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2. INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT Conference Paper Abstracts.
- Subjects
MANAGEMENT ,RETAIL industry ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,COMPENSATION management - Abstract
This article presents abstracts of studies on international management. The paper "Regional Strategies for Service Sector Multinationals," examined the intra-regional sales of all 49 multinational enterprises (MNE) in the retail sector. Data is not available for most other service sector MNEs, especially in insurance and banking. Only one of these 49 retail MNEs is global, defined as operating with at least 20 percent of its sales in each part of the triad. The paper "Market Equilibrium, Cartel or Lack of Strategy? Entry Level Compensation in Japanese Firms," examined the determinants of base pay for entry level college graduates in Japanese firms. In a sense, Japanese firms' compensation strategy for college hiring is to behave as a cartel and to minimize wage competition. The paper "A Comparative Analysis of Indian and Chinese Negotiating Behavior," highlighted the similarities and differences between Indian and the Chinese negotiating behavior. While a lot has been written about the Chinese approach to negotiations the literature on Indian negotiating behavior is relatively sparse. This paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature by providing a comparative contrast of the negotiating styles in these countries. The starting premise of the paper is that institutional environments affect the ease with which value is created, sustained or amplified over time.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Analyzing the cultural content of web sites: A cross-national comparision of China, India, Japan, and US.
- Author
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Singh, Nitish, Hongxin Zhao, and Xiaorui Hu
- Subjects
WORLD Wide Web ,INTERNET - Abstract
Purpose ߞ To explore the depiction of cultural values on international web sites. Design/methodology/approach ߞ To measure cultural content on the web Singh and Matsuo's conceptual framework was used. Content analysis was used to study the cultural content on web sites from China, India, Japan and the US. Findings ߞ The results indicate that local web sites of India, China, Japan and US not only reflect cultural values of the country of their origin, but also seem to differ significantly from each other on cultural dimensions. Research limitations/implications ߞ This study validates the cultural value framework of Singh and Matsuo by successfully using it to analyze the cultural content on various country web sites. The study also provides evidence to international marketers and academics that instead of a "transnational web style" a culturally unique web style is emerging on the web. Practical implications - Marketers need to culturally customize their international web sites as the web is emerging as global medium impregnated with local cultural values. Originality/value ߞ The paper extends the standardization versus localization debate to the web, a medium yet not explored in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES IN MULTINATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS: AN EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION.
- Author
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Rangan, Subramanian and Sengul, Metin
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,ORGANIZATIONAL sociology ,EXPERIENTIAL learning ,ORGANIZATIONAL effectiveness ,MARKET orientation ,ORGANIZATIONAL change - Abstract
In a study based on over 700 observations across more than 35 manufacturing and service industries, we examine the relative local sales performance of leading foreign multinationals from different home countries operating in the six host markets of Brazil, China, India, Mexico (four of the largest developing countries), and Japan and the USA (the two largest developed countries). Drawing on institutional theory we explore whether, beyond firm-specific advantages, experiential learning, and information links emphasized in the existing literature, greater relative similarity in home and host institutional environments is associated with better MNE relative performance abroad. In regressions we run factoring in a variety of controls, home-host institutional similarity is significant and even stronger than firm capability and information links in explaining MNE relative local sales performance. Among proxies constituting institutional similarity, cognitive elements appear most important followed by regulative and then normative elements. Notably, cultural closeness is not a driver. We conjecture that institutional similarity aids MNE strategy implementation and is reflected in relative performance, and, that as host markets become more contested by MNEs from different home countries, international business is set to become more institutional business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Where is the ‘Economic Centre’ of the Asia Pacific Region?
- Author
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Albrecht, Thomas
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
The paper examines if the ‘economic centre’ of Asia is likely to shift over the next 20 years. In this context, it addresses the widely held notion that a deterioration of Southeast Asia's geographic centrality within the Asia Pacific region is likely to occur due to the rise of China. GNP-weighted centrality indices are calculated for major Asian cities, and it is shown that the changing economic map of Asia is unlikely to lead to geographic marginalization of Southeast Asia: even if the economic importance of China increases significantly, this will be more than offset by the corresponding decline of Japan. As a consequence, the total economic weight of Northeast Asia is likely to decrease slightly compared to Southeast Asia and Greater India over the next 20 years, with the economic centre of Asia moving further to the southwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Public–private models for lunar development and commerce
- Author
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Sadeh, Eligar, Livingston, David, Matula, Thomas, and Benaroya, Haym
- Subjects
- *
LUNAR bases , *POLITICAL systems , *SPACE Age, 1957- , *BUSINESS partnerships , *PRIVATE sector - Abstract
Abstract: Visions about the establishment of a lunar base and development of the Moon for scientific, technical and commercial ends have been on the political agenda since the beginning of the Space Age. In the past few years a number of spacefaring nations, including the USA, European states through ESA, Japan, India, China and Russia have proposed missions directed at the robotic and human exploration and development of the Moon. This paper argues that an important factor in advancing these missions lies in a partnership between the pubic, governmental sector and the private sector. The paper analyzes the dynamics of this partnership as applied to the case of the US Vision for Space Exploration. The results of the analysis suggest that public–private partnerships directed at lunar development and commerce depend on how government reduces risks for the private sector. The risks identified and discussed herein include political and legal risks, technological risks, and financial and market risks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2005
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7. DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND RESPONSE: SOCIAL CONTEXT AND THE PRACTICE OF BIRTH CONTROL IN SIX COUNTRIES.
- Author
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Presser, Harriet B., Hattori, Megan L. Klein, Parashar, Sangeeta, Raley, Sara, and Zhihong Sa
- Subjects
BIRTH control ,HUMAN fertility - Abstract
This paper expands on Kingsley Davis's demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods. We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment, the medical profession, organized religion, and women's groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China, India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence of religion and of women's groups in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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8. Indo-US Relations and its Implications for Asian Security.
