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Cholera is now considered to be endemic in Haiti, often with increased incidence during rainy seasons. The challenge of cholera surveillance is exacerbated by the cost of sample collection and laboratory analysis. A diagnostic tool is needed that is low cost, easy-to-use, and able to detect and quantify Vibrio cholerae accurately in water samples within 18-24h, and perform reliably in remote settings lacking laboratory infrastructure and skilled staff. The two main objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate a new culture medium embedded in a new diagnostic tool (PAD for paper based analytical device) for detecting Vibrio cholerae from water samples collected in Haiti. The intent is to provide guidance for corrective action, such as chlorination, for water positive for V. cholerae epidemic strains. For detecting Vibrio cholerae, a new chromogenic medium was designed and evaluated as an alternative to thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar for testing raw water samples. Sensitivity and specificity of the medium were assessed using both raw and spiked water samples. The Vibrio cholerae chromogenic medium was proved to be highly selective against most of the cultivable bacteria in the water samples, without loss of sensitivity in detection of V. cholerae. Thus, reliability of this new culture medium for detection of V. cholerae in the presence of other Vibrio species in water samples offers a significant advantage. A new paper based device containing the new chromogenic medium previously evaluated was compared with reference methods for detecting V. cholerae from spiked water sample. The microbiological PAD specifications were evaluated in Haiti. More precisely, a total of 185 water samples were collected at five sites in Haiti, June 2014 and again in June 2015. With this new tool, three V. cholerae O1 and 17 V. cholerae non-O1/O139 strains were isolated. The presence of virulence-associated and regulatory genes, including ctxA, zot, ace, and toxR, was confirmed using multiplex PCR. The three V. cholerae O1 isolates were positive for three of the four virulence-associated and regulatory genes. Twelve of the V. cholerae non-O1/O139 isolates were found to carry toxR, but none were ctxA+, zot+, or ace+. However, six of the V. cholerae non-O1/O139 isolates were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The paper based analytical device (PAD) provides advantages in that standard culture methods employing agar plates are not required. Also, intermediary isolation steps were not required, including transfer to selective growth media, hence these steps being omitted reduced time to results. Furthermore, experienced technical skills also were not required. Thus, PAD is well suited for resource-limited settings., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Stieber masterfully weaves together an archive of understudied Haitian print sources beginning in 1804 that demonstrate the development of competing Haitian intellectual traditions, Dessalinean and republican. Although this leaves the final chapters on the twentieth century feeling a bit rushed, Stieber notes the importance of the first decades in establishing "the political and ideological divisions that shaped Haiti's long nineteenth century of post-independence writing" (23). Haiti's Paper War: Post-Independence Writing, Civil War, and the Making of the Republic, 1804-1954. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Disasters is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper contributes to the scholarship on contemporary journalism practices in today's fast-changing media landscape, by focusing on graphic reportage, an emergent journalistic approach that relies on the medium of drawn comics. There has been much recent scholarship on this drawn form of journalism in the field of English literature. Yet there has been surprisingly little published on graphic reportage in the field of journalism studies. In order to address this gap, this paper presents some of the key the findings of a journalism practice-based research project that involved the making of an original work of graphic reportage based on fieldwork in a camp for Haitians displaced by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Reflecting critically on her own process of researching, writing, illustrating and designing this graphic project, the author shows that graphic reportage can help to explore the perspectives of people like displaced Haitians whose perspectives are often neglected in Western media. Discussing specific examples from this work of graphic reportage, the paper also demonstrates that this drawn form can be used to ethically visually represent such vulnerable sources in ways that would be more difficult if not impossible in more standard visual media forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 14 August 2021, an earthquake of moment magnitude Mw = 7.2 hit Haiti Island. Unfortunately, it caused several victims and economic damage to the island. While predicting earthquakes is still challenging and has not yet been achieved, studying the preparation phase of such catastrophic events may improve our knowledge and pose the basis for future predictions of earthquakes. In this paper, the six months that preceded the Haiti earthquake are analysed, investigating the lithosphere (by seismic catalogue), atmosphere (by climatological archive) and ionosphere by China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) and Swarm satellites, as well as Total Electron Content (TEC) data. Several anomalies have been extracted from the analysed parameters using different techniques. A comparison, especially between the different layers, could increase or decrease the probability that a specific group of anomalies may be (or not) related to the preparation phase of the Haiti 2021 earthquake. In particular, two possible coupling processes have been revealed as part of the earthquake preparation phase. The first one was only between the lithosphere and the atmosphere about 130 days before the mainshock. The second one was about two months before the seismic event. It is exciting to underline that all the geo-layers show anomalies at that time: seismic accumulation of stress showed an increase of its slope, several atmospheric quantities underline abnormal atmospheric conditions, and CSES-01 Ne depicted two consecutive days of ionospheric electron density. This suggested a possible coupling of lithosphere–atmosphere and ionosphere as a sign of the increased stress, i.e., the impending earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haiti, a Caribbean country, is highly vulnerable to hydroclimatic hazards due to heavy rainfall, which is partly linked to tropical