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This paper uses ethnographic and qualitative interview data with Muslim child domestic workers, their families and employers to investigate the social ties between young workers and their employers. Our analysis shows that working-class families use children's domestic work with middle-class families as part of a web of resources to protect them from economic shocks and to enable them to afford to meet the cost of social obligations. We show that in this particular context, a town in Uttar Pradesh in north India, hiring domestic workers locks employers into relations of social obligation with their employees and their families. We conclude that these webs of support are enabled precisely because the domestic workers are children and not adults; their status as children makes it possible for the labour contract to be mystified and reconfigured as a social relationship.

The article discusses the "To game or not to game: an investigation of the impact of survey visualization and gamification" conducted by two market research company GMI and Engage Research in London, England on November 26, 2015. The survey indicates that the gamification impacts on enjoyment and engagement which will increase the need of gamification. Also the survey reveals less impact from visualisation and from gamification in India. It also noted several comments from respondents of the survey.

Objectives: By convention, women's early marriage is considered a sociocultural decision sensitive to factors acting during adolescence such as poverty, early menarche, and less education. Few studies have examined broader risk factors in the natal household prior to marriage. We investigated whether biosocial markers of parental investment through the daughters' life‐course were associated with early marriage risk in rural India. We used an evolutionary perspective to interpret our findings. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort recruited mothers at preconception. Children were followed from birth to age 21 years. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated odds ratios of marrying early (<19 years) associated first with wealth, age at menarche and education, and then with broader markers of maternal phenotype, natal household characteristics, and girls' growth trajectories. Models adjusted for confounders. Results: Of 305 girls, 71 (23%) had married early. Early married girls showed different patterns of growth compared to unmarried girls. Neither poverty nor early menarche predicted early marriage. Girls' non‐completion of lower secondary school predicted early marriage, explaining 19% of the variance. Independent of girls' lower schooling, nuclear household, low paternal education, shorter gestation, and girls' poor infant weight gain were associated with marrying early, explaining in combination 35% of the variance. Discussion: Early marriage reflects "future discounting," where reduced parental investment in daughters' somatic and educational capital from early in her life favors an earlier transition to the life‐course stage when reproduction can occur. Interventions initiated in adolescence may occur too late in the life‐course to effectively delay women's marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative study, we investigated knowledge about reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and commercial sex work among female textile workers of Surat, India. We analyzed data from three focus groups conducted with 18 women using content analysis. Participants had some knowledge about the symptoms of RTIs; however, they had limited knowledge about RTI prevention, transmission, and treatment. None used condoms consistently for RTI prevention. The women attributed economic hardship as one of the main reasons for engaging in commercial sex work. Our study is one of the first to evaluate sexual and reproductive health among female textile workers in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women living with HIV (WLWH) are at high risk for cervical cancer (CC); however, many WLWH in India do not obtain regular CC screening. Little is known about facilitators and barriers of CC screening in this population. This qualitative study examined the relation of HIV-related stigma to obtaining CC screening among women in Surat, India. Semi-structured individual in-depth interviews were conducted between April 2015 and July 2015 with 25 WLWH at the New Civil Hospital Anti-Retroviral Centre and 15 stakeholders providing health care to WLWH. HIV-related stigma emerged as a considerable barrier to gynecologic care and CC screening among WLWH. Two major subthemes were identified: (1) perceptions of HIV-related normative stigma and enacted discrimination; and (2) HIV status disclosure in the context of health care and CC screening. Stakeholders described a general awareness of HIV-related stigma as a barrier to care for WLWH, while WLWH focused on experiences of enacted discrimination. Both patients and stakeholders described that concerns about disclosure and fear of stigma hinder WLWH in India from obtaining health care and CC screening. Findings suggest that interventions to increase cancer screening among WLWH in India should address the role of HIV-related stigma to be maximally effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLWH) have a higher risk of cervical cancer than women without HIV. In addition, women in India experience a high burden of death from cervical cancer. This qualitative study evaluated individual and interpersonal factors influencing cervical cancer screening among WLWH in Surat, India.Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 WLWH and 15 stakeholders in Surat, India. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis to identify individual and intrapersonal barriers and facilitators.Results: WLWH lacked knowledge and reported being afraid of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening but were interested in learning more about it. Interpersonal factors influencing cervical cancer screening included receipt or lack of instrumental and emotional family support, interactions with healthcare providers, and receipt or lack of information about cervical cancer and the Pap test from healthcare providers.Conclusion: Widespread public education is necessary to increase awareness of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening and to encourage family members to support women who wish to obtain screening. Patient- and provider-focused interventions may facilitate the process of providing cervical cancer care to WLWH who are obtaining care in busy public healthcare systems in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the mobile medical screening van and the one-stop medical clinic in the rural village of Pojewal in northern India, which were started by the non-profit organization Asha Jyoti. Topics mentioned include the imaging services offered in the van including mammography and sonography, the medical services offered by the clinic including osteoporosis screening and cardiac monitoring, and their benefits to villagers.