- Author
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Sridharan, Kripa
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations ,FOREIGN relations of India ,FOREIGN relations of the United States - Abstract
A dramatic transformation has occurred in India-US relations in the last decade. The interactions between the two democracies have expanded enormously and their impact is beginning to be felt beyond the bilateral realm. This evolving partnership holds the potential to shape not only the regional politics of South Asia but the international relations of the wider Asia-Pacific region. Some analysts project an even grander vision, claiming that this relationship may play a decisive role in determining the future global order. Taking these projections as a point of departure, and recognizing the impressive strides that have been made in Indo-US ties, this research focuses on the strategies, outputs and consequences of this foreign policy engagement. Its impact on Asian stability in the context of a rising China is also analysed. The research also studies the dynamics between the three major Asian powers, India, China and Japan, whose bilateral equations with the US are divergent and therefore of concern to the smaller powers of the region. How these major powers relate to one another and whether their mutual interactions can be autonomous are some of the questions that this research explores while charting the course of Indo-US relations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
9. Molecular characterization of South and East Asian melon, Cucumis melo L., and the origin of Group Conomon var. makuwa and var. conomon revealed by RAPD analysis.
- Author
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Tanaka, Katsunori, Nishitani, Atsushi, Akashi, Yukari, Sakata, Yoshiteru, Nishida, Hidetaka, Yoshino, Hiromichi, and Kato, Kenji
- Subjects
MELONS ,RAPD technique ,PLANT diversity ,AGROBIODIVERSITY - Abstract
The genetic diversity and relationship among South and East Asian melon Cucumis melo L. were studied by using RAPD analysis of 69 accessions of melon from India, Myanmar, China, Korea, and Japan. The genetic diversity was large in India, and quite small in Group Conomon var. makuwa and var. conomon from East Asia, clearly indicating a decrease in genetic variation from India toward the east. Cluster analysis based on genetic distance classified 17 groups of accessions into two major clusters: cluster I comprising 12 groups of accessions from India and Myanmar and cluster II that included five groups of accessions of Group Conomon var. makuwa and var. conomon from East Asia. Cluster I was further divided into three subclusters, of which subclusters Ib and Ic included small- and large-seed type populations, respectively. Therefore, this division was based on their seed size, not cultivation area. The large-seed type from east India was differently included in the subcluster of small-seed type (Ib). A total of 122 plants of 69 accessions were classified into three major clusters and subclusters: clusters I and II comprised melon accessions mostly from India and Myanmar, and cluster III comprised Group Conomon var. makuwa and var. conomon from East Asia. The frequency of large- and small-seed types was different between clusters I and II, also indicating genetic differentiation between large- and small-seed types. One plant of the small-seed type from east India was differently included in cluster III, and two plants from east India were classified into subcluster IV. These results clearly showed that South Asian melon is genetically differentiated by their seed size, and that small-seed type melon in east India is closely related to Group Conomon var. makuwa and var. conomon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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10. Biography as Scripture.
- Author
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Blum, Mark L.
- Subjects
- *
AMITABHA (Buddhist deity) , *BUDDHIST hagiography , *PURE Land Buddhism , *JAPANESE religious literature ,BIOGRAPHIES - Abstract
Records of individuals who achieved rebirth in the pure land of Amitãbha Buddha began as a genre of hagiography in eighth-century China and began appearing in Japan in the late tenth century. Thereafter these ōjōden were produced repeatedly throughout Japanese history in greater numbers than in China, and came to function as a form of prooftext for the establishment of the Pure Land school. Focusing on an apocryphal Indian ōjōden created in the late Heian period, this paper evaluates the form and content of ōjōden as a unique genre of Japanese religious literature exhibiting influences from monastic bibliography, miracle texts, and the category of adbhutadharma in Indian Buddhist literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
11. THE 21st CENTURY AS WHOSE CENTURY?
- Author
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Scott, David
- Subjects
TWENTY-first century ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Macro-analysis and East-West encounter are shown through consideration of objective yet subjective constructed concepts for the international system and international economy in the 21st century. Three paradigms are considered, namely the 21st century as the 'Pacific Century', as 'China's Century' and as the 'Asian Century'. Overlaps are shown between these three paradigms, as also developments in time, and gradually shift in geographical location. The 'Pacific Century', and its associated Rimspeak, was the paradigm emerging in the late 1970s, knitting together America's West Coast and the Japanese economy. By the late 1980s this was already shifting to talk of the 21st century likely to be an 'Asian Century' model, mark-1, based on the Pacific Asia dynamism shown by the 'Asian Tigers' and Japan. However, the Asian financial crash of 1997-8, and the economic downturn in Japan, meant that such an 'Asian Century' seemed premature as the 21st century arrived. Instead, it was China's economic growth that seemed most evident, and with it the concept of the 21st century as 'China's Century'. However, in turn that has already been modified during the first decade of the century by India's arrival as a rapidly growing economy. Consequently the 21st century as 'China's Century' and as 'India's Century' has been combined into talk of an 'Asian Century', mark-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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12. U.S. Strategy in Asia Pacific, Axis of Democracy & China.
- Author
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Mishra, Suprava and Mishra, Pramod
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *MILITARY strategy - Abstract
With the increasing economic and strategic clout of China and the vulnerability of the American power in the Gulf, the US policy makers are searching for a new strategy in the Asia Pacific region. Their ultimate purpose is to neutralize the preeminence of China.Pentagon is trying to forge a new alliance of three well-established democracies-US,India and Japan. On April 16,2007 all the three nations began a joint military drill in the Pacific. More or less at the same time, the first India-US Defence Joint Working Group met in New Delhi.These two develpments have certainly raised the temperature in Beizing.Recently China has raised its defence budget by 17.8 percent and successfully tested its antisatellite ballistic missile.No doubt the Pacific military exercise by US, India and Japan has been taken as an alarming signal by China.The proposed paper will try to explore the evolving strategy of the US in the Asia Pacific region.One has to explore as to what extent such a three nation joint exercise is addressing the unprecedented rise of China in the politico-economic and strategic affaires of the region. We will also examine as to how far the existing American policy of strategic engagement with China is being reexamined. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
13. An Asian Triangle: Indiaâs Relationship with China and Japan.
- Author
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Roehrig, Terence
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security ,FOREIGN relations of India ,JAPANESE foreign relations - Abstract
While most view China as the rising power in Asia, the future of the region will also be determined by India. Despite receiving less attention, India is a growing economic, military, and political power in the region and globally. India has the worldâs 4th largest economy at $796 billion and for the past decade, has registered economic growth rates over 7 percent. India has the 3rd largest active duty armed force in the world behind China and the United States and is a nuclear power. Finally, India is a respected political player and often cited as a candidate for inclusion in the UN Security Council. Certainly, India faces significant obstacles including over 350 million living dire poverty and an economic infrastructure that needs significant repair. However, Indian leaders have ambitious aspirations and it is a country on the rise. Given Indiaâs important and growing position in Asia, its relations with China and Japan, the other key players in region, will be crucial. This paper will examine Indiaâs economic, political, and security relationship with these other two powers of Asia and the impact these relations have on Indian and regional security. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
