The t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the average response of respondents. Chi-square test was used to measure the association of different elements. Results: The mean age was 20.78 ± 2.10%. About 14% of the students agreed about the appropriateness of antibiotics for viral infections, and 15% of students said they stopped taking the drugs when symptoms subsided. 65.7% of students took antibiotics only when prescribed by a doctor and 54% bought antibiotics without prescription. Statistically significant results were found among the students who had heard about the antibiotic resistance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study will help assess the adequacy of current educational campaigns, maximize rationalization of antibiotic use, and minimize gaps in knowledge and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mansehra district is prone to landslide because of climate conditions, geological and geomorphologic characteristics of the region. In October 2005, Kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslides in the Himalaya region of Northern Pakistan and India. In future, there are still great threats of further happening of such landslide events in this region. Therefore, it is very important to prepare detailed landslide susceptibility maps of the region helpful for any pre-emptive measures. In this study, the relationships between the landslides and various instability factors contributing to the occurrence of landslides were investigated using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) based approaches. For the preparation of landslide inventory maps slope, aspect, elevation, landuse/landcover, distance to stream, distance to road, distance to fault line, lithology, and soil types were used as raster layers in ArcGIS, and ranked using a numerical scale corresponding to the physical conditions of the area. In order to investigate the role of each instability factor in controlling the spatial distribution of landslides, Weighted Liner Combination Method was used. An index based approach is adopted both to put the various classes of all the parameters in order of their significance to the process of land sliding and weight the impact of on parameter against another. Using primary and secondary level weights, a contentious scale of numerical indices is obtained with which the study area is divided into different classes/zones of land sliding susceptibility from extremely low susceptible to very high susceptible classes. The results showed a strong relationship between the landslides occurrence and various instability factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]