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Background: The effectiveness of clinical ethics counselling in medicine in terms of satisfaction of the participants, support of ethical decision-making, perceived impact on clinical care, moral competence and quality of communication is now empirically well validated. In psychiatry, more and more institutions have structures for clinical ethics consultation as well; however, there is still a lack of evaluative accompanying research on the benefits and differential indications of the various forms and models of clinical ethics counselling in psychiatry., Aim of the Work: The article presents the principles and the step by step application of the principle-oriented clinical ethics consultation according to the Basel model 2.0., Material and Methods: The article is based on material and procedures developed at the Clinical Ethics Unit of the University Hospital Basel and the University Psychiatric Clinics Basel for the principle-oriented clinical ethics consultation according to the Basel model 2.0., Results and Discussion: Principle-oriented clinical ethics consultation according to the Basel model 2.0 is suitable for dealing with moral issues and conflicts in psychiatric practice and for their ethical reflection; however, further evaluative accompanying research is needed on the benefits and differential indications of this and other models of clinical ethics support in psychiatry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The Pareto Principle asserts that a large portion of results can be achieved with a small amount of effort. Wakap et al. found that around 80% of individuals with rare diseases (RD) suffer from one of 149 specific rare diseases. A significant challenge in the RD domain is the lack of information, compounded by the fact that most RD are not specifically codifiable in the ICD-10, leading to a deficit in reliable epidemiological data. Additionally, time constraints in medical education hinder the comprehensive teaching of all RD, contributing to the diagnostic odyssey problem through failure of recognizing diseases. We identified the most and second most prevalent RD (prevalences of 1-5/10,000 and 1-9/100,000, respectively) from the Orphanet Epidemiology File, totaling 454 diseases. We investigated the feasibility of specific coding using ICD-10-GM and whether these diseases were explicitly listed in the subject catalog (GK) of the second state examination in human medicine in Germany. A two-sided chi-square test was employed to identify statistically significant differences between prevalence groups., Results: Out of 454 diseases, a total of 34% could be specifically coded in ICD-10-GM, with 49% of diseases in the 1-5/10,000 prevalence range (153 RD) and 26% in the 1-9/100,000 range (301 RD) having specific codes. Approximately 15% of all investigated diseases were part of the GK, with 25% of the most prevalent and 10% of the second most prevalent RD group, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between prevalence groups concerning the presence of a specific ICD-10-GM code and inclusion in the GK., Conclusion: Only 49% of the most prevalent RD can be specifically coded, highlighting the challenge of limited epidemiological data on RD. In Germany, the Alpha-ID was introduced in addition to ICD-10 in the inpatient setting to obtain more valid epidemiological data on RD. Recognizing the Pareto Principle's applicability, the study emphasizes the importance of including the most common rare diseases in medical education. While recognizing the limitations, especially in covering ultra-rare diseases, the study underscores the potential benefits of enhancing medical curricula to improve rare disease awareness and diagnostic accuracy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Simple Summary: Raman spectroscopy is a label-free optical method that has proven its suitability for the discrimination between cancerous and noncancerous tissue. Bladder cancer diagnosis typically relies on excisional biopsies and histopathology, which are considered the gold standard. Here, we want to use an endoscopic setup to demonstrate the applicability of Raman spectroscopy in a clinical in vivo setting. In the European Union, the regulatory framework is given by the Medical Device Regulation. We describe the path and the necessary effort to be able to conduct a clinical investigation within this framework. The aim of this clinical examination was to perform Raman spectroscopy in the living bladder and to record Raman spectra of normal and tumorous bladder tissue and to determine the degree of bladder tumor in a post-processing step. The open prospective study includes 21 patients and presents preliminary results for the diagnostic abilities of our approach. This work reports on an in vivo Raman-based endoscopy system, invaScope, enabling Raman measurements of healthy and tumor bladder tissue during an endoscopic procedure in the operating theatre. The presented study outlines the progression from the initial concept (validated through previously performed ex vivo studies) to the approval and implementation of a clinical investigational device according to the requirement within the framework of the European Medical Device Regulation (MDR2017/745). The study's primary objective was to employ the invaScope Raman system within the bladder, capturing in vivo spectroscopic Raman data followed by standard histo- and cytopathological examinations of urological tissue (considered the gold standard). The collected data were analyzed and correlated with histopathological findings post-procedure. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the feasibility of using diagnostic equipment, probes, and software for application in a clinical setting, evaluating usability aspects that are important during surgical procedures. This research represents a pivotal step toward advancing Raman spectroscopy for routine clinical use in characterizing bladder lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on the personalization principle, the present study investigates whether two different language presentation formats of a multimedia presentation influence students' learning outcome and how individual interest towards the learning material moderates this impact. German students (N = 104) were randomly assigned to either a conversational or a formal language format of the multimedia presentation that taught Gestalt Laws. The results of this study showed that there were more positive effects on the learning performance in the conversational presentation format than the formal language format. This was, therefore, an indication of the effects of personalization. Furthermore, individual interest is a significant predictor for learning in this study. By testing different percentiles of individual interest, the findings showed that students with intermediate interest were affected by the format of language style. In contrast, learning results of students with the very lowest and very highest individual interest were not affected by different language styles. These results underline the necessity to take into account individual motivational prerequisites when designing multimedia learning environments.