14. South Korea's Economic, Energy, and Strategic Relationships with Africa.
- Author
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Tae-Hyung Kim
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Due to energy, economic, and strategic concerns, the African Continent has been attracting significant attention from the rest of the world. Countries in Asia are no exception to this growing tendency. Although there has been much discussion and analysis about such large Asian powers as China, India, and Japan's relationships with Africa, an analysis on South Korea, a medium power's, interactions with the African Continent has been absent. Like its neighbors, Seoul has been actively engaging with the Continent for various reasons, and their activities will only grow and be intensified. The paper seeks to analyze South Korea's economic, energy, and strategic relationships with Africa. First, it will provide a brief historical background. Then it will analyze the reasons behind Seoul's recent attention to the Continent. Evaluations of different issue areas will be followed. The paper will conclude with policy implications on Seoul's role in Africa in particular and a medium power's foreign policy in general. This study will contribute to the development of medium power foreign policy theory as well as the improvement of the relationships between South Korea and countries in Africa. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
15. Westward Ho! Japan Eyes India Strategically.
- Author
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Jain, Purnendra
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,NUCLEAR weapons testing ,GREAT powers (International relations) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL law - Abstract
Having maintained a low-key relationship since early postwar, Japan today shows increasing interest in India as a rising economic and regional power. The two nations are now developing ties in many areas consequent with India's ascent, most importantly in politico-strategic matters. This strategic development is intriguing as Tokyo was one of the most critical voices condemning New Delhi's decision to conduct nuclear testing in 1998, when the relationship reached its nadir. So why this strategic repositioning and why now? This article explores Japan's move towards India as an attempt to balance and bandwagon strategically. Japan's strategic thinking now recognises India as potential balance for Japan against China while Japan bandwagons with the United States in response to both India and China as rising Asian powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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16. Regionalization in East Asia.
- Author
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Fouquin, Michel
- Subjects
HIGH technology industries ,HIGH technology services industries ,RESOURCE-based communities - Abstract
Institutional regionalization has come very late to East Asia compared with Europe, but its pace has dramatically increased since the mid-1990s. Many agreements, including bilateral ones such as those signed between Japan and Singapore, or pluri-lateral ones such as those between ASEAN countries, cover an ever increasing number of countries of the East Asian region, including Japan, India, and China. We first analyze Asian integration as a de facto, spontaneous, development of trade. Trade specialization in Asia has often been described as guided by the different levels of development of the countries participating in the regional integration. It constitutes a vertical division of labor between poor countries exporting natural resources and/or labor-intensive products to developed countries exporting machinery, sophisticated parts and components, and high-tech products. This trade structure is radically different from the European horizontal division of labor (exchange of different varieties of similar goods). Then we look at the micro-economic level how Japanese firms tend to integrate Asia into their international network, with Japanese partners being used as relays for Japanese export of semi-manufactured products. Last we present a simulation with the MIRAGE model of a scenario of general regionalization in which all the regions of the world develop preferential treatment for neighboring countries. These agreements are limited to industrial products with particular attention to the automotive sector. The main results are that Asia is the main winner in such a scenario, and within Asia it is Japan and Korea that will be the main winners. In fact, because developing Asia is one of the most protected regions of the world, the impact of liberalization is also the highest. Second, Japan and Korea are best placed to profit from these regional agreements, because other developed countries are excluded from the market of developing Asia. They also have superiority in manufacturing goods whereas countries like China might have problems upscaling their industrial production. Nevertheless our model did not take into account the voluntary pace of development chosen by China and that she will use her powerful state system to avoid being locked into low-tech, low-value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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17. Beyond Energy: China's Energy Relations with Japan and India.
- Author
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Jian Yang
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY industries , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
China and Japan are the worldâs second- and third-largest energy consumer respectively. Sino-Japanese energy relations have been characterised by stiff and even dangerous competition. The two countries have engaged in a fierce rivalry for an oil pipeline ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
18. Security Cooperation in Asia: Who is the Leader of the East Asian Community?
- Author
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Katsumata, Hiro
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore a reasonable model for security cooperation in an âEast Asian community.â Today, the countries of Asia â" including the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), China, Japan and India â" are eag ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
19. China's Anti-encirclement Struggle.
- Author
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Garver, John W. and Fei-Ling Wang
- Subjects
PSYCHOLOGICAL warfare ,BLOCKADE ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Confronted during the first decade of the twenty-first century with the rapidly burgeoning US-Indian security partnership and then by the emergence of the India-Japan security relationship, Beijing struggled to respond. After initially attempting to court India away from a too-close partnership with the United States in the first half of the decade, Beijing shifted to a more coercive approach around the end of 2005. One key mechanism used to pressure India was psychological war waged via the Internet raising the possibility of another Sino-Indian war. As China shifted from a soft to a hard-line approach toward India, policy toward Japan was moving in the opposite direction. After keeping relations with Japan in the freezer during the early part of the decade, around 2006, Beijing shifted gear and adopted a much more conciliatory approach. The authors hypothesize that these simultaneous shifts in Sino-Indian and Sino-Japanese relations were not coincidence but predicated instead on an understanding that simultaneous efforts to pressure Japan and India could drive those countries further together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Japan, China, South Korea, and India: Why No Immunity from the Subprime Credit Crisis?
- Author
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Sharma, ShalendraD.
- Subjects
SUBPRIME loans ,SUBPRIME interest rate ,FINANCIAL crises ,ECONOMIC conditions in Asia, 1945- ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
When the subprime-induced financial crisis broke out in the U.S. housing sector in the summer of 2007 and mushroomed into a global financial crisis by September 2008, it was widely believed that the Asian economies, especially the 'big four'-Japan, China, South Korea, and India-would remain largely immune from the worst of the crisis. However, this assumption has proven to be false. All four countries have felt the negative impact of the financial contagion-albeit differently. Whereas China and India have been moderately impacted, Japan and South Korea have experienced heightened financial instability, sharp economic contraction, and a deep recession. What explains the big four's vulnerability to the crisis, and why have Japan and South Korea been affected more negatively than China and India? How have the four countries responded to the crisis, and what can they do to further insulate their economies from the vagaries of the global financial markets? In this article, the author addresses these interrelated issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Women's participation in employment in Asia: a comparative analysis of China, India, Japan and South Korea.
