Search

The levels of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) have been reported for ten commercially important fish species from the northwestern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Target compounds were analytically determined with gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and High-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Results showed that total petroleum hydrocarbon varied from 21700 to 1503100 ng/g wet wt., Argyrops Spinifer showed the highest level of TPH in the muscle tissue followed by Euthynnus affinis 1459800 ng/g wet wt. These data are very important for coming pollution monitoring program to the Suez Gulf. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) varied between 81.499 and 5895.608 ng/g wet wt. The diagnostic indices used showed that the hydrocarbons in the area were from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Hence, there is need for adequate regulation and control of all activities contributing to the levels of petroleum hydrocarbon in the marine environment for the safety of human, and fish species lives in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil hydrocarbon fingerprints derived from polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon were analyzed in marine organisms of various aquatic species muscles collected from 10 different sites along Suez Gulf, Egypt. All samples were analyzed for n-alkanes (C15–C37) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA list of PAHs). n-Alkanes in ten aquatic species were found to be in the range of 11.391–96.747 ng/g wet weight with a mean value of 60.755 ng/g wet weights. Different indices were calculated for the n-alkanes to assess their sources as carbon preference index (CPI), average chain length (ACL), terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR), natural n-alkane ratio (NAR) and proxy ratio (Paq). Most of the various species of n-alkanes were discovered to be from natural sources. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied between 81.499 and 5895.608 ng/g wet weight with an average of 2521.126 ng/g wet weight. The contents of ƩPAHs were the highest in the tissues. The carcinogenic risks for humans from residual ƩPAHs in the various fish tissues higher than10−5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate source rock formations (Kareem and Rudeis) through quantitative and qualitative analysis of pyrolysis data from 44 ditch samples from three wells (Elkhaligue-1, Kareem-1, and El Ayune-1) at different depths in the central Gulf of Suez. From these data we concluded that Kareem and Rudeis formations are fair to good source rocks and have a generating potential fair to good to generate both oil and gas generated from mixed type II kerogene deposited under anoxic conditions, also they considered as fair to good oil sources. Both formations are mature and this conclusion is confirms by the burial histories of the three wells where Kareem Formation reached the early stage of generation at time ranges from 6 to 1.5 m.y while Rudeis Formation reached the oil window at time ranges from 18 to 6.6 m.y which considered a very good timing for excellent preservation efficiency of the hydrocarbons generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific geochemical analyses included API gravity, sulfur content, gas chromatography, and the advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for biomarker distributions, in conjunction with stable carbon isotope geochemistry, to characterize the depositional environmental conditions and maturation assessment of the studied crude oils. For this purpose ten crude oils were collected from Miocene, Upper Cretaceous, and Nubia Sandstone representing the central-southern Gulf of Suez. The results showed that two different oil types identified as Miocene oils are characterized by a dominant oleanane and low gammacerane biomarkers, suggesting an overall angiosperm land plants input of terrigenous organofacies source rock. Pre-Miocene oils are distinguished by a dominant gammacerane and low oleanane biomarker distributions, which may be generated from fully mature marine carbonate source rocks. The higher sterane isomerization parameters, C29αßß/(αßß + ααα) and C29 ααα 20S/(S+R), further support the higher thermal maturation level for the Pre-Miocene oils rather than the Miocene type. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses for crude oils from Kareem reservoir in the wells El Hamed-1, 3, and 5 are used to provide information on source organic matters input, depositional environment, and maturation level. Data include normal alkane and acyclic isoprenoids distribution, terpane, and sterane aliphatic biomarkers. Pristine/phytane (Pr/Ph), Pr/nC17, and Ph/nC18 ratios indicated mixed organic sources of organic matters (kerogen type II, III) dominantly (kerogen type III) with a less effect of biodegradation and mature stage of occurrence. The diasteranes/steranes ratio showed generally low ratios as in most marine carbonate sources, while algal-bacterial organic matter contribution for the oil samples suggested dependence on the predominance of C23 tricyclic terpane relative to the C19 tricyclic terpane, and the C25 tricyclic terpane greater than C24 tricyclic terpane. The gammacerane index indicated that a low-salinity environment of deposition for the initial organic matters existed in the analyzed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The organic matters of Rudeis and Kareem formation from Ras Budran oilfield in the central Gulf of Suez, Egypt, were investigated throughout the study of biomarkers and infrared spectrometric analyses. The results showed that Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C17, and Ph/n-C18ratios indicated marine source organic matters deposited under reduced condition with a less effect of biodegradation and mature stage of occurrence. The gammacerane index indicated a low-salinity environment of deposition for the initial organic matters existed in the analyzed samples. Steranes distributions show high percentage of C28steranes and C29steranes compared with C27steranes, and low-concentration C27diasteranes show generally low ratios indicating anoxic carbonate source rocks. The diasteranes/steranes showed generally low ratios indicating most marine carbonate sources. The tricyclic terpane reflects mature organic matters and originated from marine organic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Organic matters from the KK 85-1and HH 83-1wells in the Central Gulf of Suez were analyzed by two well-proven organic geochemical methods: Rock-Eval pyrolysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. These techniques were used to obtain independent parameters of organic matter composition, thermal maturity, and environment of deposition. The study reveals a close concordance between Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and biomarkers parameters such as steranes and triterpanes. Rock-Eval pyrolysis in conjunction with GC–MS analyses shows that the organic matters contain two types of kerogen (Type-II/III and Type III), which lie dominantly prior to the peak stage of the conventional oil window (end of diagensis–beginning of catagensis). The case study shows that these methods are suitable for a proper assessment of the petroleum potential of source rocks and the rapid geochemical characterization of sedimentary organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analysis of the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez were evaluated throughout the 25 rock samples collected from 6 formations, namely Wata, Raha, Nubia “A” (Cretaceous source rocks); and Nukhul, Zeit, and Belayim (Miocene source rocks) from Gharib-252, Gharib-153, Gharib-163, Gharib-164, Gharib-167, and Gharib-165 wells. These data are used to study the probabilities of the source rock in the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez for the hydrocarbon generation through identifying the organic richness, type of organic matters, and thermal maturation of these organic materials. The results revealed that the Cretaceous formations are immature source rocks, ranging from fair to good source rocks and have kerogen of type III and type III/II. Meanwhile, Miocene source rocks, ranging from immature to marginally mature source rocks, are considered to range from good to very good source rocks for potential generation of both oil and gas and are characterized by kerogen of type III/II and type II. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this paper is to define the source rock potential of hydrocarbon generation through the determination of: (1) the quantity of organic matter, (2) present day kerogen types, (3) thermal maturity and (4) source organic matter input and depositional conditions of the source rock from Kareem, Rudeis and Matulla Formations, and Nubia Sandstone in 2 wells namely GH 376-1 and GH 404-1 throughout pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance measurements and gas chromatographic analyses. The results suggest that Kareem and Rudeis source rocks have poor to good generating potential to generate both gas and oil at optimum maturity, Matulla source has a very good while Nubia has poor generating potential to generate both oil and gas at optimum maturity. The organic matter of Kareem, Rudeis and Nubia source rocks was deposited in marine environment under reducing conditions, while Matulla Formation deposited in transition environments and tends to be of terrestrial rather than marine sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semienclosed Suez Gulf records various signals of high anthropic pressures from surrounding regions and the industrialized Suez countries. The sedimentary hydrocarbons have been studied in six coastal stations located in the Gulf of Suez. Nonaromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS to assess organic content in surface sediments of Suez Gulf, Egypt, depending on alkane, terpane, and sterane biological marker indicators. The results showed that the hydrocarbons are originated frommultiple terrestrial inputs, biogenic and pyrolytic. Several ratios hydrocarbons indicated the predominance of petrogenic