An intense bloom of red Noctiluca scintillans (NS) occurred off the Rushikulya estuarine region along the east coast of India, an important site for mass nesting events of the vulnerable Olive Ridley sea turtle. At its peak, densities of NS were 3.3 × 10 5 cells-l − 1 , with low relative abundance of other phytoplankton. The peak bloom coincided with high abundance of gelatinous planktivores which may have facilitated bloom development by their grazing on other zooplankton, particularly copepods. Ammonium concentrations increased by approximately 4-fold in the later stages of bloom, coincident with stable NS abundance and chlorophyll concentrations in the nano- and microplankton. This increase likely was attributable to release of intracellular ammonium accumulated through NS grazing. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in sub-surface waters to near hypoxia. Micro-phytoplankton increasingly dominated chlorophyll- a biomass as the bloom declined, with diminishing picoplankton abundance likely the result of high predation by the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum . Together, these data illustrate factors that can disrupt ecosystem balance in this critically important Indian coastal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple questions relating to contributions of cultural and demographical factors in the process of human geographical dispersal remain largely unanswered. India, a land of early human settlement and the resulting diversity is a good place to look for some of the answers. In this study, we explored the genetic structure of India using a diverse panel of 78 males genotyped using the GenoChip. Their genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity was examined in the context of various covariates that influence Indian gene pool. Admixture analysis of genome-wide SNP data showed high proportion of the Southwest Asian component in all of the Indian samples. Hierarchical clustering based on admixture proportions revealed seven distinct clusters correlating to geographical and linguistic affiliations. Convex hull overlay of Y-chromosomal haplogroups on the genome-wide SNP principal component analysis brought out distinct non-overlapping polygons of F*-M89, H*-M69, L1-M27, O2a-M95 and O3a3c1-M117, suggesting a male-mediated migration and expansion of the Indian gene pool. Lack of similar correlation with mitochondrial DNA clades indicated a shared genetic ancestry of females. We suggest that ancient male-mediated migratory events and settlement in various regional niches led to the present day scenario and peopling of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a growing health problem in India and worldwide, due to changes in lifestyle. This study aimed to explore the independent associations between dietary and physical activity exposure variables and total body fat and distribution in an Indian setting. Methods: Individuals who had participated in the Indian Migration Study (IMS) or the Andhra Pradesh Children And Parents' Study (APCAPS), were invited to participate in the Hyderabad DXA Study. Total and abdominal body fat of study participants was measured using DXA scans. Diet and physical activity (PA) levels were measured using questionnaires. Results: Data on 2208 participants was available for analysis; mean age was 49 yrs in IMS, 21 yrs in APCAPS. Total energy intake was positively associated with total body fat in the APCAPS sample: a 100 kcal higher energy intake was associated with 45 g higher body fat (95% CI 22, 68). In the IMS sample no association was found with total energy intake, but there was a positive association with percent protein intake (1% higher proportion of energy from protein associated with 509 g (95% CI 138,880) higher total body fat). Broadly the same pattern of associations was found with proportion of fat in the abdominal region as the outcome. PA was inversely associated with total body fat in both populations (in APCAPS, one MET-hour higher activity was associated with 46 g (95% CI 12, 81) less body fat; in the IMS it was associated with 145 g less body fat (95% CI 73, 218)). An inverse association was observed between PA and percentage abdominal fat in the IMS but no association was seen in the APCAPS population. Conclusions: In this Indian population, there was an inverse association between PA and body fat. Associations between body fat and dietary variables differed between the younger APCAPS population and older IMS population. Further longitudinal research is needed to elucidate causality and directions of these associations across the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and isotope dilution technique have been used as reference methods to validate the estimates of body composition by simple field