- Author
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Cooke, Fang Lee
- Subjects
GENDER ,EQUALITY ,WOMEN'S employment - Abstract
This study compares the patterns of women's employment in four major Asian economies: China, India, Japan and South Korea. It illuminates how the heterogeneous characteristics of political regimes, institutional arrangements and societal values are manifested in the employment system and human resources of each country. It also reveals the varying cultural, social and institutional forces that prevail, despite similar outcomes of women's employment. The contribution adds to existing knowledge of women's employment through the comparison of four major Asian countries which remains under-explored. It also contributes to the theoretical debates of gender and employment by adopting an interdisciplinary analytical framework that incorporates socio-cultural, politico-economic and institutional perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Make measurable what is not so: National monitoring of the status of persons with intellectual disability*.
- Author
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Fujiura, Glenn T., Rutkowski-Kmitta, Violet, and Owen, Randall
- Subjects
HEALTH policy ,PEOPLE with intellectual disabilities ,PUBLIC health surveillance ,RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Background Statistics are critical in holding governments accountable for the well-being of citizens with disability. International initiatives are underway to improve the quality of disability statistics, but meaningful ID data is exceptionally rare. Method The status of ID data was evaluated in a review of 12 national statistical systems. Recurring data collection by national ministries was identified and the availability of measures of poverty, exclusion, and disadvantage was assessed. Results A total of 131 recurring systems coordinated by 50 different ministries were identified. The majority included general disability but less than 25% of the systems screened ID. Of these, few provided policy-relevant data. Conclusions The scope of ID data was dismal at best, though a significant statistical infrastructure exists for the integration of ID data. Advocacy will be necessary. There is no optimal form of data monitoring, and decisions regarding priorities in purpose, targeted audiences, and the goals for surveillance must be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. China, the United States, and Prospects for Asian Space Cooperation.
- Author
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Moltz, James Clay
- Subjects
- *
SPACE exploration , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
With the rapid rise of competitive space activities within Asia, this study examines the prospects for increasing international cooperation. After discussing relevant conceptual issues, it surveys the space policies particularly of China, India, Japan, and South Korea and examines the skewed patterns of cooperation seen at the international, regional, and bilateral levels. It then analyzes the historical, technology, and political factors that have impeded, especially regional, space cooperation in Asia to date. The study concludes that expanded regional space cooperation is an unlikely near-term outcome, but the paper also argues that the risks entailed in the current situation are growing and that US policy initiatives could make a difference in helping to lead countries out of this dead-end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Tasks before Indian Foreign Policy.
- Author
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Gupta, Arvind
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL security ,POLITICS & government of India - Abstract
The author argues that India must restructure its foreign and security policies within the framework of a multipolar world, in which China has become the second largest economy, while the economies of U.S., Europe and Japan have stagnated. The key factors to a new Indian foreign policy are hinged on the presence of an unstable neighborhood, an assertive China and a divided domestic politics. The author also believes that India must use its economic, cultural, military and diplomatic profiles to highlights its place in the international arena.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Wages, prices, and living standards in China, 1738-1925: in comparison with Europe, Japan, and India.
- Author
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ALLEN, ROBERT C., BASSINO, JEAN‐PASCAL, MA, DEBIN, MOLL‐MURATA, CHRISTINE, and VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN
- Subjects
ECONOMIC history -- 1750-1918 ,COMPARATIVE studies ,WAGES ,PRICES ,COST of living ,ECONOMIC conditions in China ,QING dynasty, China, 1644-1912 - Abstract
This article develops data on the history of wages and prices in Beijing, Canton, and Suzhou/Shanghai in China from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, and compares them with leading cities in Europe, Japan, and India in terms of nominal wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living. In the eighteenth century, the real income of building workers in Asia was similar to that of workers in the backward parts of Europe but far behind that in the leading economies in north-western Europe. Real wages stagnated in China in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and rose slowly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth, with little cumulative change for 200 years. The income disparities of the early twentieth century were due to long-run stagnation in China combined with industrialization in Japan and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. International Relations studies in Asia: distinctive trajectories.
- Author
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Alagappa, Muthiah
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,COMMERCIAL law - Abstract
This article investigates and explains the development of International Relations studies (IRS) in China, Japan, and India. Beginning in early 1980s IRS experienced exponential growth in China and is becoming a separate discipline in that country. Despite early starts, IRS in Japan and India is still an appendage in other disciplinary departments, programs, and centers although growing interest is discernible in both countries. Continued rise of Asian powers along with their growing roles and responsibilities in constructing and managing regional and global orders is likely sustain and increase interest in IRS in these countries and more generally in Asia. Distinctive trajectories have characterized the development of IRS in China, Japan, and India. Distinctiveness is evident in master narratives and intellectual predispositions that have shaped research and teaching of IR in all three countries. The distinct IRS trajectories are explained by the national and international context of these countries as well as the extensiveness of state domination of their public spheres. Alterations in national circumstances and objectives along with changes in the international position explain the master narratives that have focused the efforts of IR research communities. Extensiveness of state domination and government support, respectively, explain intellectual predispositions and institutional opportunities for the development of IRS. IRS in Asia has had a predominantly practical orientation with emphasis on understanding and interpreting the world to forge suitable national responses. That orientation contributed to a strong emphasis on normative–ethical dimensions, as well as empirically grounded historical, area, and policy studies. For a number of reasons including intellectual predispositions and constraints, knowledge production in the positivist tradition has not been a priority. However, IR theorizing defined broadly is beginning to attract greater attention among Asian IR scholars. Initial interest in Western IR theory was largely a function of exposure of Asian scholars to Western (primarily American) scholarship that has been in the forefront in the development of IR concepts, theories, and paradigms. Emulation has traveled from copying to application and is now generating interest in developing indigenous ideas and perspectives based on national histories, experiences, and traditions. Although positivism may gain ground it is not deeply embedded in the intellectual traditions of Asian countries. Furthermore, theorizing in the positivist tradition has not made significant progress in the West where it is also encountering sharp criticism and alternative theories. Asian IR scholarship would continue to emphasize normative–ethical concerns. And historical, area, and policy studies would continue to be important in their own right, not simply as evidentiary basis for development of law-like propositions. It also appears likely that Asian IR scholarship would increasingly focus on recovery of indigenous ideas and traditions and their adaptation to contemporary circumstances. The net effect of these trends would be to diversify and enrich existing concepts, theories, methods, and perspectives, and possibly provide fresh ones as well. The flourishing of IRS in Asia would make the IR discipline more international. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. China's Defense Technology and Industrial Base in a Regional Context: Arms Manufacturing in Asia.
