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Estuaries, in particular freshwater estuaries, provide valuable economic, social, and ecological services, but their ecosystems are often heavily stressed. Located in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, Green Bay is a large freshwater estuary and a prominent example of a degraded ecosystem due to intensive human interventions and rapid development. Excessive amounts of contaminants and nutrients were discharged to the bay by inflowing tributaries for almost half a century, while in contrast Green Bay's seasonal‐, morphological‐, and physically‐restricted mixing is unable to export a significant portion of those materials out of the bay, that is, Green Bay behaves as an efficient retention basin for the Lake Michigan. Consequently, several environmental and public health‐related issues have risen in Green Bay and turned the lower bay into an area of environmental concern since the 1980s. To address these challenges, restoration programs were developed, including the development of monitoring programs, scientific research, and remedial action plans. There is a consensus that accelerated loading rates of contaminated and nutrient‐rich sediments are a major driver of the environmental crisis in the bay, yet the fate and transport patterns of Green Bay sediments are not clearly understood. While field observations in Green Bay are season‐limited and costly, advanced computing techniques provided opportunities to refine our understanding of sediment dynamics in this estuarine system. This review of existing knowledge on Green Bay sediment processes can help to better understand the interplay between sediments, and physical/biogeochemical activities in estuarine systems and contributes conceptually to the restoration of degraded aquatic ecosystems. This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Hydrological ProcessesScience of Water > Water QualityWater and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the largest freshwater estuarine systems on Earth, Green Bay receives freshwater runoff from its land watershed and cold-water intrusions from Lake Michigan. Southern Green Bay is a designated area of concern (AOC) due to ecosystem degradation, contaminated sediments, and poor water quality. Successful restoration of aquatic systems requires a clear understanding of their circulation and thermal regimes. Using a state-of-the-art numerical ocean model, this study examines the effect of variability in tributary inflows and the related lake intrusions on the circulation and thermal regime in Green Bay and on the mass and heat fluxes between lower- and upper–Green Bay areas. Our findings indicate that tributaries influence the circulation and thermal regime, locally and throughout the bay, and that the impact is more significant in hydrologically wet years. Model simulations showed evidence of small net transport out of lower Green Bay. This analysis of the simultaneous effects of tributary flows and lake intrusions in Green Bay can contribute to understanding the dynamics of freshwater estuaries and improve the planning of future restoration projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]