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Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In health systems with little public funding and decentralized procurement processes, the pricing and quality of anti-cancer medicines directly affects access to effective anti-cancer therapy. Factors such as differential pricing, volume-dependent negotiation and reliance on low-priced generics without any evaluation of their quality can lead to supply and demand lags, high out-of-pocket expenditures for patients and poor treatment outcomes. While pooled procurement of medicines can help address some of these challenges, monitoring of the procurement process requires considerable administrative investment. Group negotiation to fix prices, issuing of uniform contracts with standardized terms and conditions, and procurement by individual hospitals also reduce costs and improve quality without significant investment. The National Cancer Grid, a network of more than 250 cancer centres in India, piloted pooled procurement to improve negotiability of high-value oncology and supportive care medicines. A total of 40 drugs were included in this pilot. The pooled demand for the drugs from 23 centres was equivalent to 15.6 billion Indian rupees (197 million United States dollars (US$)) based on maximum retail prices. The process included technical and financial evaluation followed by contracts between individual centres and the selected vendors. Savings of 13.2 billion Indian Rupees (US$ 166.7million) were made compared to the maximum retail prices. The savings ranged from 23% to 99% (median: 82%) and were more with generics than innovator and newly patented medicines. This study reveals the advantages of group negotiation in pooled procurement for high-value medicines, an approach that can be applied to other health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Maestría en Derecho Económico is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the impact of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) on the economies of developing countries in order to analyze the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) within these states. Furthermore, this paper examines the influence of the SEZs for these corporations, governments, and the populations of these countries. The debate for and against these zones is examined through the perspective of both the Mexican maquiladoras and the Indian SEZs. By explaining the concepts, the proliferation, and the results of SEZs, this paper determines that the global pervasiveness of such a widespread economic mechanism (across many different cultures, economies, and geographies) cannot be labelled as simply exploitative or, conversely, as simply beneficial. What is evident, however, is that the economic interests of the country take precedence over state interests, which grants the multinational corporations located in these zones important political influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To estimate the prevalence and prognosis of proteinuria at enrolment in the 27 intervention clusters of the Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia cluster randomized trials. Methods We identified pregnant women eligible for inclusion in the trials in their communities in four countries (2013-2017). We included women who delivered by trial end and received an intervention antenatal care visit. The intervention was a community health worker providing supplementary hypertension-oriented care, including proteinuria assessment by visual assessment of urinary dipstick at the first visit and all subsequent visits when hypertension was detected. In a multilevel regression model, we compared baseline prevalence of proteinuria (≥ 1+ or ≥ 2+) across countries. We compared the incidence of subsequent complications by baseline proteinuria. Findings Baseline proteinuria was detected in less than 5% of eligible pregnancies in each country (India: 234/6120; Mozambique: 94/4234; Nigeria: 286/7004; Pakistan: 315/10 885), almost always with normotension (India: 225/234; Mozambique: 93/94; Nigeria: 241/286; Pakistan: 264/315). There was no consistent relationship between baseline proteinuria (either ≥ 1+ or ≥ 2+) and progression to hypertension, maternal mortality or morbidity, birth at < 37 weeks, caesarean section delivery or perinatal mortality or morbidity. If proteinuria testing were restricted to women with hypertension, we projected annual cost savings of 153 223 981 United States dollars (US$) in India, US$ 9 055 286 in Mozambique, US$ 53 181 933 in Nigeria and US$ 38 828 746 in Pakistan. Conclusion Our findings question the recommendations to routinely evaluate proteinuria at first assessment in pregnancy. Restricting proteinuria testing to pregnant women with hypertension has the potential to save resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