- Author
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Bitzinger, RichardA.
- Subjects
- *
DEFENSE industries , *HIGH technology industries , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *MILITARY budgets - Abstract
This paper examines defense industrialization in three leading arms-producing states in Asia - India, Japan, and South Korea - and how their experiences compare to China's recent defense industrial developments. It argues that despite decades of considerable effort and investments in pursuit of a techno-nationalist self-arming strategy, these countries have experienced only modest success when it comes to achieving such self-reliance. Most regional defense industrial bases lack the necessary design skills and technological expertise in order to truly innovate, and at best these countries act as 'late innovators' when it comes to armaments production. The experiences of these countries have lessons for China as it attempts to move into the first tier of arms-producing states. China has over the past 15 years made significant progress in modernizing its defense technological and industrial base. At the same time, China faces the same long-term challenges that currently confront other regional arms industries - that is, making techno-nationalism work at the later stages of innovation. This is particularly critical as China's defense industry strives to move from a basically platform-centric to an increasingly network-centric technological-industrial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. It's a Material World: Trends in Material Extraction in China, India, Indonesia, and Japan.
- Author
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York, Richard, Ergas, Christina, Rosa, Eugene A., and Dietz, Thomas
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,MINERAL industries ,JEVONS paradox ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
We examine trends since 1980 in material extraction in China, India, Indonesia, and Japan-which together contain over 40% of the world's population-to assess the environmental consequences of modernization. Economic and population growth has driven rapid expansion of material extraction in China, India, and Indonesia since 1980. China and India exhibit patterns consistent with the Jevons paradox, where the economic intensity of extraction (extraction/GDP) has steadily declined while total extraction grew. In Indonesia, extraction intensity grew along with total extraction. In Japan, total extraction remained roughly constant, increasing somewhat in the 1980s and then slowly declining after 1990, while extraction intensity declined throughout the entire period. These different patterns can be understood to some degree by drawing on political-economic and world-systems perspectives. Japan is an affluent, core nation that can afford to import materials from other nations, thereby avoiding escalation of material extraction within its borders. China and India are rapidly industrializing nations that, although increasingly drawing on resources from beyond their borders, still rely on their own natural resources for growth. Indonesia, an extraction economy with less global power than the other nations examined here, exports its own natural resources, often unprocessed, to spur economic growth. The trends highlighted here suggest that in order to avert environmental crisis, alternative forms of development, which do not involve traditional economic growth, may need to be adopted by nations around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Can Asia lead? Power ambitions and global governance in the twenty-first century.
- Author
-
ACHARYA, AMITAV
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,PUBLIC goods ,IDEOLOGY - Abstract
Is the much hyped 'rise of Asia' translating into global public good? The leading Asian powers, China, India and Japan, demand a greater share of the decision-making and leadership of global institutions. Yet, they seem to have been more preoccupied with enhancing their national power and status than contributing to global governance, including the management of global challenges. This is partly explained by a realpolitik outlook and ideology, and the legacies of India's and China's historical identification with the 'Third World' bloc. Another key factor is the continuing regional legitimacy deficit of the Asian powers. This article suggests that the Asian powers should increase their participation in and contribution to regional cooperation as a stepping stone to a more meaningful contribution to global governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Nécessité des ruines: les enjeux du classique.
- Author
-
Settis, Salvatore
- Subjects
COLLECTIVE memory ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,ROMAN history - Abstract
This essay considers the special status of ruins (and especially Rome), not simply as objects that defy time and bear tangible witness to the past, but because of their function as symptoms and guardians of historical consciousness. Fragmentary and no longer capable of performing the function for which they were originally built, buildings in ruins mark the lost and the invisible, but in doing so, mark permanence and duration. The author questions the universality of ruins and asks whether (as Chateaubriand, for example, suggests) it is true that ‘all men have a secret attraction to ruins’. The author considers Rome's place in the European tradition of ‘the end of the world’ in comparison to traditions in India, China, and Japan, and identifies important ancient differences. In China, for example, the past and the passage of time are represented by other means. Ruins do not occupy a place in cultural memory comparable to that within the European tradition. The meaning of ruins, the author suggests, ‘is peculiar to Western culture’. It is part of one distinct set of strategies for marking historical breaks, but also ensuring a sense of continuity, both of which underlie the necessity of ruins. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The president's page [ComSoc's Focus on China].
- Subjects
- JAPAN, CHINA, UNITED States, INDIA, INSTITUTE of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
- Abstract
The IEEE current membership priority is China, Japan, USA and India. In this issue of our magazine, I would like to highlight what our society is doing for its members in China. Of course we already have long-standing Sister Society agreements with the China Institute of Communications (CIC) and the China Institutes of Electronics (CIE). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Refining Varieties of Labour Movements: Perspectives from the Asia-Pacific Region.
- Author
-
Lee, Byoung-Hoon and Lansbury, Russell D.
- Subjects
LABOR movement ,LABOR unions - Abstract
The papers in this volume seek to broaden the concept of ‘varieties of unionism’ by comparing the labour movements of six countries in the Asia-Pacific region: China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and Australia. While there is a great diversity of economic, socio-cultural and ethnic factors which have influenced the nature of industrial relations and unionism in each country, all have experienced the impact of globalisation on their labour markets to varying degrees. The repertoire of revitalisation strategies used by unions in Asia are similar, in many ways, to those adopted in western market economies, but their specific forms differ. The authors of the studies in this volume examine the factors which have helped and/or hindered union revitalisation in each of the countries studied. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Missing Link in the EU's Nascent Strategic Approach toward Asia: Military Diplomacy.