techniques; however, very few studies have compared these two methods. We compared the estimates of body composition by DXA and isotope dilution (18O) technique in apparently healthy Indian men and women (aged 19–70 years, n 152, 48 % men) with a wide range of BMI (14–40 kg/m2). Isotopic enrichment was assessed by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy. The agreement between the estimates of body composition measured by the two techniques was assessed by the Bland–Altman method. The mean age and BMI were 37 (sd 15) years and 23·3 (sd 5·1) kg/m2, respectively, for men and 37 (sd 14) years and 24·1 (sd 5·8) kg/m2, respectively, for women. The estimates of fat-free mass were higher by about 7 (95 % CI 6, 9) %, those of fat mass were lower by about 21 (95 % CI − 18, − 23) %, and those of body fat percentage (BF%) were lower by about 7·4 (95 % CI − 8·2, − 6·6) % as obtained by DXA compared with the isotope dilution technique. The Bland–Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement that indicated poor agreement between the methods. The bias in the estimates of BF% was higher at the lower values of BF%. Thus, the two commonly used reference methods showed substantial differences in the estimates of body composition with wide limits of agreement. As the estimates of body composition are method-dependent, the two methods cannot be used interchangeably. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Undernutrition and physical inactivity are both associated with lower bone mass. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of early-life undernutrition and urbanized lifestyles in later life on bone mass accrual in young adults from a rural community in India that is undergoing rapid socioeconomic development. Design: This was a prospective cohort study of participants of the Hyderabad Nutrition Trial (1987-1990), which offered balanced protein-calorie supplementation to pregnant women and preschool children younger than 6 y in the intervention villages. The 2009-2010 follow-up study collected data on current anthropometric measures, bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, blood samples, diet, physical activity, and living standards of the trial participants (n = 1446, aged 18-23 y). Results: Participants were generally lean and had low BMD [mean hip BMD: 0.83 (women), 0.95 (men) g/cm²; lumbar spine: 0.86 (women), 0.93 (men) g/cm²]. In models adjusted for current risk factors, no strong evidence of a positive association was found between BMD and early-life supplementation. On the other hand, current lean mass and weight-bearing physical activity were positively associated with BMD. No strong evidence of an association was found between BMD and current serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D or dietary intake of calcium, protein, or calories. Conclusions: Current lean mass and weight-bearing physical activity were more important determinants of bone mass than was early-life undernutrition in this population. In transitional rural communities from low-income countries, promotion of physical activity may help to mitigate any potential adverse effects of early nutritional disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we examined the associations of early nutrition with adult lean body mass (LBM) and muscle strength in a birth cohort that was established to assess the long-term impact of a nutrition program. Participants (n = 1,446, 32% female) were born near Hyderabad, India, in 29 villages from 1987 to 1990, during which time only intervention villages (n = 15) had a government program that offered balanced protein-calorie supplementation to pregnant women and children. Participants’ LBM and appendicular skeletal muscle mass were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; grip strength and information on lifestyle indicators, including diet and physical activity level, were also obtained. Ages (mean = 20.3 years) and body mass indexes (weight (kg)/height (m)2; mean = 19.5) of participants in 2 groups were similar. Current dietary energy intake was higher in the intervention group. Unadjusted LBM and grip strength were similar in 2 groups. After adjustment for potential confounders, the intervention group had lower LBM (β = −0.75; P = 0.03), appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and grip strength than did controls, but these differences were small in magnitude (<0.1 standard deviation). Multivariable regression analyses showed that current socioeconomic position, energy intake, and physical activity level had a positive association with adult LBM and muscle strength. This study could not detect a “programming” effect of early nutrition supplementation on adult LBM and muscle strength. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Abdominal adiposity is an important risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Indians. Dual energy Xray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to determine abdominal fat depots, being more accessible and less costly than gold standard measures such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DXA has not been fully validated for use in South Asians. Here, we determined the accuracy of DXA for measurement of abdominal fat in an Indian population by comparison with MRI. Design: 146 males and females (age range 18-74, BMI range 15-46 kg/m2) from Hyderabad, India underwent whole body DXA scans on a Hologic Discovery A scanner, from which fat mass in two abdominal regions was calculated, from the L1 to L4 vertebrae (L1L4) and from the L2 to L4 vertebrae (L2L4). Abdominal MRI scans (axial T1-weighted spin echo images) were taken, from which adipose tissue volumes were calculated for the same regions. Results: Intra-class correlation coefficients between DXA and MRI measures of abdominal fat were high (0.98 for both regions). Although at the level of the individual, differences between DXA and MRI could be large (95% of DXA measures were between 0.8 and 1.4 times MRI measures), at the sample level, DXA only slightly overestimated MRI measures of abdominal fat mass (mean difference in L1L4 region: 2% (95% CI:0%, 5%), mean difference in L2L4 region:4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%)). There was evidence of a proportional bias in the association between DXA and MRI (correlation between difference and mean 20.3), with overestimation by DXA greater in individuals with less abdominal fat (mean bias in leaner half of sample was 6% for L1L4 (95%CI: 2, 11%) and 7% for L2L4 (95% CI:3,12%). Conclusions: DXA measures of abdominal fat are suitable for use in Indian populations and provide a good indication of abdominal adiposity at the population level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) control is considered primarily a public health concern, and private sector TB treatment has attracted less attention. Thus, the size and characteristics of private sector TB drug sales remain largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used IMS Health data to analyze private TB drug consumption in 10 high burden countries (HBCs), after first mapping how well IMS data coverage overlapped with private markets. We defined private markets as any channels not used or influenced by national TB programs. Private markets in four countries - Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia and India - had the largest relative sales volumes; annually, they sold enough first line TB drugs to provide 65-117% of the respective countries' estimated annual incident cases with a standard 6-8 month regimen. First line drug volumes in five countries were predominantly fixed dose combinations (FDCs), but predominantly loose drugs in the other five. Across 10 countries, these drugs were available in 37 (loose drug) plus 74 (FDCs) distinct strengths. There were 54 distinct, significant first line manufacturers (range 2-11 per country), and most companies sold TB drugs in only a single study country. FDC markets were, however, more concentrated, with 4 companies capturing 69% of FDC volume across the ten countries. Among second line drugs, fluoroquinolones were widely available, with significant volumes used for TB in India, Pakistan and Indonesia. However, certain WHO-recommended drugs were not available and in general there were insufficient drug volumes to cover the majority of the expected burden of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Conclusions/Significance: Private TB drug markets in several HBCs are substantial, stable, and complicated. This calls for appropriate policy and market responses, including expansion of Public-Private Mix (PPM) programs, greater reach, flexibility and appeal of public programs, regulatory and quality enforcement, and expansion of public MDR-TB treatment programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The care and protection of the estimated 143,000,000 orphaned and abandoned children (OAC) worldwide is of great importance to global policy makers and child service providers in low and middle income countries (LMICs), yet little is known about rates of child labour among OAC, what child and caregiver characteristics predict child engagement in work and labour, or when such work infers with schooling. This study examines rates and correlates of child labour among OAC and associations of child labour with schooling in a cohort of OAC in 5 LMICs. Methods: The Positive Outcomes for Orphans (POFO) study employed a two-stage random sampling survey methodology to identify 1480 single and double orphans and children abandoned by both parents ages 6-12 living in