cyclones. Additionally, its steep slopes generate flash floods, particularly in small catchments. Moreover, the hydrology of this region remains poorly understood and understudied. Unfortunately, there is no accessible database for the scientific community to use in this country. To fill this gap, hydroclimatic data were collected to create the first historical database in Haiti. This database, called Simbi (guardian of rivers, freshwater, and rain in Haitian mythology), includes 156 monthly rainfall series over the period 1905–2005, 59 daily rainfall series over the period 1920–1940, 70 daily streamflow series, and 23 monthly temperature series, not necessarily continuous, over the period 1920–1940. It also provides simulated streamflow series over the period 1920–1940 using the GR2M and GR4J rainfall–runoff models for 24 catchments and 49 attributes covering a wide range of topographic, climatic, geological, land use, hydrogeological, and hydrological signature indices. Simbi is the first open-access hydro-meteorological dataset for Haiti and will contribute to a better knowledge of hydrological risk in Haiti. Several sources of uncertainty associated with Simbi are acknowledged, including data quality (historical data), digitisation of paper archives, identification of relevant rain gauges, and rainfall–runoff models. It is important to consider these uncertainties when using Simbi. The database will be regularly updated to include additional historical data that will be digitised in the future. It will thus contribute toward better knowledge of the hydrology of Haitian catchments and will enable the implementation of various hydrological calculations useful for designing structures or flow forecasting. Simbi is an open-access database and is available for download at 10.23708/02POK6 (Bathelemy et al., 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universitas, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

COVID-19 has had serious consequences for world food security; lockdowns and social distancing have led to changes in global food value chains, primarily affecting the poorest of the planet. The aim of this research is to analyse the relationship between food insecurity and the structural risk factors for adverse impacts of COVID-19. To that end, 12 contingency tables are constructed to identify the association between the pillars of the food insecurity index and the INFORM COVID-19 Risk Index. We use the Gamma coefficient as a measure of association. In addition, this paper proposes a synthetic index produced by applying the TOPSIS method, using the pillars of the two aforementioned indices (criteria) to establish a ranking of 112 countries (alternatives) ordered from highest to lowest risk faced in the key year of the pandemic, 2020. The results show that the two problems are connected, indicating to international organizations that countries with worse food insecurity will suffer more serious consequences from extreme situations such as the one experienced during the pandemic. The ranking established directs international organizations' attention to countries such as Haiti, Zambia and Burundi, highlighting their greater need for an injection of financial aid than other emerging economies. Conversely, Switzerland is the country with the lowest combined risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the role of the World Food Program (WFP) as an international organization in dealing with threats to human security, namely the food crisis in Haiti in 2019-2021. This study uses explanatory qualitative research methods using data sourced from books, scientific journals, websites, and the official website of the WFP. The results of the research show that the WFP acts as an instrument for the Haitian government to work together to deal with the food crisis, acts as an arena for other international organizations in dealing with food crises and acts as an actor in dealing with the food crisis in Haiti through the program Country Strategic Plan (CSP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haitian farming faces serious climate risks. Losses due to hurricanes, droughts, floods, and diseases seriously threaten productivity. This paper aimed to study the feasibility and acceptability of agricultural technology packages that could help manage risk while improving the productivity of farming in Haiti. Significant risks faced by farmers include uninsurable disasters due to their systemic and catastrophic nature. Therefore, a package of technologies including a paid-in-kind "stabilization account" component may be an appropriate financial tool for risk management. Are Haitian farmers open to such innovation? To answer this question, we collected data from 28 agricultural experts and 1,400 farmers, including 234 maize farmers in southern Haiti, and adopted the new product development (NPD) process to test the feasibility of the concept. We used the Spearman correlation, multinomial logistic regression, and linear regression to determine factors affecting the openness of Haitian farmers to innovation. We also conducted the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to analyze the association between "financial inclusion" and "openness to innovation." Based on the results, 70% of farmers expressed their willingness to pay 6% to more than 12% of their harvested crop as a stabilization account. Farmers with "financial inclusion" are expected to be twice as likely to adopt innovative technologies, while farm size, gender, household size, and revenue had a significant positive impact on openness to innovation. However, contrary to the trends found in literature, we found that risk aversion may positively affect the acceptance and adoption of some technologies. The results also suggest that, in Haitian farming, risks linked to natural disasters are more strongly related to financial incapacity than uncertainty. Therefore, access to proper just-in-time inputs complemented by a financial tool to overcome uncertainty will significantly boost the adaptability and resilience of Haitian farmers toward climate risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper hypothesized that perceived relative advantage and perceived compatibility would have a positive effect on merchants' intention to accept payments via P2P mobile payment services, while perceived financial risks and perceived costs would have a negative effect. The study also explored the differences in gender, age and experience. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed model is based on the valence framework, where positive utility is represented by relative advantage and perceived compatibility, while negative utility is represented by perceived risks and perceived costs. The data for this study were collected from small business owners (merchants) at the largest public market in the Center Department of Mirebalais, Haiti, using a purposive sampling method. Findings: The results of a structural equation modeling on a sample of 339 merchants only confirmed the effect of both perceived comparative advantage and perceived compatibility. Furthermore, the multigroup analysis revealed that the perceived comparative advantage is stronger for female merchants, older age groups and merchants who frequently used P2P m-payment for the transfer of remittances. Perceived compatibility is stronger for male merchants, younger age groups and merchants who occasionally used P2P m-payment for the transfer of remittances. Originality/value: This study was conducted in the economic context of Haiti, where P2P m-payments are commonly used for transferring remittances. Since there are limited studies that examine P2P m-payment acceptance from the perspective of merchants, this study offers valuable insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the decline of British West Indian plantations and a growing abolitionist tide, Foreign Secretary George Canning embarked upon the policy of amelioration in 1823 with the aim of eradicating the worst excesses of British plantation slavery. Scholars have regarded the rise of ameliorationism within a British imperial framework, neglecting Canning's use of a modernized consular service in this policy's promotion, and obscuring its transnational links to other Caribbean locations. This paper argues that Canning's flagship consular intervention, Britain's consulate-general at the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince, became a major factor in the advancement of colonial amelioration. Charles Mackenzie, the British consul-general to Haiti, adhered to Canning's ameliorationism, despite Haitian officials' active attempts to enlist his support in the recognition and legitimation of their radical emancipatory project. Mackenzie's mission undermined the abolitionist cause, reinforced the policy of planter indemnification, and facilitated the marginalization of Haiti in the Atlantic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plura: Journal for the Study of Religion / Revista de Estudos de Religião is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Historia das Religioes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines Rebecca J. Scott and Jean M. Hébrard's Freedom Papers and Marie-Célie Agnant's novel Le livre d'Emma as two important contributions geared towards filling the lacunae that exist in the historical record given the lack of slave narratives in French. This study argues that these narratives are important because they approach slavery in the French empire from a fresh angle. Freedom Papers reconstructs the existence of a woman named Rosalie from her entry into the slave trade through her life in Haiti. Such a biographical approach allows researchers to put an individual face on what has mostly been studied as an abstract institution. Similarly, Agnant traces the family history of Emma back to her first ancestor to make the transatlantic journey. Although Agnant's contribution is fictional, Emma's story captures a perspective similar to the experience of many whose ancestors were enslaved. Both stories stress the importance of writing – veritable ink on paper. It was through writing that biased historical narrative was created by former empires. It is therefore through writing that Rosalie succeeded in injecting herself into the historical record, and through writing that Emma ensures her ancestors' story is never forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has a dual objective: (i) to assess, using a neoclassical growth model proposed by the IMF, the economic and financial impact of COVID-19 in Haiti; and (ii) determine, using a threshold-effect regression model, such as Threshold Auto Regressive (TAR) inspired by the work of Hansen (1999), the optimal threshold of public expenditure, likely to generate sustainable economic growth in this area. country, and which at the same time makes it possible to mitigate the perverse effects of the economic. Also, in order to promote sustainable economic growth in this country and fight against the effects of COVID-19, The main purpose of this paper is twofold (i) to estimate by using a neoclassical model of growth proposed by IMF, the economic and financial impact of COVID-19 in Haiti; (ii) to analyze threshold effects of government size on economic growth in this country, by using Hansen's Threshold Auto Regressive (TAR), 1999. It uses the time series data over the period 1980-2019. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the Haiti's GDP could be reduced of 14.1% in 2020. In the second model, our results provide strong evidence for the existence of a non-linear relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Based on these results, the paper finds that the optimal level of government expenditure that maximizes economic growth for Haiti is 14.1% of GDP against a staff level of 11.1%. They show that the state spends well below its potential growth. On the other hand, if this threshold is exceeded, the increase of the percentage ratio of state budget expenditure / GDP will have a negative impact on the speed of GDP growth. Thus, our recommendations are in favor of increasing government investment to education, health, infrastructure, environmental sectors… that are neglected up to this day in Haiti. However, these expenditures have to be limited to a level that no excess the optimal size environmental sectors. that are neglected up to this day in Haiti. However, these expenditures have to be limited to a level that no excess the optimal size environmental sectors. that are neglected up to this day in Haiti. However, these expenditures have to be limited to a level that no excess the optimal size [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and community organizations are increasingly operationalizing food sovereignty, and argue that participatory, community-engaged food sovereignty metrics can enhance insights about local contexts, and opportunities for food sovereignty. In Haiti, one of the most food-insecure countries in the world, peasant and civil society organizations have been calling for food sovereignty for over a decade, and the state recently published a food sovereignty policy document, marking an important paradigm shift. In this paper, we share a case study of a food sovereignty tool that was designed through a participatory, community-based process in Northern Haiti, offering a blueprint and lessons learned that we hope will be useful to others working to operationalize food sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore how the racial structure of an immigrant-receiving Latin American society informs the strategies that are available to its members when they are confronted with the arrival of perceived racial outsiders. Using survey data, I explore how Dominicans responded to the rapid influx of displaced Haitians in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and find that when surveyed after the earthquake, Dominicans were more likely to self-identify with the popular and nationalist identity category of indio. I argue that this signaled a heightening of anti-Haitian sentiment in a moment of perceived increased racial threat to the Dominican racial order, and that this shift was facilitated by Latin American racial dynamics that allow for movement between enumerated racial categories in societies structured around the logic of mestizaje. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For emergency rescue and damage assessment after an earthquake, quick detection of seismic landslides in the affected areas is crucial. The purpose of this study is to quickly determine the extent and size of post-earthquake seismic landslides using a small amount of post-earthquake seismic landslide imagery data. This information will serve as a foundation for emergency rescue efforts, disaster estimation, and other actions. In this study, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China's 2008 post-quake Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing images are used as the data source. ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and Swin Transformer are used as the backbone networks of Mask R-CNN to train and identify seismic landslides in post-quake UAV images. The training samples are then augmented by data augmentation methods, and transfer learning methods are used to reduce the training time required and enhance the generalization of the model. Finally, transfer learning was used to apply the model to seismic landslide imagery from Haiti after the earthquake that was not calibrated. With Precision and F1 scores of 0.9328 and 0.9025, respectively, the results demonstrate that Swin Transformer performs better as a backbone network than the original Mask R-CNN, YOLOv5, and Faster R-CNN. In Haiti's post-earthquake images, the improved model performs significantly better than the original model in terms of accuracy and recognition. The model for identifying post-earthquake seismic landslides developed in this paper has good generalizability and transferability as well as good application potential in emergency responses to earthquake disasters, which can offer strong support for post-earthquake emergency rescue and disaster assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alternative Politics / Alternatif Politika is the property of Alternatif Politika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many domestic laborers migrated from former British colonies, such as Jamaica. Keywords: Caribbean History; diaspora; Haiti; Jamaica; labor; women's history EN Caribbean History diaspora Haiti Jamaica labor women's history 385 388 4 10/13/23 20230901 NES 230901 I Nanny of the Maroons and the Upper West Side i (Figure 1) portrays the untold stories of Caribbean women workers who care for the children of Manhattan's elite and middle class families on the Upper West Side. Caribbean History, diaspora, Haiti, Jamaica, labor, women's history. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare working conditions, experiences of discrimination and suspected cases of common mental disorders (CMDs) among Haitian and Brazilian migrant workers in the same production processes. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional, exploratory study was conducted using a nonprobabilistic convenience sample of Brazilian and Haitian migrant workers aged over 18 years from the capital of the Brazilian Midwest, evaluated from October 2018 to May 2019. Individual and face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire consisting of three instruments: health and work (questions of the Health and Work Survey: Inquérito Saúde e Trabalho), the experience of discrimination score and the self-reporting questionnaire. Findings: In total, 165 workers were evaluated: 99 Haitians (58 from the service sector and 41 from the construction sector) and 66 Brazilians (37 from the service sector and 29 from the construction sector). Male workers of both nationalities were predominant. Deafening noise and dust or gas exposure were more prevalent among Brazilians than among Haitians. Chemical agents and radiation exposure have been reported more frequently among Haitians. Discrimination related to nationality or race was nine times more common among Haitians (10.1%) than among Brazilians (1.5%). Perceived discrimination at work was higher among Haitians (16.2%) than among Brazilians (3.0%). The prevalence of suspected CMDs among Haitians and Brazilians were 24.0% and 4.5%, respectively. Research limitations/implications: Despite the limitation regarding convenience sampling and the high number of Brazilians who refused to participate in the interviews, this paper brings contributions and recommendations. First, considering that comparisons in health outcomes between migrants and nonmigrant are challenging, this study sheds light on the knowledge of work-health relations between migrant populations and host populations. Practical implications: This study's results have attempted to show the importance of protecting health in the workplace as a right to be defended. In this regard, a matter of great concern is the recent loss of labor rights in Brazil and the Brazilian decision to leave the Migratory Pact, which aims to strengthen migrants' rights, contributing to sustainable development Social implications: Also, work is identified as a powerful determinant of health and a place that should protect and promote health. There is an urgent need to monitor and proceed with workers' health surveillance to grasp the impacts of work on migrant's health, develop health-work indicators and trigger plans and programs in health services. Originality/value: Haitians are at a disadvantage compared to Brazilians, mainly related to discrimination due to nationality and skin color. Experiences of discrimination and a higher prevalence of suspected cases of CMDs were observed among Haitian workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Building on empirical material gathered in Haiti, this paper advances a new and innovative understanding of the internal brain drain phenomenon—the poaching of local skilled workers by international organisations (IOs) or international non‐governmental organisations (INGOs)— by conceptualising it as an equilibrium. This equilibrium is composed of two sets of tensions: (i) those between the salary conditions in the public sector and those on offer to local personnel