- Author
-
Engelbrekt, Kjell
- Subjects
DIPLOMACY ,MILITARY relations ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
The Lisbon Treaty enacted in 2009 allows the European Union (EU) to adopt a foreign, security, and defense policy with a higher profile. In particular, the High Representative and the European External Action Service are now in a position to conduct a continuous conversation with China, India, Japan, and ASEAN beyond trade-oriented dialogues. But a genuine strategic approach toward Asia requires military expertise so as to adequately assess how to best contribute to stability in this part of the world. Military diplomacy involving individual member states already takes place, yet virtually no information is shared at the EU level. The adoption of a full-fledged strategic approach toward Asia would not only be politically astute and make excellent economic sense; it can also consolidate EU institutions in the realm of foreign, security and defense policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Self-citation rates of scientific and technical journals in SCI from China, Japan, India, and Korea.
- Author
-
Hongling, Fang
- Subjects
CITATION analysis ,TECHNICAL journalism ,SCIENCE periodicals - Abstract
We analyze the self-citation rates of scientific and technical journals in the SCI database from China, Japan, India, and Korea from 2007 to 2009. Korea has the highest self-citation rate, Japan the lowest. Compared with 2007, the overall level of self-citation rate declined across all four countries in 2008. In 2009, however, the self-citation rate of the three countries other than China rose a little. The total cited frequency and impact factor of excessive self-citing journals and zero self-citation journal in China, Japan, India, and Korea are all lower than those of the mean of all journals included in the SCI in 2009. It appears that the academic influence of journals whose self-citation rates is either too low or too high is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Asian favors: More than a cookie cutter approach.
- Author
-
Thams, Yannick, Liu, Ying, and Glinow, Mary
- Subjects
RECIPROCITY (Commerce) ,SOCIAL exchange ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,COOKIE cutters ,SOCIAL constructionism - Abstract
Using social exchange theory, we explore the exchange of favors and different rules of exchanges in China, Japan, and India. Although social exchange theorists have directed their attention to the universality of the norms of reciprocation and have indicated the prevalence of an instrumental view of reciprocity, we elaborate on the cross-cultural variations that exist regarding the way individuals view and apply the principle of reciprocation in the countries which we examine. To understand these variations, we discuss the pivotal cultural/historical conditions that seem to shape social exchanges and therefore country differences in favors exchanges. For example, while social relationships and the collective play a preponderant role in these three countries, the exchange of favors in China and India is primarily based on hierarchically-defined and ascriptive ties compared to Japan where relationships' formation go beyond ethnicity, kinship, and family-oriented ties and are likely to be defined by the group membership. Finally, we end our discussion of favors by highlighting the bright and dark sides focusing on their use in the organizational milieu. We believe that examining favors in various Eastern contexts will advance social exchange theory by describing the social and historical construction of the rules of exchanges governing their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Embarrassment when illness strikes a close relative: a World Mental Health Survey Consortium Multi-Site Study.
- Author
-
Ahmedani, B. K., Kubiak, S. P., Kessler, R. C., de Graaf, R., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., Zarkov, Z., Viana, M. C., Huang, Y. Q., Hu, C., Posada-Villa, J. A., Lepine, J.-P., Angermeyer, M. C., de Girolamo, G., Karam, A. N., Medina-Mora, M. E., Gureje, O., Ferry, F., Sagar, R., and Anthony, J. C.
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,PROBABILITY theory ,SOCIAL stigma ,SURVEYS ,WORLD health ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) ,FAMILY relations ,ATTITUDES toward mental illness - Abstract
BackgroundIn this global study we sought to estimate the degree to which a family member might feel embarrassed when a close relative is suffering from an alcohol, drug, or mental health condition (ADMC) versus a general medical condition (GMC). To date, most studies have considered embarrassment and stigma in society and internalized by the afflicted individual but have not assessed family embarrassment in a large-scale study.MethodIn 16 sites of the World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS), standardized assessments were completed including items on family embarrassment. Site matching was used to constrain local socially shared determinants of stigma-related feelings, enabling a conditional logistic regression model that estimates the embarrassment close relatives may hold in relation to family members affected by an ADMC, a GMC, or both conditions.ResultsThere was a statistically robust association such that subgroups with an ADMC-affected relative were more likely to feel embarrassed compared to subgroups with a relative affected by a GMC (p < 0.001), even with covariate adjustments for age and sex.ConclusionsThe pattern of evidence from this research is consistent with conceptual models for interventions that target individual- and family-level stigma-related feelings of embarrassment as possible obstacles to effective early intervention and treatment for an ADMC. Macro-level interventions are under way but micro-level interventions may also be required among family members, along with care for each person with an ADMC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Recent progress of R&D activities on reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels.
- Author
-
Huang, Q., Baluc, N., Dai, Y., Jitsukawa, S., Kimura, A., Konys, J., Kurtz, R.J., Lindau, R., Muroga, T., Odette, G.R., Raj, B., Stoller, R.E., Tan, L., Tanigawa, H., Tavassoli, A.-A.F., Yamamoto, T., Wan, F., and Wu, Y.
- Subjects
- *
RESEARCH & development projects , *FERRITIC steel , *NUCLEAR fusion , *NUCLEAR reactors - Abstract
Abstract: Several types of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel have been developed over the past 30years in China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the USA for application in ITER test blanket modules (TBMs) and future fusion DEMO and power reactors. The progress has been particularly important during the past few years with evaluation of mechanical properties of these steels before and after irradiation and in contact with different cooling media. This paper presents recent RAFM steel results obtained in ITER partner countries in relation to different TBM and DEMO options. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Next Generation Internet Policy in Japan, China and India.
- Author
-
Coleman, Liv
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT policy on the Internet ,INTERNET access control - Abstract
This Internet is facing a critical moment in its history as Internet addresses begin to run out. The Asia Pacific is the region most deeply affected by Internet address depletion, due to its lack of legacy address space and emerging markets with new demand for Internet access. A Next Generation Internet with nearly infinite address space has been created, but transition is costly and uptake has been slow. This article examines Next Generation Internet policy adoption by three Asia-Pacific countries: Japan, China and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Up Close: Family Therapy Challenges and Innovations Around the World.