in combination with biogenic hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we apply geochemical and statistical analyses for evaluating source rocks in Ras Gharib oilfield. The geochemical analysis includes pyrolysis data as total organic carbon (TOC%), generating source potential (S2), production index (PI), oxygen and hydrogen indices (OI, HI) and (Tmax). The results show that the Cretaceous source rocks are poor to good source rocks with kerogen of type III and have the capability of generating gas while, the Miocene source rocks are good to excellent source rocks with kerogen of type III–II and type II and have the capability of generating oil and gas. The analyzed data were treated statistically to find some factors, clusters, and relations concerning the evaluation of source rocks. These factors can be classified into organic richness and type of organic matter, hydrocarbon potentiality and thermal maturity. In addition, cluster analysis separated the source rocks in the study area into two major groups. (1) Source rocks characterized by HI >300 (mg/g), TOC from 0.76 to 11.63 wt%, S1 from 0.44 to 9.49 (mg/g) and S2 from 2.59 to 79.61 (mg/g) indicating good to excellent source rocks with kerogen of type III–II and type II and are capable of generating oil and gas. (2) Source rocks characterized by HI <300 (mg/g), TOC from 0.31 to 2.07 wt%, S1 from 0.17 to 1.29 (mg/g) and S2 from 0.31 to 3.34 (mg/g) indicating poor to good source rocks with kerogen of type III and are capable of generating gas. Moreover, Pearson’s correlation coefficient shows a strong positive correlation between TOC and S1, S2 and HI and no correlation between TOC and Tmax, highly negative correlation between TOC and OI and no correlation between Tmax and HI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to evaluate the organic geochemistry of the crude oils recovered from Ashrafi and GH oilfields within the Gulf of Suez to assess and investigate oil characterization, maturation, source depositional environments and oil families. The saturated hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pristane/phytane, isoprenoids/n-alkanes, CPI, homohopane, diasteranes, gammacerane index, C29 20S/20S+20R, C29/C30 hopane and Ts/Tm are determined. The results suggest that the studied crude oils belong to marine oil and are characterized by high level of maturation and sourced mainly from organic matters of marine origin with few terrestrial inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression lines obtained from TOC versusS2graphs of organic rich samples were collected from Rahmi, West Bakr, Ras Gharib, and Esh El Melleha wells in the Gulf of Suez. By applying the hydrogen index values obtained fromS2versus TOC graph and mass balance calculations obtained from the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis, the original hydrocarbon generative capacity and the amounts of the hydrocarbons generated are estimated. Calculation results indicate that the amounts of original hydrocarbons and the hydrocarbon generative capacities of the two methods are similar and correlated with the results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. This indicates that such calculations can be applied in the hydrocarbons evaluation of source rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

API gravity, sulfur content, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were carried out for eight oil samples collected from different wells in the Gulf of Suez. The results showed that two types of oils could be recognized: (a) heavy oils, which are oils from Zafarana, Rahmi, West Bakr, and Ras Gharib wells, are of low maturation and originated mainly from terrestrial organic sources; and (b) light oils, which are oils from Um El Yuser, Ras El Ush, Gemsa-SE, and Hurghada wells, have a high level of maturation and orginate mainly from marine organic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen cutting and four core samples, in addition two crude oil samples are representative for the Miocene source rocks and reservoirs in some wells in the southern part of Gulf of Suez. These samples were subjected to advanced geochemical tools (pyrolysis, elemental analyses, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). In addition, burial history model of the deepest well is recognized. The results showed that the Middle-Upper Miocene source rocks are immature, originated mainly from mixed organic sources, have poor to fair potentiality to produce oil, and did not reach the early stage of hydrocarbon generation until the present time. Lower Miocene source rocks are mature, derived from marine organic sources, have good potential to generate oil and gas, and entered the early stage of hydrocarbon generation and oil window till present time. The crude oil samples are mature, originated mainly from marine sources, and show good correlation with the Lower Miocene source rocks. Therefore, the Lower Miocene source rocks may be considered an effective source for oil generation in the southern part of Gulf of Suez. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]