working for IOs and INGOs; and (ii) those inherent in the dual salary scale used by IOs and INGOs for local and international staff. These two sets of tensions contribute in their specific ways to international migration, and, as such, the internal brain drain has a bearing on external brain drain dynamics. In addition, the paper addresses the difficult policy choices facing development and humanitarian organisations, since every set of policies that impacts on one side of the equilibrium is bound to affect its other side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haiti’s long and difficult security sector reform (SSR) process has entered a new phase. The reinstatement of the Haitian armed forces, nearly 20 years after former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide disbanded them, adds a new set of actors and more complexity to a process already struggling to deliver results amidst a seemingly endless series of political crises. The armed forces must be an impartial and apolitical institution if they are to contribute to stability in Haiti – an uncertain proposition given their past inability to stay out of the political arena. Building on a summary of the latest developments in the reinstatement process, this paper discusses its implications for Haiti’s prolonged international engagement. In particular, the paper focuses on the process to develop a new White Paper on Defence and National Security in Haiti. This process has the potential to contribute to two of the most significant shortcomings of SSR in Haiti, a limited focus on security sector governance and a lack of local ownership. The reinstatement process has been an interesting test case of the international donor community’s commitment to the concept of local ownership, long held to be a moral and practical pillar of international engagement. Though reinstatement has been driven by Haitian authorities, the process has struggled to make progress without donor support, raising questions about the appropriate role of international actors in strategic decision-making at the national level. Regardless of their initial reaction to reinstatement, Haiti’s international donors risk missing an opportunity to influence the development of an important pillar of Haiti’s post- MINUSTAH security sector by choosing to remain on the sidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an archaeological reconstruction of indigenous landscape transformations in the first colonized region of the Caribbean. The arrival of Columbus in 1492 in the northern region of the island of Haytí (the current Dominican Republic and Haiti) signified a profound change in the lives of the island's communities, transforming their everyday actions and their perceptions of landscape. To address this complex topic, this research tackled a key problem in landscape archaeology: while the "landscape" concept has been extensively debated, there is a growing tendency to use the concept without clear definitions and to obscure important methodological aspects of how scholars bridge the divide between their conceptual definitions and the archaeological record. This paper approaches this problem by applying the concepts of 'sites as tendencies' and 'contested taskscapes'. This theoretical and methodological framework allows for the reconstruction of the indigenous landscape and, more importantly, highlights how the colonization process impacted the everyday tasks and perceptions of Hayti's indigenous people through the profound transformation of their landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development settings have always been uneven fields of power where recipient agency is limited. However, since the late 1990s, ideas of recipient participation and ownership gained popularity among international financial institutions, donor and recipient governments and aid practitioners. At the same time, with the 'rise of the South', the development cooperation landscape became much more polycentric. At least in theory, there is more choice, giving recipients more bargaining power and thus more agency. 'Emerging' donors talk about horizontality, sovereignty and shared identities, but what are the actual practices on the ground? How do recipients see themselves in interactions with different Northern/Southern donors? Are North/South categories relevant when analysing recipient agency, or are there other factors that are more analytically useful? This paper approaches recipient agency by looking at agricultural cooperation in Haiti. It is based on interviews conducted with an extended spectrum of Haitian actors involved in projects with four donors/partners: the United States, France, Brazil and Cuba. It looks into recipient perceptions and experiences of agency in relation to Northern donors and Southern partners by exploring project conceptualisation, execution, financing and everyday interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations in modern conflict. It advocates for a new peacekeeping doctrine for stabilisation operations. The UN has authorised four such stabilisation missions, wading into challenging frontiers of asymmetrical warfare, endemic conflict, and multidimensional mandates. This article begins by surveying discourse on stabilisation at the UN, among its key members, and among the academic community. It highlights the penchant for strategic ambiguity that has prevented the UN from establishing clear stabilisation doctrine for its Blue Helmets. It then analyses the two case studies of Haiti and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the UN's first two forays into official stabilisation operations. Evaluating them along the three axes of security, state consolidation, and political reconciliation, this article draws lessons learned and makes recommendations for a clear, modern UN stabilisation doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote reconnaissance missions are promising solutions for the assessment of earthquake-induced structural damage and cascading geological hazards. Space-borne remote sensing can complement in-field missions when safety and accessibility concerns limit post-earthquake operations on the ground. However, the implementation of remote sensing techniques in post-disaster missions is limited by the lack of methods that combine different techniques and integrate them with field survey data. This paper presents a new approach for rapid post-earthquake building damage assessment and landslide mapping, based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The proposed texture-based building damage classification approach exploits very high resolution post-earthquake SAR data integrated with building survey data. For landslide mapping, a backscatter intensity-based landslide detection approach, which also