- Author
-
Roberts, Janine, Abu ‐ Baker, Khawla, Diez Fernández, Cristina, Chong Garcia, Nelly, Fredman, Glenda, Kamya, Hugo, Martín Higarza, Yolanda, Fortes de Leff, Jacqueline, Messent, Philip, Nakamura, Shin ‐ Ichi, Torun Reid, Fatma, Sim, Timothy, Subrahmanian, Chitra, and Zevallos Vega, Roxana
- Subjects
COUPLES therapy ,CULTURE ,FAMILY psychotherapy ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,PSYCHOTHERAPISTS ,SOCIAL case work ,SOCIAL workers ,WORLD health ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,FAMILY systems theory - Abstract
Copyright of Family Process is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. More educated and more equal? A comparative analysis of female education and employment in Japan, China and India.
- Author
-
Sinha Mukherjee, Sucharita
- Subjects
- *
WOMEN'S education , *EMPLOYMENT , *GENDER inequality , *WOMEN'S employment , *COMPARATIVE studies , *RIGHT to education , *LABOR market , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Social aspects - Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the connections between expanding female education and the participation of women in paid employment in Japan, China and India, three of Asia's largest economies. Analysis based on existing data and literature shows that despite the large expansion in educational access in these countries in the last half century, women have lacked egalitarian labour market opportunities. A combination of social discouragement and individual choice largely explains the withdrawal, non-participation or intermittent female presence in the labour force, notwithstanding increased educational access. In taking stock of these issues and debates across these countries, it is argued that the parallel experiences of women in these countries can be traced back to persistent gender norms which, amongst other things, imply the centrality of marriage and non-market unpaid labour for women. The paper argues that there is a need for gender-sensitive public policy in order for increased education to translate to labour market gains for women, leading to sustainable development outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume – An ethnopharmacological review.
- Author
-
Zhan, Hong-Dan, Zhou, Hai-Yu, Sui, Yun-Peng, Du, Xin-Liang, Wang, Wei-hao, Dai, Li, Sui, Feng, Huo, Hai-Ru, and Jiang, Ting-Liang
- Subjects
- *
ACTION potentials , *HERBAL medicine , *CHINESE medicine , *MEDLINE , *ONLINE information services , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *PLANT anatomy , *MEDICAL quality control - Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Gastrodia elata Blume ( Orchidaceae ) is commonly called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. Materials and methods The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases “The Plant List”, and “Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia”. Results Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. Conclusion Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. DESIGN AND DESIGN EDUCATION.
- Subjects
VILLAGES ,CITIES & towns ,ARCHITECTURE - Published
- 2016
43. Large-Scale Observational Evidence of Cross-Cultural Differences in Facial Behavior.
- Author
-
McDuff, Daniel, Girard, Jeffrey, and Kaliouby, Rana
- Subjects
HYPOTHESIS ,ADVERTISING ,ALGORITHMS ,CULTURE ,FACIAL expression ,INDIVIDUALITY ,LONGITUDINAL method ,NONVERBAL communication ,SCIENTIFIC observation ,PROBABILITY theory ,REGRESSION analysis ,SELF-evaluation ,SEX distribution ,VIDEO recording ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) ,HOME environment ,DATA analysis software ,MEDICAL coding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,INTRACLASS correlation - Abstract
The article focuses on a study which examines large-scale observational evidence of cross-cultural differences in facial behavior using advanced in computer science. Topics discussed include the automated facial coding used, the reliability of the facial action unit detection algorithms across different testing subsets, multilevel regression estimates predicting each facial action's base rate percentage.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Shock and Volatility Spillovers between Stock Markets of India and Select Asian Economies.
- Author
-
Kumar, Ashish
- Subjects
STOCK exchanges ,COMMERCIAL products ,INVESTMENT policy ,MARKET volatility ,GARCH model - Abstract
Flow of information and volatility coming from stock markets of other countries have significant impact on the stock market of a country. Volatility is even higher in the case the countries enjoy good economic conditions among themselves. The present manuscript aims to probe into the spread of impacts over a large range of returns and volatility in four major equity markets of Asia viz. India, China, Hongkong and Japan for a period of 18 years ranging from 2000 to 2017. The study uses VAR based GARCH model to determine the volatility spillover among the chosen countries for the period under assessment. The empirical outcomes of the study present that all selected markets have responded to their own lag of conditional volatility along with news shocks. The impact of conditional variance is higher in comparison to shocks which is an indication that markets fundamentals are stronger than corrections or shocks. The results of cross country spillover show that volatility of Shanghai Stock Exchange of China and shocks from Japan and Hongkong markets assert a significant effect over volatility of Indian equity market. Volatility of stock markets of Japan and China is not affected by the cross market volatility and shocks spillover from India. In contrast, volatility of Hongkong market is affected by shocks and volatility of Indian equity markets. Findings of the research have meaningful insights for the Governments and regulators, academicians, researchers, investors and fund managers in framing investment strategies in the chosen markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Future changes in Asian summer monsoon precipitation extremes as inferred from 20-km AGCM simulations.
- Author
-
Lui, Yuk Sing, Tam, Chi-Yung, and Lau, Ngar-Cheung
- Subjects
METEOROLOGICAL precipitation ,METEOROLOGICAL research - Abstract
This study examines the impacts of climate change on precipitation extremes in the Asian monsoon region during boreal summer, based on simulations from the 20-km Meteorological Research Institute atmospheric general circulation model. The model can capture the summertime monsoon rainfall, with characteristics similar to those from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation. By comparing the 2075-2099 with the present-day climate simulations, there is a robust increase of the mean rainfall in many locations due to a warmer climate. Over southeastern China, the Baiu rainband, Bay of Bengal and central India, extreme precipitation rates are also enhanced in the future, which can be inferred from increases of the 95th percentile of daily precipitation, the maximum accumulated precipitation in 5 consecutive days, the simple daily precipitation intensity index, and the scale parameter of the fitted gamma distribution. In these regions, with the exception of the Baiu rainband, most of these metrics give a fractional change of extreme rainfall per degree increase of the lower-tropospheric temperature of ~ 5 to 8.5% K
−1 , roughly consistent with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. However, over the Baiu area extreme precipitation change scales as ~ 3.5% K−1 only. We have also stratified the rainfall data into those associated with tropical cyclones (TC) and those with other weather systems. The AGCM gives an increase of the accumulated TC rainfall over southeastern China, and a decrease in southern Japan in the future climate. The latter can be attributed to suppressed TC occurrence in southern Japan, whereas increased accumulated rainfall over southeastern China is due to more intense TC rain rate under global warming. Overall, non-TC weather systems are the main contributor to enhanced precipitation extremes in various locations. In the future, TC activities over southeastern China tend to further exacerbate the precipitation extremes, whereas those in the Baiu region lead to weaker changes of these extremes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Stock Market Integration Among Asian Economies in a Case of India, China, and Japan.
