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Introduction: Drug emission from DPIs is dependent on the inspiratory flow parameters through them, which are not directly measured by standard spirometry. Their estimation based on native spirometric data could help in choosing the appropriate device and optimizing the drug deposition., Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey patient preferences and to find correlations between breathing parameters of COPD patients through DPI devices and their baseline spirometric data, age, gender, disease severity and anthropometric characteristics. Another objective was to establish relationships between peak inspiratory flows (PIF dev ) through Breezhaler ® , Genuair ® and Turbuhaler ® inhalers and their determinants., Methods: Breathing parameters of 49 patients with previously diagnosed COPD and currently using one of the above inhalers were recorded by normal spirometry and while inhaling through the selected DPIs. Statistical analysis of the measured data was completed. All specific data are provided as (mean ± standard deviation)., Results: More than 60% of the patients stated that their current device is the easiest to use. The means of the measured PIF dev values were 91.4 L/min, 77.1 L/min and 77.5 L/min for Breezhaler ® , Genuair ® , and Turbuhaler ® , respectively. PIF dev values were significantly higher for males than for females, but differences upon age, BMI and disease severity group were not significant (at p = 0.05). Peak inspiratory flows through the inhalers (PIF dev ) correlated best with their native spirometric counterparts (PIF) and linear PIF dev -PIF relationships could be determined (Breezhaler ® : r = 0.60, p = 0.002, Genuair ® : r = 0.55, p = 0.001, Turbuhaler ® : r = 0.57, p = 0.002). Physical background of the deduced equations was also provided., Conclusions: Present correlations may be used to assess the success of inhalation of COPD patients through the studied devices and to choose the appropriate device for each patient. As a consequence, the amount of the drug emitted by the device can be optimized, the deposition efficiency within the lungs increased and the related therapeutic effect improved., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The paper summarises the results to determine the fluxes of different N-compounds within the atmosphere and an aquatic and a terrestrial ecosystems, in Hungary. In the exchange processes of N-compounds between atmosphere and various ecosystems the deposition dominates. The net deposition fluxes are -730, -1270 and -1530 mg Nm(-2)yr(-1) for water, grassland, and forest ecosystems, respectively. For water, the main source of nitrogen compounds is the wet deposition. Ammonia gas is close to the equilibrium between the water and the air. For grassland the dry flux of nitric acid and ammonia is also an important term beside the wet deposition. Dry deposition to terrestrial ecosystems is roughly two times higher than wet deposition. A total of 8-10% of the nitrates and NH(x) deposited to terrestrial ecosystems are re-emitted into the air in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) greenhouse gas.