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Erythroneurini is the largest tribe of the microleafhopper subfamily Typhlocybinae. Most prior research on this tribe has focused on traditional classification, phylogeny, and control of agricultural pests, and the phylogeography of the group remains poorly understood. In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of 10 erythroneurine species were sequenced, and sequences of four genes were obtained for 12 geographical populations of Seriana bacilla. The new sequence data were combined with previously available mitochondrial DNA sequence data and analyzed using Bayesian and Maximum‐Likelihood‐based phylogenetic methods to elucidate relationships among genera and species and estimate divergence times. Seriana was shown to be derived from within Empoascanara. Phylogeographic and population genetic analysis of the endemic Chinese species Seriana bacilla suggest that the species diverged about 54.85 Mya (95% HPD: 20.76–66.23 million years) in the Paleogene period and that population divergence occurred within the last 14 million years. Ancestral area reconstruction indicates that Seriana bacilla may have originated in the central region of Guizhou, and geographical barriers are the main factors affecting gene flow among populations. Ecological niche modeling using the MaxEnt model suggests that the distribution of the species was more restricted in the past but is likely to expand in the future years 2050 and 2070. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this article, based on satellite imagery, field survey collection, and molecular sequencing data, the habitat fragmentation, species diversity, and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in three typical karst areas (the Shibing Yuntai Mountain Nature Reserve, the Bijie Salaxi Demonstration Zone, and the Zhenfeng-Huajiang Demonstration Zone) in southwest China were explored. The results of the study show that the fragmentation degree of Erythroneurine leafhopper habitat is affected by the degree of rocky desertification in the area, and there is a positive correlation between them. The species diversity and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in the study area and its various plots are all affected by habitat fragmentation, and there are certain differences in species, quantity, and gene-flow among different fragmented populations. The weaker the degree of habitat fragmentation in the region, the higher the species diversity and genetic diversity. In order to better protect the species diversity and genetic diversity of other organisms such as the Erythroneurine leafhopper species and their host plants, the following measures can be taken based on the background of the study area. (1) Strengthen the control of rocky desertification; (2) Enhance farmers' awareness of ecological protection; (3) Increase the continuity of suitable habitats; (4) Improve the stability of the ecosystem; and (5) Improve management policies for protected areas. Karst rocky desertification is one of the main causes of habitat fragmentation in Southwest China. Guizhou Province is located in the center of the karst area in southern China and is a typical karst ecological environment fragile area. Many studies have shown that habitat fragmentation is the main factor leading to the loss of biodiversity and species extinction, and it is also one of the important factors that threaten the survival of natural organisms. This study initially explored the habitat fragmentation degree, species diversity, and genetic diversity of leafhoppers in three typical karst areas in Guizhou. The study was combined with the general situation of the study area, understanding the main factors affecting habitat fragmentation, and putting forward reasonable protection suggestions for species resources. Based on satellite imagery, field survey collection, molecular sequencing data, and related index measurement methods, we measured the habitat fragmentation degree, species diversity index, and genetic diversity index of Erythroneurine leafhoppers of Shibing Yuntai Mountain Nature Reserve, Bijie Salaxi Demonstration Zone, Zhenfeng-Huajiang Demonstration Zone. Moreover, we compared the differences in the three study areas, carried out correlation analysis with relevant environmental factors, and discussed the main factors that formed the results. The results of the study show that the species diversity and genetic diversity of Erythroneurine leafhoppers in the study areas are affected by habitat fragmentation, and the weaker the degree of habitat fragmentation in the region, the higher the species diversity and genetic diversity, which is specifically manifested in species, quantity, and gene-flow. Understanding the status of biodiversity in karst areas is conducive to the sustainable development of biological resources. In order to better protect the diversity of such insects and their host plants and other biological diversity, combined with the background of the research area, we propose corresponding protection measures for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]