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Abstract: With the construction of Hainan international tourism island rising to a national strategy level, the green growth pattern based on low carbon objectives will become a significant part in the development of Hainan''s economy. In this paper, low carbon electric power system and differentiation service will be discussed, and some opinions were brought up to have a good impact on Hainan''s low carbon development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Early–Middle Eocene palynoflora and paleoclimate of Changchang Basin, Hainan Island, South China, is described in the present paper and is compared with that of the Middle–Late Eocene, Hunchun City, Jilin Province, North China. The nearest living relatives (NLRs) of the recovered palynotaxa suggest a subtropical evergreen or deciduous broad-leaved forest at the center of the basin but a temperate evergreen or deciduous broad-leaved forest and needle-leaved forest growing in the peripheral part of the basin. Based on the climatic preferences of the NLRs, the climate in the Changchang Basin during the Early–Middle Eocene was warm and humid subtropical with a mean annual temperature of 14.2–19.8°C, a mean temperature of the warmest month of 22.5–29.1°C, a mean temperature of the coldest month of 1.7–11.9°C, a difference of temperature between coldest and warmest months of 12.1–24.6°C, a mean annual precipitation of 784.7–1,113.3 mm, a mean maximum monthly precipitation of 141.5–268.1 mm and a mean minimum monthly precipitation of 6.9–14.1 mm. A comparison of the palynoflora and paleoclimate between the Changchang Basin and Hunchun City, suggests essentially a similar climate in South and North China during Eocene time in contrast to the oceanic tropical climate in South China and cool dry temperate climate in North China as at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, nectar and pollen sources for honeybee ( Apis cerana cerana Fabr.) were studied in Qinglan mangrove area, Hainan Island, China, based on microscopic analysis of honey and pollen load (corbicular and gut contents) from honeybees collected in October and November 2004. Qualitative and quantitative melittopalynological analysis of the natural honey sample showed that the honey is of unifloral type with Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae) as the predominant (89.14%) source of nectar and pollen for A. cerana cerana in October. Members of Araceae are an important minor (3%-15%) pollen type, whereas those of Arecaceae are a minor (<3%) pollen type. Pollen grains of Nypa fruticans Wurmb., Rhizophora spp., Excoecaria agallocha L., Lumnitzera spp., Bruguiera spp., Kandelia candel Druce, and Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob. are among the notable mangrove taxa growing in Qinglan mangrove area recorded as minor taxa in the honey. The absolute pollen count (i.e. the number of pollen grains/10 g honey sample) suggests that the honey belongs to Group V (>1 000 000). Pollen analysis from the corbicular and gut contents of A. cerana cerana revealed the highest representation (95.60%) of members of Sonneratia spp. (Sonneratiaceae), followed by Bruguiera spp. (Rhizophoraceae), Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Anacardiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Of these plants, those belonging to Sonneratia plants are the most important nectar and pollen sources for A. cerana cerana and are frequently foraged and pollinated by these bees in November. (Managing editor: Ya-Qin Han) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packer test is a tool that has been long developed and widely used for characterizing the permeability of formation. The flow in the tested formation tends to transition from laminar to non-Darcian regime with increasing flow velocity and hydraulic gradient. But as the non-Darcian effect becomes important, how the borehole inclination and groundwater level influence the interpretation of packer test data remains unclear. In this study, a Forchheimer's law-based analytical model incorporating the effects of groundwater level and borehole inclination was presented by image method and velocity integration, which can be immediately reduced to Zangar's (1953) equation for vertical borehole under laminar flow condition and approximately reduced to Chen's (2015b) model when the test interval is at a moderate depth below the groundwater level. The proposed model was validated by numerical simulations. Parametric and error analyses indicate that the hydraulic conductivity will be overestimated while the non-Darcy coefficient will be underestimated if the effects of groundwater level and borehole inclination are neglected. The proposed model was applied to data interpretation of packer tests performed in fractured sedimentary rocks in Hainan Province, China. The results show that significant non-Darcian flow occurred in the tests. The borehole inclination has little influence on the estimation of hydraulic parameters, but demonstrates the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the rocks. • A generalized non-Darcian model was proposed for packer test data interpretation. • The influences of groundwater level and borehole inclination were evaluated. • Previous models overestimate permeability but underestimate non-Darcian coefficient. • Chen et al.'s (2015b) model applies as the depth becomes moderate from groundwater level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]