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Derolathrus cavernicolus n. sp. is the first beetle in the family Jacobsoniidae described from continental North America. It is reported from cave and forested habitats in Florida, the island of Barbados in the Lesser Antilles, and tentatively from the island of Hawaii, USA. A key to the three known New World species of Derolathrus is provided. Derolathrus atomus Sharp, 1908, of Hawaii is redescribed and new records are reported from Hawaii and the United States Virgin Islands. Derolathrus sharpi Grouvelle, 1912, of Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) is redescribed and new records are reported from the West Indian islands of St. John and Montserrat. Some of the populations may be accidental introductions through the movement of horticultural materials and more can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]