includes the separation between landslides and flooded areas, is combined with optical-based manual inventories. The approach was implemented during the joint Structural Extreme Event Reconnaissance, GeoHazards International and Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team mission that followed the 2021 Haiti Earthquake and Tropical Cyclone Grace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation is crucial for addressing current and future climate change challenges in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and climate finance instruments, such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) can play a key role in increasing their adaptive capacity and supporting the integration of adaptation into policy and programmes. Few studies have analysed the linkages between climate finance, adaptation mainstreaming, and institutional adaptive capacity; however, assessments of the impacts of climate finance on adaptation and adaptive capacity, particularly at the institutional level, are still limited. This research assesses how climate finance may promote institutional change through the mainstreaming of adaptation policies at the national level, and may contribute to more institutional adaptive capacity. Through reviewing the documentation of approved Green Climate Fund Readiness Preparatory Support Grants, and through semi-structured interviews focusing on three Caribbean SIDS (Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, and Haiti), this paper shows that the grants had a positive impact on several processes, though sometimes limited by the strength and role of the institutions in place. These results demonstrate that access to climate finance can create a window of opportunity for countries to accelerate institutional change and adaptation integration. However, further studies are needed to examine the complementary influence of the different climate finance flows (multilateral or bilateral), and their interplay with national institutional mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and researchers have used routine health data to estimate potential declines in the delivery and uptake of essential health services. This research relies on the data being high quality and, crucially, on the data quality not changing because of the pandemic. In this paper, we investigated those assumptions and assessed data quality before and during COVID-19. Methods: We obtained routine health data from the DHIS2 platforms in Ethiopia, Haiti, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Nepal, and South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal province) for a range of 40 indicators on essential health services and institutional deaths. We extracted data over 24 months (January 2019–December 2020) including pre-pandemic data and the first 9 months of the pandemic. We assessed four dimensions of data quality: reporting completeness, presence of outliers, internal consistency, and external consistency. Results: We found high reporting completeness across countries and services and few declines in reporting at the onset of the pandemic. Positive outliers represented fewer than 1% of facility-month observations across services. Assessment of internal consistency across vaccine indicators found similar reporting of vaccines in all countries. Comparing cesarean section rates in the HMIS to those from population-representative surveys, we found high external consistency in all countries analyzed. Conclusions: While efforts remain to improve the quality of these data, our results show that several indicators in the HMIS can be reliably used to monitor service provision over time in these five countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this article is to summarize research targeting hypertension and healthcare access among adults living in rural Haiti. Background: Hypertension is a significant public health problem that impacts one in five persons globally. It is the leading cause of cardiovascular‐related conditions such as stroke and myocardial infarction and accounts for most global non‐communicable disease‐related deaths. Limited healthcare access and social determinants of health are known contributors to poor health outcomes among persons with hypertension. Among Haitians, there are stark health disparities between those who live in urban versus rural areas. Design: A discursive review. Results: Several issues are identified as barriers to proper hypertension prevention and management. However, after examining the effective interventions, we found that social determinants of health such as transportation costs, lack of field care facilities close to patients, roadway conditions, political disturbance, and ineffective leadership and policies are major barriers to controlling hypertension in Haiti. Although Haiti has received help from international organizations, strengthening its internal infrastructure is paramount in improving healthcare access. Discussion: The review concludes that Haitians living in rural parts of Haiti are less likely to receive healthcare to manage non‐communicable diseases such as hypertension. Similar to other developing countries, a heightened awareness is needed to address the lack of healthcare access for those living in rural communities. Impact to Nursing Practice: Nurses and other healthcare professionals working with populations in Haiti should become aware of the barriers and facilitators that promote sufficient healthcare access. To achieve this goal, nurses must understand the social determinants and other factors that serve as barriers for achieving access to quality care for this vulnerable population. No Patient or Public Contribution: There was no patient or public involvement in the design or drafting of this discursive paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump described El Salvador, Haiti, and the continent of Africa as "shitholes" in a meeting about immigration. This comment, which was readily legible as racist, is situated within a larger toileting discourse that deploys what I call "shithole rhetorics" to further anti-Muslim and anti-queer anxieties. These anxieties cluster around the anatomy and infrastructure of shitholes, i.e., anuses and squat toilets. I examine shithole rhetorics in several Trumpian texts to expose the bizarre role of toileting in U.S. nationalist discourse. Additionally, I examine toileting texts from popular culture that seek to interrupt such shithole rhetorics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue on Haiti's environment and a recently created working group within the Haitian Studies Association (HSA) share a birth year: 2020. The pair had their conception during HSA's 2016 conference in Cap-Haïtien, "Haiti's Eco-systems: Focus on Environmental Realities and