family settings in five LMICs: Cambodia, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and Tanzania. Regression models examined child and caregiver associations with: any work versus no work; and with working <21, 21-27, and 28+ hours during the past week, and child labour (UNICEF definition). Results: The majority of OAC (60.7%) engaged in work during the past week, and of those who worked, 17.8% (10.5% of the total sample) worked 28 or more hours. More than one-fifth (21.9%; 13% of the total sample) met UNICEF's child labour definition. Female OAC and those in good health had increased odds of working. OAC living in rural areas, lower household wealth and caregivers not earning an income were associated with increased child labour. Child labour, but not working fewer than 28 hours per week, was associated with decreased school attendance. Conclusions: One in seven OAC in this study were reported to be engaged in child labour. Policy makers and social service providers need to pay close attention to the demands being placed on female OAC, particularly in rural areas and poor households with limited income sources. Programs to promote OAC school attendance may need to focus on the needs of families as well as the OAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the sayyidi "strangers" and "stranger-kings" in 18th century maritime Southeast Asia. The author states that the sayyidi came to the Malay-Indonesian region during the Hadhrami migration. The author explains that their arrival boosted indigenous traditions of charismatic leadership during a time of intense political challenge posed by Western expansion. Sāda exceptionalism and the extemporary credentials and personal talents which made it up is also discussed. Several case studies are cited.

The article examines Lieutenant Kendal Coghill's account of Major W. S. R Hodson's capture of the rebel princes involved in the Indian Mutiny. It discusses the alleged slaughter and violation of the British women. It offers information about Hodson. It compares the accounts of Coghill with other sources.

This paper explores Gramsci's theory of hegemony through an analysis of areas of colonial India and Indochina in 1860-1940. It investigates the commodification of labor under capitalism, arguing that the mass relocation of people through indenture was facilitated by state coercion. Such labor was allegedly consensual. However, in the colonies the state had to regulate plantation conditions to monitor the behavior of private companies. A new world-view emerged in which land ownership and land taxation paid for the apparatus of colonial governance. Examining peripheral colonial capitalism indicates to some extent how the state and private capital could behave when untouched by ideology or critique. It also shows how hegemony is reliant on both coercion and consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1990s, populations of two species of griffon vulture, the Indian white-backed Gyps bengalensis and the long-billed Gyps indicus, declined by more than 90% throughout India. These declines are continuing and are due to abnormally high rates of both nesting failure and adult, juvenile and nestling mortality. Affected birds exhibit signs of illness (neck drooping syndrome) for approximately 30 days prior to death. Epidemiological observations are most consistent with an infectious cause of this morbidity and mortality. To investigate the cause of these declines, 28 vulture carcases, including adults and juveniles of both species, were examined in detail. Significant post-mortem findings included visceral gout, enteritis, vasculitis and gliosis. Although we have not yet been able to identify the causative agent of the declines, the results of our pathological studies are most consistent with those for an infectious, probably viral, aetiology. We examine hypotheses for the cause of the declines and, based on our epidemiological and pathological findings, we show infectious disease to be the most tenable of these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that explanations of homosexual function in evolution have often been based on homosexual organization in Western societies and on modern homosexual subcultures. We suggest that if homosexual behaviour in humans did evolve in the past 3 million years of human development, we must seek its origin in the conditions of human organization of such times. Indian village society is one model that is available for examining homosexual exaptation. Here, homosexual behaviour is based on ability to have sex with males as well as with females, and marriage is related to family and social organization rather than sex. In such a system, sexual contact between males would have the advantages of promoting homosocial bonds in a