India and China are two Asian emerging economies, the unprecedented growth of which have led many to argue that in the face of slowdown in growth of the North these emerging economies will act as the new growth drivers for the South. However, not much empirical evidence is available to support this argument. This article estimates the growth linkages between the developing Asia and the two Asian emerging economies in terms of co-integration and causation in their growth rates. Both short-term and long-term relationships are tested between growth of China and India with growth of the developing countries of Asia for the period 1970-2009. The issue of whether these countries can provide market for the South is also examined. The results show that whereas China has acted as a growth driver for the developing Asia, no empirical evidence of this is found for India.L'Inde et la Chine sont deux pays asiatiques émergents dont la croissance sans précédent laisse penser à beaucoup que, dans le contexte du ralentissement au Nord, ces économies émergentes agiront comme de nouveaux moteurs de croissance pour le Sud. Il existe cependant peu de preuves empiriques à l'appui de cette thèse. Cet article propose une estimation des liens de croissance entre l'Asie en développement et les deux économies asiatiques émergentes, en termes de co-intégration et de causalité entre leurs taux de croissance. Nous testons les liens, à court et à long terme, entre la croissance de la Chine et de l'Inde et celle des pays d'Asie en développement sur la période 1970-2009. La question de savoir si ces pays peuvent constituer un marché pour le Sud est également examinée. Les résultats montrent que la Chine joue effectivement le rôle de moteur de croissance pour l'Asie en développement, mais qu'il n'existe aucune preuve empirique que l'Inde joue le même rôle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution in this volume by Matthias vom Hau, James Scott and David Hulme offers an important point of departure for evaluating the rise of emerging powers and their potential impact on global poverty reduction. This article seeks to further specify (i) the salient cases of rapid economic growth that have come to constitute the 'emerging middle' phenomenon; (ii) the relationship between this 'emerging middle' and recent patterns of change and continuity in world income inequality; and (iii) the relationship between these changes and possible future patterns in world poverty. The article argues that China and India constitute the two most salient instances of rapid economic growth. For most countries in the world, on the other hand, there has been considerable stability in the relative distribution of world income. Moreover, the very success of China and India might translate into constraints for economic growth in both wealthy and middle-income countries.La contribution de Matthias vom Hau, James Scott et David Hulme à ce volume constitue un point de départ important afin d'évaluer la montée des pays émergents et l'impact potentiel de ce processus sur la réduction de la pauvreté mondiale. Le but de cet article est d′examiner de manière approfondie (a) les cas les plus remarquables de croissance économique rapide, représentatifs des nouvelles 'économies émergentes moyennes', (b) le lien entre ces économies émergentes moyennes et les tendances récentes de changement ou de continuité dans les inégalités de revenus dans le monde, et (c) la relation entre ces changements et les futures évolutions possibles de la pauvreté dans le monde. L′article soutient que la Chine et l′Inde représentent les cas les plus saillants de croissance économique rapide. Pour la plupart des autres pays, en revanche, on constate une grande stabilité dans la répartition relative des revenus mondiaux. Qui plus est, le succès même de la Chine et de l′Inde pourrait bien se traduire par des contraintes sur la croissance économique des pays riches et intermediaries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an institutional analysis of the development of the Indian dairy sector to investigate the drivers and extent of its inclusiveness. The institutional insight highlights that the inclusion of millions of smallholders in Indian industrial dairy chains comes from a dynamic network of three-tier cooperatives and specific sectoral formal and informal institutions favoring resource pooling and cooperation. This study demonstrates that an analysis of the bundles of rights held by smallholders in the sector supports assessing and monitoring inclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Health Policy & Planning is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les risques d'appauvrissement que les grands projets industriels en Inde représentent pour les fermiers pauvres comportent en particulier le danger d'insécurité alimentaire et celui de se voir privés de terre. Le système de compensation monétaire datant de l'époque coloniale ne permet pas aux fermiers d'utiliser leurs indemnités de manière à reconstruire leurs économies ménagères. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude micro-économique de la confiscation de terres au Bengale occidental, entreprise pendant la période de gouvernement communiste dans un contexte plus large de libéralisation économique. Les résultats de l'étude révèlent que l'acquisition de terres par de grands projets industriels a généré une grande insécurité alimentaire au niveau des ménages de fermiers pauvres, mais a aussi compromis les processus récent de réforme agraire au Bengale. En particulier, l'absence de principes de partage des bénéfices semble rendre inadéquat le projet de loi de 2011 relatif à l'acquisition et le réaménagement des terres, en tout cas par rapport au rétablissement des moyens de subsistance des familles de fermiers pauvres décrites dans cet article. Cette situation est aussi pertinente aux centaines d'autres cas similaires en Inde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution made by the private sector to health care in a low- or middle-income country may affect levels of physician emigration from that country. The increasing importance of the private sector in health care in the developing world has resulted in newfound academic interest in that sector's influences on many aspects of national health systems. The growth in physician emigration from the developing world has led to several attempts to