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Two decades ago, East European state socialism met with a paradoxical fate. Between 1989 and 1991, communist party hegemony was abolished, leaving the very idea of socialism permanently discredited—or so it seemed. Yet in the decade that followed, “socialistic” principles and practices would retain—or perhaps acquire—a surprising degree of popular appeal. Was this a cultural legacy of systematic indoctrination? A strategic response to material insecurities? Perhaps a combination of both? In this article, it is argued that many previous efforts to unravel the paradox are inadequate because they ignore both the “strategic” dimensions of culture and the cultural dimensions of instrumental reason. Using life-history data on the former East Germany, it is shown that apparently discredited ideologies can acquire renewed salience in the wake of regime change if they (1) remain culturally available as strategies of action that (2) provided material opportunities or symbolic privileges in the past, and (3) promise to ameliorate new problems engendered by alternative strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernest Renan once asserted that individuals constitute a nation if they remember-and forget-the same events of the past, as well as envision a common future. Yet, as others have noted, memories of historical events not only unify; they can also divide. Under what conditions do historical events tend to promote either unity or fragmentation? When will the one outweigh the other, and how can this relation be recognized empirically? In this paper, I use narrative data on life histories in eastern Germany to illustrate the distinction between two constellations of social memory: collective and fragmented. Whereas social memory may be considered collective when individual memories of key events are perceived as variations on a common national theme, I argue that memory and identity in eastern Germany after reunification have remained fragmented among incommensurable interpretations of citizenship, past and present, to national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]