male-dominated society, and of reducing rivalry over females. It may also have the advantage of providing acceptable sexual outlets given higher sexual drive or earlier sexual maturity in males. Thus, one explanation for the evolutionary development of homosexual behaviour is that it is an exaptation of homosocial behaviour. Homosocial behaviour, including a wider set of male resources, may lead to enhanced survival. The modernist fallacy in homosexual evolutionary research can be countered by investigating homosexual behaviour in societies where sexual behaviour and organization are closest to those conditions that might have existed in humans during the evolution of homosexual behaviour in the past few million years, and not in modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several environmental conservation topics in 1989. It says that an estimated 2,000 tonnes of illegally acquired corals are being exported to the international market from the Philippines. It says that on January 10, 1989, the Government of Thailand granted the Agriculture Ministry the authority to end commercial logging in the country. Meanwhile, it says that increasing flood water levels threaten Indian rhinoceroses at the Kaziranga National Park in India.

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The article discusses the author's experience of being part of a medical mission in India. The medical mission team was composed of pharmacists, counselors, missionaries, and a teacher. They stayed in India for eight days before traveling southwest to Lonavala and Pune. The author recounts that he had concerns on language and cultural differences in providing healthcare services. The team built a clinic in the middle of the village, made basic diagnosis, and prescribed medications to patients.

The article offers news briefs related to sexology. Any suggestions for future conference activities or suggestions for student services that the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SSSS) could offer its student members are welcomed. SSSS 50th anniversary celebration will be held in Indianapolis, India in 2007. The University Consortium for Sexuality Research & Training has a project called Dialogues, wherein students can post profiles and network with others in the field.

A letter to the editor about the Central Occupational Therapy (OT) Council in India is presented.

We examined the efficacy of a brief CBT (bCBT) in 53 patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Patients were randomized to either bCBT plus treatment as usual (N = 27) or TAU only (N = 26). Seven sessions of bCBT (Wells and Papageorgiou in Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 713-720, 2001), were delivered. The primary self-report outcome was the Social Interaction and Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the primary rater-based outcome was the Liebowitz Social anxiety scale (LSAS). “Response” to treatment was assessed using the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement. Assessments were carried out at baseline, post-treatment, and 3 months for the bCBT group and at baseline and post-treatment for the TAU group. There were 23 treatment completers in the bCBT group. Linear-mixed model ANOVAs indicated superiority in change following bCBT, on the LSAS, SIAS, and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)-severity. The TAU group improved on CGI-severity and Social Phobia Rating Scale (SPRS) self-attention. At post-treatment, 65% of bCBT cases and 4% in TAU met criteria for “recovered”, supporting the effectiveness of bCBT in the treatment of SAD.Clinical Trial Registry number: CTRI/2012/09/003015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a third of the world's tuberculosis cases. Large-scale expansion of a national programme in 1998 has allowed for population-based analyses of data from tuberculosis registries. We assessed seasonal trends using quarterly reports from districts with stable tuberculosis control programmes (population 115 million). In northern India, tuberculosis diagnoses peaked between April and June, and reached a nadir between October and December, whereas no seasonality was reported in the south. Overall, rates of new smear-positive tuberculosis cases were 57 per 100 000 population in peak seasons versus 46 per 100 000 in trough seasons. General health-seeking behaviour artifact was ruled out. Seasonality was highest in paediatric cases, suggesting variation in recent transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several letters to the editor are presented including one on a presentation on Disaster Management, another on the 1st World Congress on Healthy Aging to be held in 2012, and lastly on the 2010 Annual Conference of All India Occupational Therapy Association (AIOTA).