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The aim of the article is to examine one of the neglected areas in the spatiality of religion, the spatial distribution of religious institutions and the changes that have taken place in this relation over time in the case of Debrecen, a specific city in Hungary, which has hosted several religions both in the past and present. The main findings are discussed in five subsections concentrating on five consecutive periods. During the period under study, the number of institutions run by churches increased steadily until the Second World War. This process was interrupted after the Second World War, and partly as a consequence of the world war (with the deportation of Jews to concentration camps) and partly due to the anti-religious nature of the socialist regime, there was a significant decline followed by a resumption of expansion after 1990. Regarding the location of the institutions within the city and its changes, there were significant differences between the various types of institutions (e.g., churches, administrative centres, kindergartens, elementary and grammar schools). Research primarily relied on document analysis and fieldwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Our article investigates the utilisation of EU support from the EFARD Axes 3 and 4 in the 2007–2013 period in North Hungary, with a special emphasis on the role of the LEADER local action groups (LAGs) and their forms of governance. A brief study ofthe results of the 2014–2020 period was also included. The distribution of resources was examined by a spatial inequality indicator, the Gini coefficient. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to explore the level and forms of governance in the case of LAGs. Our research results suggest that the distribution of Axis 3 resources within local action groups shows greater inequality in fewer LAGs. The Axis 4 denotes higher inequality. The level of governance of LAGs is relatively low as it is achieved through strong local leaders. This may explain high spatial inequalities of fund distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study highlights the economic importance and role of the European and Hungarian SMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises) in reducing territorial inequalities, and in contributing to regional development and gives an overview of their basic features and characteristics. In the preparation of this paper, we have relied on specialist literature and the data available on the website of Hungarian Central Statistical Office. During the 2008 crisis, real estate, real estate renting, computer and business and business support services, trade, construction and manufacturing, and automotive were the big losers. The economic sectors most exposed to the effects of the 2020 health crisis were the so-called IRS sector. The districts most affected by the health crisis were the Hungarian districts most visited by domestic and foreign tourists, namely Lake Balaton, Bük-Sárvár, Sopron-Fertő, Győr-Pannonhalma, Mátra-Bükk, Debrecen and its region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delimitation and classification of peripheral settlements using multivariate statistical methods is presented in this article, with a case study of Hungary. A combination of four different methods provided the basis for the delimitation of settlements defined as peripheral. As significant overlapping was detected between the results of the different methods, peripheries – more than one-fifth of the Hungarian settlements – were identified in a common set of the results. The independence of the results from the applied methods points to the fact that peripherisation is multi-faceted, and the peripheries of Hungary are stable and well-discernible from other regions. After the identification of peripheral areas, we classified these settlements into groups based on their specific features. Multiple steps specifying the relevant variables resulted in selecting the most appropriate 10 indicators and these served as the basis for a hierarchical cluster analysis, through which 7 clusters (types of peripheries) were identified. Five of them comprised enough cases to detect the most important dimensions and specific features of the backwardness of these groups. These clusters demonstrated a spatial pattern and their socioeconomic and infrastructural features highlighted considerable disparities. These differences should be taken into consideration when development policies are applied at regional levels or below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic growth of spatial databases and IT analytical capabilities has expanded the scope for historical comparative studies. However, a number of problems have hampered the implementation of these analyses, mainly due to the altering methodology of statistical measurements, the changing content and uncertain explanatory power of socio-economic factors, and not least the repeatedly redrawn spatial frameworks. In the case of historical Hungary, the coherent data structure became fragmented as a result of the Treaty of Trianon, which also made it difficult to create a database for the current time section. The comparative analysis of linear infrastructure elements over time, in particular railways, poses fewer dilemmas, while the expression of complex development is a much more complicated problem. The study used calculations based on a common methodology, but essentially different in terms of the variables used in the two time sections in order to compare the change in the situation between 1910 and 2010 for the territory of historical Hungary (covering 8 countries in total). The authors have used geographic information tools to project municipal level data on a 10*10 km grid, since the problems mentioned above made direct comparison impossible. Their experience shows that the grid network is suitable for comparing the spatial structure of development over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is examine the committee structure of municipal councils of Hungarian settlements having a population over 5, 000 before and after the local elections of 2014, and to analyse the presence of external experts in the work of the various committees. The most important findings can be summarized as follows: the average number of municipal council committees shows a strong correlation with the size of the settlements. The roles of the individual sectors as filled in the municipal council committees, and the changes to the same, are affected by amendments in the relevant laws and the subsequent governmental measures. The participation of external members in the municipal council committees is typical primarily in sectors that are less important and require mainly professional knowledge; at the same time, municipal councils strive to keep external members away from the work of committees discussing issues that are confidential or otherwise sensitive from the point of view of the local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current research puts the issue of functional urban regions (or districts) into the focus delimited by the commuting network of employees. The local labour system (LLS) provided a specific dimension of this complex approach however it is one of the most adequate possibilities to delineate these areas of commuting. The delimitation process consisted of two steps with the separation of employment centres and with the assignment of settlements to these cores. The alteration of the LLS pattern was also analysed as the investigation was carried out by the census data from 2001 and 2011. The results provided a comprehensive overview about the process of territorial concentration and the instability of peripheral areas. Significant regional disparities of commuting came to light as the consequence of the body of settlement network. The territorial division of the country provided by LLS pattern is fitting to the new and integrated European approach of cities and their hinterlands but it is not alternative against other administrative or statistical divisions of Hungary. However this territorial point of view is in closer relation to the issues of analysing the local labour market processes or the developments targeting the increase in employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the increasing significance of environmental protection, which can be observed in the past decades, according to international trends, the leaders of Hungarian settlements have also begun to pay more attention to this area. An important role in the management of settlements is played by municipal councils elected by the population, whose decisions are prepared by various sectoral committees. Despite the fact that the scope of the committees' work is often wider than can be deduced from their names, we think it stands to reason to examine to what extent environmental protection are present in the names of municipal council committees. In the light of the above, this paper emphasises the following questions with respect to Hungarian settlements with a population of at least 5,000: to what extent is environmental protection present in the committee structures of the municipal councils of local governments and which factors influence the presence of environmental protection in the committee structure of local governments? The findings of the present paper can be summarised in the following major statements:• Municipal councils of settlements consider the presence of environmental protection in the committee structure as important, but they primarily deal with this area in combination with other sectors.• Environmental protection is most frequently dealt with in the same committee with the areas of urban development.• The presence of environmental protection in the committee structure shows correlation with three factors, of which the strongest link can be found in case of the volume of traffic passing through the settlements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of business organisations according to the number of employees has long been an important area of research in economic geography. What is in the background of the above is that the economic position of individual geographical areas, as well as the strength of the local economy, are fundamentally influenced by the size of the companies operating there. In the light of the above, the purpose of this paper is to examine the changes concerning the size categories of registered business organisations in the construction industry, which is considered as an important base of the economy, in the period between 2000 and 2013, as well as to address the differences between the counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current analysis aimed to illustrate the centre-periphery dichotomy of Hungary on the level of settlements using the personal income approach for investigation. Income represents a special indicator correlating with lots of other social-economic variables. The income database is appropriate to illustrate the post-socialist transformation of the Hungarian economy and society with territorial consequences. The comparative overview of the regional level income per capita processes drew the attention to the differing development paths of regions forming two polarised groups. Income inequalities were calculated by the Hoover index and the weighted form of mean logarithmic variation. The rapidly growing inequalities started to stagnate after the mid 1990's and slight convergence appeared by the time of the millennium. One more stage was reasonable to divide - in 2008 with the blast of the global financial and economic crisis. The development stages of income inequalities provided the basis for aggregating the results of the local spatial autocorrelation calculation. The mapping of these results drew the income frontiers and their alterations during the last two and half decades. The boundary of the groups of settlements with similar high or low values formed the income frontiers that can be regarded as a special social frontier. This frontier determines more socio-economic processes and the regional policy should consider these to treat the significant social problems with their territorial consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current investigation applied the method of triadic decomposition of GDP per capita using it as an indicator to express the competitiveness in static, dynamic and combined forms. The results partly supported the former findings about the development characteristics of Hungarian towns. Some outputs of the current investigation highlighted new trends and spatial processes of competitiveness of towns after the millennium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study concerning the impact of the regional policy of the European Union on the method of demarcating the beneficiary regions in Hungary. It explores the role of the demarcation of the beneficiary regions as one of the key tasks of the regional policy as well as offers a historical overview of the regional inequalities in Hungary. The study demonstrates the consideration of the Hungarian regional policy of European Union trends during the demarcation of eligible areas.

In the current study, the Hungarian system of the minorities' advocacy is in focus with special regard to the Gypsy minority local governments. The representation of the Roma population has became very wide-spread from the mid 1990's by the Gypsy minority local governments, however this temporal change fits to general trends of other minority local governments. Important territorial characteristics were discovered by the example of the North Great Plain Region where significant part of the Hungarian gypsies are concentrating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important and popular methods in analysing the effect of economic integration are represented in the current study primarily focusing on border areas. One of the most spectacular methods - the potential model - is investigated in order to analyse the theoretical effect of the most important economic centres on the border areas of Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf samples of deciduous tree and grass are applicable to detect fossil carbon dioxide emission in the air during the vegetation period thanks to the plants collect the CO2 from the air by the photosynthesis (Baydoun et al. 2015, Alessio et al. 2017, Park et al. 2013). In our study, 92 samples were collected at 39 sampling points in the downtown of the second largest city of Hungary, Debrecen. Grass samples were collected from the ground level and tree leaf samples from head height throughout the downtown. For the determination of fossil carbon ratio background samples were collected from the Great Forest, Debrecen, 4 km far from the downtown and 2 km far from the border of the city. The background environmental samples were also compared with atmospheric CO2 measurements from a Hungarian regional background site, Hegyhátsál (Haszpra et al. 2005). According to the accelerator mass spectrometry measurements, there was detectable fossil CO2 emission at almost every sampling site both in the grass and leaf samples. The average fossil carbon content in the tree leaf samples was approximately 1 %, but in the grass samples the mean fossil carbon ratio was a bit higher, more than 2 %. Close to busy crossroads the fossil carbon ratio can be more than 4 %. Our future plan is to compare the results of radiocarbon measurements with traffic related heavy metal contents in plant samples. Recent study shows that the traffic has a non-negligible contribution to the local CO2 level and fossil ratio.Baydoun, R. Samad O.E., Nsouli B., Younes G (2015). Measurement of Radiocarbon Content in Leaves near a Cement Factory in Mount Lebanon, Radiocarbon 57 p. 153–159Alessio M., Anselmi S., Conforto L., Improta S., Manes F.,Manfra L (2002) Radiocarbon as a biomarker of urban pollution in leaves of evergreen species sampled in Rome and in rural areas (Lazio-Central Italy), Athmospheric Environment 36 p. 5405-5416Park J.H., Hong W., Park G., Sun, K.S., Lee K.H., Kim Y.E., Kim J.K., Choi H.W., Kim G.D., Woo H.J., Nakanishi, T.A. (2013) comparison of distribution maps of Δ14C in 2010 and 2011 in Korea, Radiocarbon, 55 p. 841-847.Haszpra L., Barcza Z., Davis K.J., Tarcay K. (2005) Long-term tall tower carbon dioxide flux monitoring over an area of mixed vegetation, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 132: 58-77 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]