Hopes." The meeting in Cap-Haïtien demonstrated a significant interest in the environment of Haiti and its challenges. Members responded to the call with papers, panels, and a plenary session, all of which examined Haiti's ecosystems through the lenses of education, economics, visual and performing arts, spirituality, natural science, communications, literature, archaeology, agriculture, and health—to name a few. Following up from the interest generated, members responded again in 2020 to a call for working-group proposals. The lanbi (conch shell) sounded, and HSA's Working Group on Haiti's Ecosystems (WGE, also Konbit) answered. As the special-issue and working-group projects took shape together, we might think of them as Marasa, named after the sacred twins of Haitian Vodou who dramatize the ultimate unity in dualisms that might help us think through our human-nature divisions. The Marasa also represent new beginnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the interplay between social and physical aspects of food retail in disaster and post-disaster contexts and discusses how it can inform better market support interventions and food retail modernization agendas. To this end, this paper draws on a case study analysis of three distinct marketplaces in metropolitan Port-au-Prince to explore aspects of food provision and access. The findings demonstrate the pertinence of beneficial reciprocal relationships among traders and between traders and customers, as well as the physical preconditions for the existence and maintenance of these relationships over time. The study also reviews the impacts of destroyed and changing physical infrastructure in disaster and post-disaster contexts on these social relationships. It concludes by calling for an acknowledgement of the interrelated attributes of solidarity, proximity and stability of existing marketplaces in urban planning and humanitarian practices in the efforts to improve urban food security and disaster recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the perplexity of "Tabula rasa" on structural changes in Haiti. Tabula rasa thus implies that individual human beings are born "blank" (with no built-in mental content) and that their identity is defined entirely by their experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world. In general terms, the contention that we start life literally "from scratch" can be said to imply a one-sided emphasis on empiricism over idealism. This study uses the theory of Lockean and the model of Leontief's model of 1968. This study revealed that tabula rasa has been used with an emotional view for years in Haiti with no success. We maintain in this paper that the change of the system of Territorial Planning (Tabula Rasa technique), long-awaited by the Haitian population, requires new mechanisms of financing of public actions. The logic of budget allocation in relation to established priorities requires clearly defined budgetary principles to promote the imbrications territorial. We conclude by suggesting that the concept of organizational fields may be useful in understanding the structural change in Haiti because it has been forever a political playground of "no substance*a tabula rasa.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian aid workers are permanently on the move. The mobility embodied in people who travel from one emergency to the next is perceived as a legitimate form of movement and often stands in sharp contrast to the ones whose lives they are intervening in. However, the mobility of aid workers is more restricted than the image suggests. Within their zones of intervention, the work life and social time of humanitarians is often strictly limited to humanitarian spaces; compounds, secure vehicles and hotels. The emergency imperative reduces their radius to a world of red, yellow and green zones. The humanitarian state of emergency not only moves bodies and materialities, it also transforms hierarchies. While moving through spatial borders humanitarians also transcend social ones, experiencing an uplift in status and privileges in socio-economic and social terms often incomparable to their pre- and post-humanitarian lives. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork on international organizations and their employees in the humanitarian aid sector in Haiti, the paper seeks to dismantle and demystify expatriate im/mobilities and offers a more nuanced way of classifying the various forms of mobilities of humanitarian aid workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study we argue that recognising humanitarian logistics (HL) as a complex system is a key step in developing supply chain design and management strategies that meet the needs of stakeholders. This study draws on complex adaptive systems theory to examine the characteristics and implications of complexity for HL. Through case-study research of humanitarian responses in Haiti and Pakistan, characteristics of complexity across organisational boundaries are identified. We find that the complexity of the context impacts the outcome of the humanitarian response and conclude that HL must not only react to its environment, it must also create its environment. As HL must work within significantly differing environments to create solutions, the standardised approaches used to manage supply chains are less desirable. While this paper focuses on HL, wider applicability to other complex logistics operations is also discussed, informing the design and management of contextually specific supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Open defecation (OD) remains an important public health challenge in Haiti. The practice poses a significantly high risk of disease transmission. Considering these negative health consequences, this paper aims to identify socio-economic and demographic factors that influence OD practice among households in Haiti.Methods: The study used secondary data from 13,405 households from the Haiti Demographic and Health Survey 2016-2017. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used to find the preliminary results. Further, multivariate analysis was performed to confirm the findings.Results: Around one quarter (25.3%) of Haitian households still defecate in the open, almost 10% in urban areas, and nearly 36% in rural areas. Multivariate analysis revealed that the age and sex of the household head, household size, number of children aged 1-14 years old in the household, education level, wealth index, access to mass media, place of residence, and region were significant predictors of OD practice among households in Haiti.Conclusion: To accelerate the elimination of OD by 2030 and therefore achieve sustainable open defecation-free status, the government of Haiti and its partners should consider wealth disparities among regions and mobilize mass media and community-based networks to raise awareness and promote education about sane sanitation practices. Furthermore, because the possibilities to build toilets differ between rural and urban areas, specific interventions must be spearheaded for each of these regions. The public program can subsidize individual toilets in rural areas with room to collect dry excreta for the preparation of fertilizers, while in urban areas collective toilets can be built in slums. Interventions should also prioritize households headed by women and young people, two underpriviledged socioeconomic groups in Haiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does immigrant racialization look like in a context of legal inclusion? Although scholars have given notable attention to racialization in the face of illegality and exclusionary immigration regimes, less well understood are dimensions of racialization in inclusive legal contexts. Over the past decade, Brazil has experienced three major influxes of forcibly displaced people—from Haiti, Syria, and Venezuela. For each, Brazil radically expanded its asylum and immigration policies in their favor. At the same time, these groups have been disparately racialized in the public sphere. Using a content analysis of media coverage from 2010 to 2020, this paper examines the varied public racialization of Haitians, Syrians, and Venezuelans. Juxtaposing representations sheds light on the relationality of migrant racialization. It finds autonomy and capacity, belonging, and national ramification as key dimensions through which migrants are variably racialized. By interrogating these racial dimensions in the face of legal incorporation in Brazil, this study complicates the relationship between racialization, Othering, and legal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides on account of how three key relief organizations worked together after the devastating Haiti earthquake to produce the first damage assessment based mainly on the use of remotely-sensed imagery. This assessment was jointly conducted by the World Bank (wB), the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (uNITAR] Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT), and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC). This paper discusses the data sources used for the assessment, the methodologies employed to evaluate building damage, and a set of independent studies to validate the final damage results. Finally, a vision of the role of remote sensing technologies in future disasters is presented that serves as a road map for methodological improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the 2010 Haitian earthquake, gender equity and food security are key priorities for the Haitian state, bilateral organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Yet there is very little research on the gendered dimensions of food insecurity in Haiti, specifically the nexus between gender, food security, and health. Literature on these themes tends to be divided by discipline: literature in the health sciences and nutrition tends to explore dietary diversity, food choice, and food availability; literature and donor publications in community development and public health focus on peasant and women's organizations, the impact of NGO projects, and community food cultures; and literature in the social sciences explores the impacts of colonization on Haitian food systems and the intersectional inequalities that bear on Haitian food insecurity and gendered inequity. In this article, we mobilize Charlotte Reading and Fred Wien's "social determinants of health" framework to unite this literature. Drawing from an extensive review of scholarly research; white papers by bilateral organizations, NGOs, and international financial institutions; and the policy landscape in Haiti, we use the meta themes of gender, Haiti, and food (in)security to frame our analysis. [End Page 198] We argue that given the interscalar mechanisms impacting women's health, intersectional, interdisciplinary, and intersectoral approaches are necessary for understanding the gendered dimensions of food insecurity. We hope that this article inspires scholars and NGOs to mainstream gender in food security research in Haiti. Apre tranbleman tè 2010 ki sakaje Ayiti a, kesyon "gender osnon rapò sosyal fanm/gason" ak ensekirite alimantè se yon kokennchèn priyorite pou Leta ayisyen, òganizasyon bilateral yo ak òganizasyon non-gouvènmantal (ONG) yo. Poutan, pa gen anpil rechèch sou sekirite alimantè ann Ayiti ki mete pwojektè sou dimansyon "gender" espesyalman lyen ki genyen ant "gender", sekirite alimantè ak sante. Literati sou tèm sa yo deplòtonnen nan divès disiplin : literati nan syans sante yo ak nitrisyon gen tandans eksplore divèsite dyetetik, chwa alimantè, ak disponiblite manje; literati nan devlòpman kominotè, sante piblik ak piblikasyon donatè yo konsantre sou òganizasyon peyizan ak fanm, enpak pwojè ONG yo ak kilti alimantè kominote yo; epi literati nan syans sosyal yo eksplore enpak kolonizasyon yo sou sistèm alimantè ayisyen an, ak inegalite entèseksyonèl ki gen sou ensekirite alimantè ayisyen ak inegalite sèks yo. Nan atik sa a, travay Charlotte Reading ak Fred Wien sou detèminan sosyal sante sèvi nou gid pou mete tout literati sa yo ansanm. Atik sa a se rezilta yon analiz pwofon sou literati syantifik ak liv blan an ki pale sou "gender osnon rapò sosyal fanm/gason" ak sekirite alimantè òganizasyon bilateral, ONG ak enstitisyon finansye entènasyonal redije. Analiz la tou chita sou peyizaj politik Ayiti a apati gwo bout tèm "gender" a, Ayiti ak ensekirite alimantè kòm kad analiz nou. Finalman, akoz mekanism entèskalè ki gen enpak sou sante fanm yo, nou soutni lide konpreyansyon dimansyon sekso-espesifik ensekirite alimantè a egzije yon apwòch entèseksyonèl, entèdisiplinè ak entèsektoryèl. Nou espere atik sa a ensite fouyapòt (chèchè) yo ak ONG yo konsidere rapò sosyal fanm/gason nan rechèch sou sekirite alimantè a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian agencies and military forces are increasingly interacting on the ground during humanitarian crises. These evolving relationships are often complicated and bring forward many implementation challenges. This paper repurposes this debate by describing three non-conflict humanitarian case studies and using them to reflect on the problematic history and applicability of formal frameworks and guidelines. Recommendations to improve the structures and processes for implementation of relief strategies are offered. If the delivery of humanitarian assistance during non-conflict humanitarian crises is to be efficient, civil–military interactions should receive greater systematic attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]