How authorities dealt with findings of 2-Chloroethanol (2CE) in food during the 'Ethyleneoxide crisis' was the subject of several recent court decisions in Germany. Three of the four Higher Administrative Courts involved at last instance took the view that the precautionary principle in Art. 7 General Food Law (GFL) had been violated. The following article will take a closer look at the main arguments of the leading decision by the Higher Administrative Court of Bavaria and will also explain why the dissenting decision by the Higher Administrative Court of Hamburg is not to be followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is one of the major principles of welfare state redistribution. It has, however, rarely been at the centre of welfare state research. This contribution intends to help remedy the research gap in family-related redistribution. By examining the German welfare state which is known to be both redistributive and family-oriented, we want to answer the question of how and how far the German welfare state institutionalises family as a redistributive principle. Our case-study of German welfare state regulations in terms of family is based on the tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD and its Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT). We differentiate 54 family forms to adequately reflect our three theoretical assumptions, which are: (1) redistributive logics differ across family forms, and in part markedly; (2) these differences are not the result of one coherent set of regulations, but of an interplay of partially contradictory regulations; (3) family as a redistributive principle manifests itself not only in terms of additional benefits to families, but also in terms of particular obligations of families to financially support family members before they are entitled to public support. These aspects have hardly been analysed before and combining them allows a clear evaluation of family-related redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the notion of the duality principle, as embodied in the German dual system of Vocational Education and Training (VET), within the context of a field survey of skill shortages faced by German and Indian firms operating in India. The study finds that these firms experience problems with the quantity and quality of skills supplied and, in response to these problems, use some form of in-house training for new recruits and employees. Firms also express a willingness to cooperate in skill-development programmes and in joint funding with government. The article makes a strong case for adapting some of the critical elements of the German dual system to render Indian VET more responsive to the labour market and provide a formally structured and integrated system of skill development.

The discussion of the so-called bagatelle crimes has led jurists of some Ibero-American jurisdictions to develop the insignificance principle theory, which roughly states that conducts with a low degree of harmfulness do not constitute crimes even when all other prerequisites are satisfied. In Brazil, where it has arguably been most successful, the insignificance principle has purported to be an import of the German Geringfügigkeitsprinzip, originally devised by German criminal jurist Claus Roxin. We will start by comparing the two versions of the principle, emphasizing the possible misunderstandings in the conceptual importation. Then, we will analyse the consequences for the general crime theory of this problematic reception. Finally, we intend to bring to light some of the apparent impasses involved in the application of the insignificance principle. Given that the insignificance principle theory has been developed mostly by a literature focused on practitioners, our main purpose is to take stock of its state and contribute to stimulating a scholarly scrutiny on the matter. We conclude that, despite the confusion with its German namesake and the still unresolved technicalities, the insignificance principle theory has led to an interesting reflection on the relations between fundamental criminal legal principles inherent of the constitutional state and general crime theory. A more solid theoretical basis for excluding from the scope of criminal law conducts that pose little to no threat to society can improve the protection of individual and personal rights within the framework of the principle of human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of prudence plays a significant role in the design of the EPSAS. In Germany it has been argued that a lack of consideration of the principle of prudence in the IPSASB's Conceptual Framework and in the IPSAS mean that IPSAS are not an ideal reference framework for the EPSAS. Based on a comparative analysis of the IPSAS principle of prudence and the principle of prudence as it is applied in the German Standards of Governmental Accrual Accounting the authors examine the role and the design of the principle of prudence within public sector accounting systems. The findings of this article will be of value to national and international public sector accounting standard-setters. ABSTRACT The draft EPSAS Conceptual Framework proposes the prudence principle as a qualitative characteristic of financial reporting. Limited academic debate has taken place on the role of the prudence principle in public sector accounting. This article critically discusses the principle of prudence with its antagonistic interpretations 'cautious prudence' and 'asymmetric prudence' and its role in the design of public sector accounting in the context of the emerging EPSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of mental diseases on the employment and working situation can be substantial. They are one of the main reasons for inability to work and reduced earning capacity. Against this background the question arises about suitable occupational reintegration measures for people with severe mental illnesses. In recent years, the principle of supported employment has been internationally shown to be increasingly more successful. In this context mentally ill people are primarily placed at a position of the first employment market and supported on-site by a job coach. This concept is inclusive, individual and evidence based. Despite proven effectiveness, it has so far been insufficiently implemented in German-speaking regions. In the future it will be a matter of considering the individual needs for assistance of mentally ill people more intensively than previously and to respond with functional and in a best-case scenario, multiprofessional and flexible offers., (© 2021. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