identify both the factors that cause physicians to emigrate and the effects of physician emigration on primary care and population health in the countries that the physicians leave. When the relevant data on the emerging economies of Ghana, India and Peru were investigated, it appeared that the proportion of physicians participating in private health-care delivery, the percentage of health-care costs financed publicly and the amount of private health-care financing per capita were each inversely related to the level of physician expatriation. It therefore appears that private health-care delivery and financing may decrease physician emigration. There is clearly a need for similar research in other low- and middle-income countries, and for studies to see if, at the country level, temporal trends in the contribution made to health care by the private sector can be related to the corresponding trends in physician emigration. The ways in which private health care may be associated with access problems for the poor and therefore reduced equity also merit further investigation. The results should be of interest to policy-makers who aim to improve health systems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims at challenging the Neo-Malthusian hypothesis of incompatibility between demographic growth and preservation of the environment in developing countries. This theoretical hypothesis has been tested here on an empirical data set referring to a specific environmental variable and to a specific developing country. The case study covers the projected increase in carbon dioxide emissions in India in the period 2003-2030. The contributions of the demographic, economic and technological variables are calculated relative to the growth in carbon dioxide emissions through the IPAT model. The results confirm the hypothesis that the Neo-Malthusian paradigm is not appropriate to explain the demographic impact on the environmental variable in Asian economies. Instead, evidence has been provided to consider that the main determinant for environmental impact is still going to be economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem of creating an appropriate domestic sectoral climate policy by emerging economy governments is examined through the case study of India's iron and steel sector. Unique circumstances and patterns exist in different sectors of emerging economies so a single international policy may be unable to reconcile subtle yet important country-specific drivers. Shortcomings in the form of distortions could arise if policies are designed with a short time horizon. A fully integrated, long-term and well-planned domestic policy is required. The emergence of a strong domestic carbon price to guide sector expansion is identified as a key feature for such a framework. Additional support through international cooperation would help to gain the necessary political support while stabilizing the policy environment and facilitating substantial sectoral abatement. Policy relevance: Fuel savings and emissions reductions in India's steel sector can be delivered firstly by improving energy efficiency in existing and new plants, secondly by shifting to efficient production processes, and thirdly by using steel more efficiently as a component or by substituting low-carbon alternatives. The CDM only supports energy savings and emissions reductions from efficiency improvements in the production process, but cannot target the other two opportunities. Domestic policies, including improved product standards and carbon pricing, can create broader benefits for the Indian economy and global climate. However, to achieve domestic support for these measures, international cooperation and coordination are necessary. A key question is how support can be structured without providing subsidies for the production of a carbon-intensive commodity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the cost of rotavirus and all-cause diarrhoea in Vellore, India. Methods Parents of children <5 years of age accessing clinics, emergency rooms, or hospitals for acute diarrhoea completed a questionnaire detailing healthcare utilisation, medical and non-medical expenditures, and lost income. Faecal samples were screened for rotavirus and medical records were examined. Costs were estimated for inpatient and outpatient resource consumption, stratified by facility. Results Total societal costs of a hospitalised diarrhoeal episode were Rs 3278.50 (US$ 80.80) at a large referral hospital and Rs 1648.60 (US$ 40.60) at a smaller community hospital. Costs for rotavirus positive or negative gastroenteritis were similar. Median household expenditures per diarrhoeal episode at the referral and the community hospitals equalled 5.8% and 2.2% of the annual household income, respectively. Conclusions Diarrhoeal disease in children constitutes a considerable economic burden. An appropriately priced and effective rotavirus vaccine may provide significant economic savings for the Indian household and healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with global economic rents (GER), which are a product of the global integration of production and the emergence of new patterns of competition. The theoretical antecedents of the concept are found in the classical economic theory of Marx and Schumpeter. This states that analysis of integrated world production has placed elaboration of the subject on new ground connecting the organization of the firm with knowledge assets and technological changes. However, it will have to go further than this. With the exception of companies in the dynamic economies of Asia, China