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Peanut is among the main oil crops in India with huge economic importance. The unpredictable rainy season during the growing time of peanuts causes waterlogging in peanut fields. Waterlogging triggers major environmental limitations that negatively affect the growth, physiology, and development of peanuts. Thus, the export and production of peanuts are severely affected by waterlogging. Therefore, the understanding of metabolic mechanisms under waterlogging is important to future water-stress tolerance breeding in peanuts. This study aimed to evaluate how peanuts responded to various waterlogging conditions in terms of their development, metabolic processes, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics. The evaluations were carried out at different stages of peanut variety DH-86 treated with waterlogging. The peanut plants were subjected to different waterlogging periods of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 days. The growth parameters including total dry mass, total leaf area, and total leaves number were calculated in all treatments. The phenomenological and specific energy fluxes andmaximumphotosystem II effciency (FV/Fm) were also determined. The measurements were done statistically using PCA, G-Means clustering, and correlation analysis to explore the interaction between different physiological parameters. The waterlogging for 100 days caused a significant reduction in the total number of leaves, dry mass, and total leaf area. The most sensitive parameters are specific and phenomenological energy fluxes and Fv/Fm, which notably decreased as waterlogging duration increased. The results indicated the growth and physiological performance of the peanut cv. DH-86 was affected significantly due to waterlogging and the interaction between all these parameters in waterlogging. This research focused on how peanuts respond to waterlogging stress and provides the basis for future plant breeding efforts to improve peanut waterlogging tolerance, especially in rainy regions. This will improve the sustainability of the entire peanut industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study regarding the induction of genetic variability for fatty acid composition in a large-seeded groundnut variety through induced mutagenesis in India. The study utilizes TPG 41, a Spanish bunch large-seeded variety with 120 days maturity period and has been released for irrigated areas in summer season. It concludes that it is possible to induce genetic variability through induced mutagenesis for various fatty acids and yield traits.

Abstract: Mini core collection plays an important role in evaluating genetic resources of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). This study aimed at comparing the genetic diversities of a domestic and exotic peanut mini core collections and providing basic data for germplasm introduction and peanut breeding. The exotic mini core collection, which was introduced from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT, Patancheru, India), consisted of 168 accessions, whereas the Chinese mini core collection consisted of 298 accessions. A total of 26 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of these genotypes and their similarities. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.49 to 0.99 among the total 466 accessions and the largest genetic distance was between “L2 Gangguo” from the Chinese core collection and “ICG12625” from the ICRISAT core collection. Among the 6 botanical types of peanut, the fastigiata type had the largest genetic diversity indices in both Chinese and ICRISAT mini core collections, which were 1.11 and 0.97, respectively. The hypogaea type had the second largest diversity with genetic diversity indices of 0.89 and 0.88 for Chinese and ICRISAT mini core collections, respectively. The genetic distance between the 2 mini core collections was larger than that within a mini core collection. Particularly, the aequatoriana genotype ICG12625 from ICRISAT had the largest differences to the Chinese genotypes. According to similarity coefficient and genetic diversity index, the genetic diversity was greater among genotypes from the Chinese mini core collection than that from the ICRISAT mini core collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted for three years (from 1999 to 2002) at ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa, Goa, India, to identify a productive and sustainable cropping system with rice. Three major cropping systems common to the coastal region of India (rice-groundnut, rice-cowpea, and rice-vegetables) were compared with rice-fallow and rice-green manure (sunnhemp) systems. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications in fixed plots. Integration of mushroom production and broiler poultry rearing were studied with the cropping systems. Three recycled manures from the integrated systems (FYM, poultry manure, and paddy straw with mushroom spent substrate) were applied to rice during the rainy season and were compared with no recycled manure treatment in main plots with cropping systems as subplots. The highest rice yield (5866 kg/ha) was observed when green manure (sunnhemp) was grown under recycled FYM and was followed by rice-brinjal rotation involving paddy straw and mushroom spent substrate (5761 kg/ha). The mean grain yield was enhanced by 18% (769 kg/ha increase) with groundnut rotation as compared with rice-fallow system by the third season. Among the manurial resources, recycling of paddy straw with mushroom spent substrate recorded consistently better performance with a mean yield increase of 365 kg/ha compared with no recycling of manure. The rice-groundnut system was found more stable in terms of yield potential as reflected by higher sustainability yield index (0.78) and was followed by the rice-brinjal system (0.75). Paddy straw with mushroom spent substrate recorded the highest SYI (0.75) as compared with others, indicating that the practice is more sustainable. Incorporation of paddy straw along with mushroom spent substrate over a period of years had a beneficial cumulative effect on soil fertility. Although the effect of cropping systems on soil organic carbon was not appreciable, the rice-groundnut system was observed to increase the soil organic carbon marginally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is the major abiotic constraint affecting groundnut productivity and quality worldwide. Most breeding programmes in groundnut follow an empirical approach to drought resistance breeding, largely based on kernel yield and traits of local adaptation, resulting in slow progress. Recent advances in the use of easily measurable surrogates for complex physiological traits associated with drought tolerance encouraged breeders to integrate these in their selection schemes. However, there has been no direct comparison of the relative efficiency of a physiological trait-based selection approach ( Tr) vis-à-vis an empirical approach ( E) to ascertain the benefits of the former. The genetic material used in the present study originated from three common crosses and one institute-specific cross from four collaborating institutes in India (total seven crosses). Each institute contributed six genotypes and each followed both the Tr and E selection approaches in each cross. The field trial of all selections, consisting of 192 genotypes (96 each Tr and E selections), was grown in 2000/2001 in a 4 × 48 alpha design in 12 season × location environments in India. The selection efficiency of Tr relative to E, RE Tr, was estimated using the genetic concept of response to selection. Based on all the 12 environments, the two selection methods performed more or less similarly (RE Tr= 1.045). When the 12 environments were grouped into rainy season and post-rainy season, the relative response to selection in Tr method was higher in the rainy than in the post-rainy season (RE Tr= 1.220 vs 0.657) due to a higher genetic variance, lower G × E, and high h2. When the 12 environments were classified into four clusters based on plant extractable soil-water availability, the selection method Tr was superior to E in three of the four clusters (RE Tr= 1.495, 0.612, 1.308, and 1.144) due to an increase in genetic variance and h2 under Tr in clustered environments. Although the crosses exhibited significant differences for kernel yield, the two methods of selection did not interact significantly with crosses. Both methods contributed more or less equally to the 10 highest-yielding selections (six for E and four for Tr). The six E selections had a higher kernel yield, higher transpiration (T), and nearly equal transpiration efficiency (TE) and harvest index (HI) relative to four Tr selections. The yield advantage in E selections came largely from greater T, which would likely not be an advantage in water-deficient environments. From the results of these multi-environment studies, it is evident that Tr method did not show a consistent superiority over E method of drought resistance breeding in producing a higher kernel yield in groundnut. Nonetheless, the integration of physiological traits (or their surrogates) in the selection scheme would be advantageous in selecting genotypes which are more efficient water utilisers or partitioners of photosynthates into economic yield. New biotechnological tools are being explored to increase efficiency of physiological trait-based drought resistance breeding in groundnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the registration of the spanish peanut, ICGV 86143 germplasm which was developed in Tamil Nadu, India. Who released it; Average pod yield of the peanut; Characteristics of the peanut; Additional related information.