The article discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's criticism of the 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant's universalizability principle, or universalism principle, including in regard to what is referred to as Hegel's emptiness objection. The role that property plays in morality, including Kant's perspective that robbery is unethical with or without a system of property, is discussed.

The Covid-19 pandemic has given cause for serious restrictions of fundamental liberty rights. In the legal doctrine of fundamental rights, the classical tool for the assessment of the material constitutionality of interferences with fundamental rights is the principle of proportionality. Indeed, the material determinant of the principle of proportionality is the intensity of the intervention in the fundamental right. One preliminary question, however, is often underestimated: the question as to the constitutional status of the interests protected or promoted by the intervening measures. After outlining the structure of the principle of proportionality, this article investigates the constitutional status that the interests protected by Covid-19 measures might have: is the protection of people's health merely a legitimate purpose or a right? Finally, this article shows, with recourse to decisions of the German and Brazilian Constitutional Courts, the implications that different classifications have for the principle of proportionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the social investment principle, becoming a parent should lead to more mature behaviour and an increase in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability. However, previous research provided mixed results that do not support this idea. Here, we used data from a nationally representative household panel study from Germany (N = 19875) to examine whether becoming a parent relates to personality maturation. Whether a child was born was assessed yearly, and the Big Five personality traits were measured in four waves from 2005 to 2017. We used multilevel analyses to investigate whether personality differs between individuals who will or will not become parents, whether personality differs before and after becoming a parent, and whether these effects vary by gender, age, and living status. In sum, our findings revealed that less open and more extraverted individuals were more likely to start a family, and openness and extraversion both decreased after the transition to parenthood. Some other effects varied by gender, age, and living status. Taken together, our findings suggest that the Big Five personality traits differ before and across the transition to parenthood and that these differences especially apply to openness and extraversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Civitas Hominibus is the property of Akademii Humanistyczno-Ekonomicznej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Pharmacists as the trustee of pharmacy services must adhere to ethical principles and evaluate their professionalism. Pharmacists may sometimes show different unethical behaviors in their interactions, so it is essential to understand these behaviors. The present study aimed to determine the challenges of ethical behaviors based on a principles-based approach in the area of drug supply in pharmacies., Methods: This qualitative content analysis was conducted in Kerman in 2018. A number of key players in the field of medication supply were selected using snowball sampling to interview. An effort was made to select samples with maximum variation. Exclusion criteria include having less than 3 years of work experience in pharmacy and supervision, not willing to participate in the interview, and not participating in the interview for 3 times. The participants in this study consisted of pharmacy technicians (n = 5), patients (n = 6), pharmacists (n = 8), inspectors of insurance companies (n = 4), and inspectors of food and drug administration (n = 3). Data were analyzed using directed content analysis by Maxqda software version 10 (VERBI Software, Berlin, Germany). The principles of "Beauchamp and Childress Ethics" theory including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice were selected as the main principles., Results: After data analysis, 8 main categories and 26 subcategories were obtained. The main categories include patient privacy, patient independence, communication principles, patient-centered services, drug supplier, patient harm avoidance, supervision, and distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. The subcategories include increasing patient awareness, culturizing prescription, and rational drug use, confidentiality and privacy, and pharmacist-patient relationship/communication, which were the main ethical challenges in the area of drug supply at pharmacies., Conclusions: According to a principle-based approach, the greatest challenges were related to two principles of autonomy and beneficence. The policymakers in the healthcare system should emphasize patient independence, patient privacy, and patient-centered services. The results of this study can be used as a tool to introduce ethical challenges to policymakers and develop educational contents, the chart of professional ethics in pharmacies, and accreditation measures of pharmacies.