and to an increasingly greater extent India, the other developing countries have a precarious position in the struggle for ger, this constituting a further limit on their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of economic development on the resorption of inequality levels in India is an open debate. Inequality shapes both the Indian society as a whole and, spatially, the different regions of this subcontinent-wide country. In this article, emphasis is given to the conception and to the spatial analysis of an indicator named "Non-Crowded Housing" (abbr. NCH). The latter uses official census data, is easily computed and focuses on the absence of housing overcrowding. This indicator offers a good alternative to explore the standard of living gap in India in terms of housing usage and unveil specific sub-spaces and trajectories within the 2001–2011 period. Census data are complemented with field studies in order to shed new light on the geography and nature of housing and spatial inequalities linked to rapid urbanization. The case studies reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the NCH index, which is able to provide a comprehensive overview of the human well-being, focusing on housing conditions only, though being scale-dependent and sensitive to urbanization levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independent India's new state-owned infrastructural industries were not only entrusted with the mission of producing essential public commodities, but they were also required to promote the economic and social advancement of their workforces. To achieve this objective, big public enterprises in particular, helped by the financial power they derived from their control over the strategic sectors of the domestic economy, established generously endowed welfare programmes. This article argues that such a developmental ideology shaping managerial policy orientations is central to understanding why accepted explanations for the rationale of employer-sponsored social benefits are insufficient when it comes to studying similar initiatives in the Indian public sector. To substantiate its argument, the article explores the provisioning of social needs over a period of roughly half a century (1948–2002) at a large state-run producer of telecommunications equipment, Indian Telephone Industries. The welfare regime as it evolved here boasted one unique feature: it rested on dual foundations, with both the company and the trade union assuming independent responsibility for the well-being of employees. A range of informal self-help schemes devised by workers further supplemented the institutionalized social security net set up by the management and the union. The article also discusses how the firm sought to scale back its largesse in the aftermath of economic liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé. Les inégalités et la pauvreté en Inde ont été beaucoup étudiées, mais sans guère d'attention au rôle du marché du travail. Pour y remédier, les auteurs examinent le phénomène des faibles rémunérations, avec son ampleur, ses caractéristiques et ses déterminants. Ils établissent un seuil absolu de gains au-delà duquel les travailleurs ont un niveau de vie décent. Partant de microdonnées sur les ménages des salariés et des travailleurs indépendants, ils constatent qu'environ la moitié de la main-d'œuvre indienne est mal rémunérée, ce qui dénote un grave déficit de «travail décent». Ils proposent des pistes pour élever les salaires et la productivité, donc les gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrimonial advertisements, or matrimonials, are the principal conduits of a type of communication that facilitates arranged marriages within Indian society. As examples of simplified registers, matrimonials are formulaic texts of identity that follow a specific schematic structure and are replete with culturally nuanced lexical items referencing caste/sub-caste, patrilineal descent, and planetary positions at birth. They are written in Indian English and are semantically incomprehensible to cultural outsiders. A sub-genre of the classified advertisements, matrimonials may be interpreted through the Matrimonial Ads Register, which explicates language use in the textual discourse of matrimony in terms of functionality and simplicity as read against sociocultural norms and ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents abstracts of articles in the issue on topics including research on the urban poor in Bangladesh, the development of a microcredit programme in Karachi, Pakistan, and disaster relief in response to urban flooding in Adhra Pradesh, India.

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines processes involved in blood donation and ‘blood management’ in an anthropological light. It claims that blood management is not restricted to the procedures that medical professionals employ on blood outside of bodies, but that ‘management’ practice is enforced by donors themselves onto their own internal bodily processes. It suggests that donation and transfusion centre on issues of time-management and production; concepts of temporal synchrony and investment are employed to explore the implications of this dimension of blood donation. By way of a comparison with gift-giving amongst Jains in India, this article argues for an ‘overlapping’ of – and dependency between – different economies within blood-banking processes. In examining the general processes involved in blood donation, it aims to provide the groundwork for future comparative analyses of blood-banking processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]