- Author
-
Bhullar, Pritpal Singh
- Subjects
STOCK exchanges ,STOCK price indexes ,MARKETING ,ERROR correction (Information theory) ,COINTEGRATION - Abstract
Copyright of International Research Journal of Business Studies is the property of Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. India–Japan maritime security cooperation: Secondary states' soft balancing in the Indo-Pacific.
- Author
-
Paul, Joshy M.
- Subjects
BALANCE of power ,CHINESE people - Abstract
India–Japan security cooperation is a critical component in the evolving security mechanism of the Indo-Pacific region. Both states are secondary states in the international system that opposes one country's emergence as a regional hegemon. China's rise and her ambition to dominate the Indo-Pacific would affect the security interests of India and Japan. The U.S., the current preponderant power in the region, seems unable to contain China by itself. So it is looking for strategic partnerships with regional countries who are militarily capable of challenging China, and persuading them to balance China. In this regard, the two powerful states in China's own backyard – Japan in the western Pacific and India in the Indian Ocean – have come together to counter the Chinese hegemony in the Indo-Pacific. In this effort, they have gradually built up naval cooperation sans a formal military alliance. They follow soft balancing strategies over hard balancing ones because neither wants to antagonise China. Similarly both countries seek to expand their presence through mutual cooperation beyond South-east Asia. This article explains the nature and context of soft power balancing strategies and the manner in which the India–Japan maritime security cooperation has evolved over the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Academic collaboration rates and citation associations vary substantially between countries and fields.
- Author
-
Thelwall, Mike and Maflahi, Nabeil
- Subjects
AUTHORS ,AUTHORSHIP ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,MEDICAL research ,SERIAL publications ,STATISTICS ,TEAMS in the workplace ,BIBLIOGRAPHIC databases ,DATA analysis ,PERIODICAL articles ,CITATION analysis ,IMPACT factor (Citation analysis) ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Research collaboration is promoted by governments and research funders, but if the relative prevalence and merits of collaboration vary internationally then different national and disciplinary strategies may be needed to promote it. This study compares the team size and field normalized citation impact of research across all 27 Scopus broad fields in the 10 countries with the most journal articles indexed in Scopus 2008–2012. The results show that team size varies substantially by discipline and country, with Japan (4.2) having two‐thirds more authors per article than the United Kingdom (2.5). Solo authorship is rare in China (4%) but common in the United Kingdom (27%). While increasing team size associates with higher citation impact in almost all countries and fields, this association is much weaker in China than elsewhere. There are also field differences in the association between citation impact and collaboration. For example, larger team sizes in the Business, Management & Accounting category do not seem to associate with greater research impact, and for China and India, solo authorship associates with higher citation impact in this field. Overall, there are substantial international and field differences in the extent to which researchers collaborate and the extent to which collaboration associates with higher citation impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Self-clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: implications for lifetime risk and population at-risk of tuberculosis disease.
- Author
-
Emery, Jon C., Richards, Alexandra S., Dale, Katie D., McQuaid, C. Finn, White, Richard G., Denholm, Justin T., and Houben, Rein M. G. J.
- Subjects
MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis ,MYCOBACTERIAL diseases ,TUBERCULOSIS ,VACCINE development ,DISEASES ,EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: it is widely assumed that individuals with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remain at lifelong risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease. However, there is substantial evidence that self-clearance of Mtb infection can occur. We infer a curve of self-clearance by time since infection and explore its implications for TB epidemiology. Methods and findings: data for self-clearance were inferred using post-mortem and tuberculin-skin-test reversion studies. A cohort model allowing for self-clearance was fitted in a Bayesian framework before estimating the lifetime risk of TB disease and the population infected with Mtb in India, China and Japan in 2019. We estimated that 24.4% (17.8–32.6%, 95% uncertainty interval (UI)) of individuals self-clear within 10 years of infection, and 73.1% (64.6–81.7%) over a lifetime. The lifetime risk of TB disease was 17.0% (10.9–22.5%), compared to 12.6% (10.1–15.0%) assuming lifelong infection. The population at risk of TB disease in India, China and Japan was 35–80% (95% UI) smaller in the self-clearance scenario. Conclusions: the population with a viable Mtb infection may be markedly smaller than generally assumed, with such individuals at greater risk of TB disease. The ability to identify these individuals could dramatically improve the targeting of preventive programmes and inform TB vaccine development, bringing TB elimination within reach of feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Reasons of Singles for Being Single: Evidence from Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, India, Japan and the UK.
- Author
-
Apostolou, Menelaos, Birkás, Béla, da Silva, Caio Santos A., Esposito, Gianluca, Hsu, Rafael Ming Chi S., Jonason, Peter Karl, Karamanidis, Konstantinos, O, Jiaqing, Ohtsubo, Yohsuke, Putz, Ádám, Sznycer, Daniel, Thomas, Andrew G., Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Varella, Marco Antonio Correa, Kleisner, Karel, Flegr, Jaroslav, and Wang, Yan
- Subjects
CULTURE ,SINGLE people ,AGE distribution ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,PSYCHOLOGY ,ETHNOLOGY research ,SURVEYS ,SEX distribution ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,ANALYSIS of covariance ,FACTOR analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The current research aimed to examine the reasons people are single, that is, not in an intimate relationship, across eight different countries—Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, India, Japan, and the UK. We asked a large cross-cultural sample of single participants (N = 6,822) to rate 92 different possible reasons for being single. These reasons were classified into 12 factors, including one's perceived inability to find the right partner, the perception that one is not good at flirting, and the desire to focus on one's career. Significant sex and age effects were found for most factors. The extracted factors were further classified into three separate domains: Perceived poor capacity to attract mates, desiring the freedom of choice, and currently being in between relationships. The domain structure, the relative importance of each factor and domain, as well as sex and age effects were relatively consistent across countries. There were also important differences however, including the differing effect sizes of sex and age effects between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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