German Judicial System has the main basic principle in the rule of law; or in german language it is called: " Rechtssaat ". This can be defined and explained that every decision and every action taken by authorities has to be according to law of R.F. of Germany. Also, every decision taken by any kind of authority can be demanded in front of courts of R.F of Germany. The legal system of Germany; which is by default in the group of countries that practice Euro-Continental legal system, has a lot of differences from countries that practice Anglo-American legal system. So, in countries that practice Anglo-American legal system, courts make their decission in a concret case, based on the prior cases ( case law ). But, in Germany, which country operates on a base of Euro-Continental legal system, judges make their decission according to legal German codes. In Germany, legislation sets out abstract legal principles and judges should decide on specific cases based on these standards. So in this scientific work, we will make known some of the specifics of the German civil legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), one of the German states, catchment areas for part-time vocational schools were abolished in 2008. With the intention to foster competition between schools in order to improve school quality, training companies now may freely choose the school of their choice. NRW is the first German state to take this step. In the present paper, the principle of part-time vocational school choice, as it has recently been introduced in the NRW dual system, is compared to the principle of User Choice which has been applied to Australian New Apprenticeships from 1998. A three-step approach is used: First, the country specific VET policy backgrounds are depicted. Secondly, a synoptical comparison is drawn between the two principles of choice. Thirdly, existing research studies and findings on the Australian User Choice principle are presented.

The article discusses the principle of neutrality and effectiveness in the context of VAT (Value Added Tax) and the repayment of overpaid VAT. It specifically addresses a legal case involving Michael Schütte and the Brilon Tax Office in Germany. It states that Schütte, a farmer, purchased wood from various suppliers between 2011 and 2013, paying VAT at a reduced rate. It questions whether recipients can directly get a tax refund when unable to reclaim from suppliers due to legal limitations.

Rudolf Nissen (1896-1981) was a surgeon whose career began in Germany during the first third of the 20th century, a period of rapid progress in biomedical technology, during which neurosurgery, anesthesiology, and other specialties emerged. A protégé and later close colleague of thoracic surgery pioneer Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1875-1951), Nissen resigned from the Berlin Charité Clinic and left Germany in 1933, in response to the rise of Nazi fascism. Throughout his subsequent career in Istanbul, Turkey, the American cities of Boston and New York, and finally Basel, Switzerland, Nissen developed innovative surgical techniques, advocated for patient-centered medical education, and promoted surgical subspecialization. A lifelong proponent of clear scientific writing, Nissen expressed, in extensively published work, his philosophy that progress in surgery depends critically on rigorously applying the scientific method, upholding professional integrity, and respecting human dignity.

