1. Effects of a healthy Nordic diet on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (SYSDIET).
- Author
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Brader, Lea, Rejnmark, Lars, Carlberg, Carsten, Schwab, Ursula, Kolehmainen, Marjukka, Rosqvist, Fredrik, Cloetens, Lieselotte, Landin-Olsson, Mona, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Poutanen, Kaisa, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Risérus, Ulf, Savolainen, Markku, Thorsdottir, Inga, Uusitupa, Matti, and Hermansen, Kjeld
- Subjects
VITAMIN D deficiency ,CHI-squared test ,CLINICAL trials ,DIET ,DIETARY supplements ,FISHER exact test ,FISHES ,FORECASTING ,HEALTH behavior ,MEDICAL cooperation ,PARATHYROID hormone ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICAL sampling ,STATISTICAL hypothesis testing ,STATISTICS ,T-test (Statistics) ,U-statistics ,VITAMIN D ,DOCOSAHEXAENOIC acid ,EICOSAPENTAENOIC acid ,DATA analysis ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,METABOLIC syndrome ,BODY mass index ,LIFESTYLES ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,NUTRITIONAL status ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Purpose: At northern latitudes, vitamin D is not synthesized endogenously during winter, causing low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of a healthy Nordic diet based on Nordic nutrition recommendations (NNR) on plasma 25(OH)D and explored its dietary predictors. Methods: In a Nordic multi-centre trial, subjects ( n = 213) with metabolic syndrome were randomized to a control or a healthy Nordic diet favouring fish (≥300 g/week, including ≥200 g/week fatty fish), whole-grain products, berries, fruits, vegetables, rapeseed oil and low-fat dairy products. Plasma 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone were analysed before and after 18- to 24-week intervention. Results: At baseline, 45 % had vitamin D inadequacy (<50 nmol/l), whereas 8 % had deficiency (<25 nmol/l). Dietary vitamin D intake was increased by the healthy Nordic diet ( P < 0.001). The healthy Nordic and the control diet reduced the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy by 42 % ( P < 0.001) and 19 % ( P = 0.002), respectively, without between-group difference ( P = 0.142). Compared with control, plasma 25(OH)D ( P = 0.208) and parathyroid hormone ( P = 0.207) were not altered by the healthy Nordic diet. Predictors for 25(OH)D were intake of vitamin D, eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), vitamin D supplement, plasma EPA and plasma DHA. Nevertheless, only vitamin D intake and season predicted the 25(OH)D changes. Conclusion: Consuming a healthy Nordic diet based on NNR increased vitamin D intake but not plasma 25(OH)D concentration. The reason why fish consumption did not improve vitamin D status might be that many fish are farmed and might contain little vitamin D or that frying fish may result in vitamin D extraction. Additional ways to improve vitamin D status in Nordic countries may be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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