Background and study aim: Optical polyp characterization (OPC) in the colorectum is an upcoming challenge for endoscopists. Narrow band imanging (NBI) has been proposed to be helpful for OPC. However, data from clinical studies have shown that quality of OPC differs markedly between endoscopists. The aim of this study was to test the value of a combined NBI plus acetic acid (NBI + AA) approach for OPC in the colorectum. Patients and methods: This was a prospective, single-arm study at a tertiary referral center in Germany. The study was designed as a proof of principle study. Initially polyps were characterized using High-definition white light (HDWL) only. Additionally, the same polyps were investigated using NBI + AA (1.5% solution) in order to predict polyp pathology in a real time setting. The near focus function was used for both HDWL and NBI + AA assessment. The primary endpoint was accuracy of colorectal polyp prediction when using NBI + AA. Results: A total of 63 polyps were detected in 55 patients. NBI + AA based accuracy of real-time predictions was 85.5% compared to 80.6% using HDWL (p =.450). Accuracy was 90.2% in the high confidence setting for both NBI + AA and HDWL predictions. A higher share of polyps were assessed with high confidence when using NBI + AA compared to HDWL (p =.006). The use of NBI + AA led to a better identification of polyp margins (p <.001) compared to HDWL. Conclusions: The use of acetic acid led to a high level of accuracy and confidence in the prediction of polyp histology. These data justify further investigation in a randomized controlled study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Under German law, the limitations of fundamental rights receive constitutional approval only if they pass the three-pronged proportionality test. Accordingly, rights limitations must be suitable, necessary and appropriate vis-à-vis a legitimate governmental purpose. Against this background, this article focuses on the proportionality principle as an example for the reception of German constitutional jurisprudence in transnational constitutional discourse. It provides a comparative overview on the dissemination of the proportionality test in other constitutional systems around the world. The article first outlines the function and applicability of the proportionality principle in German law. It then describes the reception of this principle in Europe and overseas, and compares the proportionality test's fundamental concepts and doctrinal development. While originating in German law, scholars and the courts typically scrutinize limitations of fundamental rights using different versions of proportionality test based on the European Convention on Human Rights, the law of the European Union and the constitutional law of most European states. Further, in countries such as Brazil, South Korea and Japan, German law has inspired the proportionality test analysis, despite considerable differences in its application. In contrast, Canadian jurisprudence has developed a distinct proportionality approach that focuses on the principle of minimal impairment of the right or freedom in question. While several common-law jurisdictions, such as Namibia and New Zealand, have followed this approach, others, such as Israel, have ultimately followed the German three-pronged proportionality test. Alternatively, the South African Constitutional Court treats the concepts of proportionality and balancing as virtually interchangeable. Moreover, the article explores the failure of United States courts to explicitly engage in proportionality analysis, and argues that American constitutional doctrine effectively incorporates elements of the proportionality test, albeit employing different terminology. Even legal systems that do not provide for the judicial review of fundamental rights limitations, such as in China or Iran, they in fact incorporate aspects of the proportionality concept. The article identifies a substantial international convergence on the proportionality test as the main criterion to determine the legitimacy of fundamental rights limitations. Yet, the reception models of the proportionality test diverge considerably: For example, in Canada and South Korea, the proportionality test is a means to implement the rule-exception relationship between fundamental rights and their limitations. In contrast, in South Africa, Japan and Brazil, the proportionality test seems to serve merely as the vehicle to allow ad hoc rights balancing. Finally, because the reception of constitutional concepts and doctrines is a mutual process, the article identifies elements from the application of the proportionality principle globally that Europe could follow as well. For instance, European courts may benefit from considering the Canadian and South Korean courts' emphasis on the necessity prong of the proportionality test. In any event, while steering and rationalizing the balancing process, the proportionality test cannot guarantee absolute neutrality in fundamental rights adjudication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was an analysis of the feasibility of a picosecond infrared laser fiber-assisted sclerostomy (PIRL-FAST) using a novel sapphire fiber and different energy levels of the picosecond laser., Method: The laser-assisted sclerostomy was carried out with a newly generated sapphire fiber of the PIRL-HP2-1064 OPA-3000 (Attodyne, Canada). Immediately after the intervention, the eyes were fixed in phosphate-buffered 3.5% formaldehyde. For subsequent histological analysis the eyes were cut into 4 μm thick sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). All preparations were then scanned and digitalized using the MIRAX SCAN (Carl Zeiss Microimaging GmbH, Jena, Germany)., Results: The pulse energies 150 μJ (N = 4), 175 μJ (N = 6), 200 μJ (N = 7) and 250 μJ (N = 6) were selected. Within the framework of this first feasibility analysis 400 μm (10 sequential sections) of the sclerotomies were evaluated. The mean area of PIRL-FAST showed a dependency on the pulse energy applied. The diameter of the collateral damage zone (CDZ) depended on the pulse energy used. The largest CDZ could be measured using the highest pulse energy in this experiment (250 μJ). The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) results revealed circular smooth sclerostomy wall with only minimal change of tissue ultrastructure., Conclusion: The PIRL-FAST using sapphire fibers is a new minimally invasive instrument to provide robust stenting from the anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space. Since the PIRL has proven to work efficiently in sectioning several tissues with minimal collateral damage these first proof of principle experiments might pave the way for a new minimally invasive glaucoma surgery strategy. We have already initiated experiments to analyze the wound healing and scar formation in vivo.

Information about the topics discussed during the symposium on Solidarity as a Structural Principle of International Law which was held in Heidelberg, Germany on October 29, 2008 is presented. Topics focused on the structural principle of solidarity in international law, the guiding principle of solidarity for institutional development assistance, and the responsibility to protect solidarity. The symposium was attended by nearly 80 people including scholars, practitioners, and researchers.

Totipotency, defined as the ability of a single cell to generate an entire individual, has traditionally served as a cornerstone to frame the moral relevance of nascent human life. This "potentiality principle" has served as an ethical reference point for shaping legal regulations for stem cell research in most Western countries. Based on heterogeneous ethical, religious, and political views, different countries cope with recent advances in mammalian cloning and reprogramming in a remarkably diverse manner. This and related issues were key topics at a recent meeting held in Berlin, Germany, on ethical aspects of stem cell research in Europe. An emerging view from this event is that international heterogeneity in stem cell politics and legislation must be overcome in order to develop this field toward biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Euro crisis and the political measures to solve it have generated new cleavages towards European politics in Germany. Never before in the history of European integration have the parties in parliament been so divided regarding such an important issue. The article compares the situation interpretations, problem diagnosis and resolution strategies of the government and opposition parties in the German Bundestag from the first decisions on the rescue package for Greece up to the parliamentary voting on the extension of the EFSF bailout fund in the Bundestag on 29 September 2011. The results confirm the persistence of the pro-European basic consensus in the German party system but exemplify that the proposals on how to combat the financial crisis diverge significantly between the political camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article on the history of the reform and spread of savings banks in 19th-century Prussia is presented. The existence of savings banks, the author concludes, is entirely based on the interest and autonomous action of the general public. Evolution of these free institutes until the early 20th century are traced by the author, as is the role of Westphalian Senior President Ludwig Freiherr Vincke. The role of Prussian statesman Karl vom und zum Stein's "Städteordnung" ("City Reform") law of 1808, the Enlightenment's views on social justice for the poor, and the alteration of the way that banks were overseen by the government are also discussed.

Good and evil is the basic concept in moral philosophy, which contains people's comment, view and opinion towards the morality of a certain event or behavior. With the drastic changes of values and morals in social life, the discussion on good and evil has become all the more necessary. How to understand its essence and function, how to establish a judging standard and how to study the problem from new and multiple perspectives have become popular topics in the theoretical field. According to the famous German philosopher Robert Spaemann, good and evil are confined by many factors, such as cultural outlook, time, social class, the characteristics of the person who is using the word and many others. It is relative. The final standard of judging whether the behavior is good is to see if it can promote the sound development of a person's character. Once a firm faith has been formed in a person's heart, controlled and driven by the inner faith, he can evaluate his own moral activities, fulfill moral obligations consciously and leading to good behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the "Mehrheitstreue" method to apportion votes in an election to the different parties brings to the forefront the representation of all possible coalitions and the proximity to proportionality. Mathematical considerations, show that these demands are largely fulfilled. Since every possible coalition enabled by the electors is reflected in the composition of the parliament it is ensured that the rule of majority as the base of every democratic decision process is kept with. Applying the results found by the mathematical considerations on parliaments consisting of five parliamentary groups and on the votes of the German Bundestag till 2005 supports these statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walter Benjamin's reception of Ernst Jünger and the new nationalists grouped around him during the years of the Weimar Republic is notable for establishing a link between their aestheticization of the war experience and Germany's military defeat. Benjamin's interpretation can also be extended to the new nationalist politics in the 1920s: the failed attempt to work out a programme which would reconcile the forces of nationalism and socialism gives way to a view of politics as style, hierarchy, and leadership. A parallel process is at work in Germany today among intellectuals of the New Right: through its project of intellectualization, the New Right seeks to distance itself from National Socialism and present itself as heir to the supposedly alternative tradition of the Conservative Revolution. The project fails, and the New Right moves towards the aestheticization of politics mapped out by the new nationalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosimilars are subject to the efficiency evaluation according to section 106 Social Code Book Five (SGB V). The specific evaluation method influences the physician's prescription behaviour. In the case of an individual prescription limit evaluation (Richtgrößenprüfung), the prescription of biosimilars would usually not result in recourse but, as a start, in the initiation of the evaluation proceedings. Starting from 2017, the individual prescription limit evaluation will be cancelled. The active ingredient evaluation (Wirkstoffprüfung) expected instead at a regional level may provide for biosimilar to original drug ratios and result in recourses if these ratios are missed. First agreements on specific evaluation proceedings at a regional level are expected for this year., Competing Interests: Interessenkonflikt: Der Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Balancing and the proportionality principle are important patterns of argumentation in German constitutional practice. They have now been spreading in both the European Union and its Member States. Balancing is also an important cornerstone of supreme or constitutional courts of Latin American states. Even the US doctrine and jurisprudence does not appear to be immune from balancing and the reference to the proportionality principle in the European sense. The article describes the evolution of these principles and warns against their hidden agenda: they tend to undermine the distinction between state and society (and individuals as bearers of rights). The article tries to demonstrate that the challenge of organisations as bearers of rights is the background of the rise of the new approach. However, the development of a conception of ‘impersonal rights’ can also meet this challenge without creating a risk for the specific rationale of individual rights. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud attempted 'to describe and to account for the facts of daily observation in our field of study' (1920, p. 7), in particular concerning destructive clinical phenomena that confront us in the analytic situation: traumatic neuroses, melancholic states, negative-therapeutic reactions, masochism, repetition compulsion and so on. The author demonstrates in the first section how Freud's own resistance - later self-diagnosed - to recognizing these unwelcome facts was expressed in the terminological and conceptual ambiguities of the death drive hypothesis then introduced, ambiguities that to some extent continue to impede the reception of its clinical usefulness to this day. As soon as Freud had demonstrated the connection with clinical practice more directly in The Ego and the Id (1923), some contemporaries adopted it as a helpful clinical concept, while others believed that they could (and must) refute it. The second part outlines its reception in the 1920s and 1930s, which was part of an international discussion that was, of course, initially conducted mainly in German. The beginnings of an important further development of the death drive hypothesis are described in a separate section because it originated from Melanie Klein's earliest experiences in analysing children in Berlin in the early to mid-1920s. She referred at that time to an 'evil principle', and in 1932 published her view of the death drive hypothesis, which was further developed in subsequent decades by her and her followers in London. In this period, conditions changed dramatically: in Germany Freud's books (among others) were burnt, crimes against humanity were instigated and psychoanalysis ceased to exist in this country. Almost all the analysts who published on the death drive had to emigrate. From then on, entirely different discourses took place in the various regions. In Germany, the death drive hypothesis was (largely) disregarded or rejected for decades after the Holocaust. Frank demonstrates how the uncritical recourse in relevant works to this day to an article by Brun in 1953 that considered the death drive to have been comprehensively refuted on the basis of (apparently) comprehensive literature research can be understood as a symptom. Pursuing some reflections by Beland (1988) and Cycon (1995), the author expounds her thesis that in Germany the clinical usefulness of the death drive hypothesis could not be considered as long as destructive impulses were still an immediate social reality. According to the author's observations, in stating that there had been a 'definite reaction formation against death drive hypotheses', Brun had unintentionally made an accurate diagnosis. It was not until the realization of inevitable perpetrator identifications ('Hitler in us') in this country became (more widely) possible that a concern with the death drive hypothesis could also resume. In the final section, the author takes up one line of this development and traces how some German analysts in the 1980s came into contact with Kleinian developments that had since occurred and how these found and find their way into their analytic working. She closes by asking whether it might be appropriate to consider Melanie Klein's concept of an evil principle - along with the pleasure and reality principles - as a less ambiguous one for the phenomena under consideration., (Copyright © 2014 Institute of Psychoanalysis.)

This essay examines the early writings of Samuel Cocceji (1679–1755) on the foundations of natural law. A key focus of this study is his criticism of the 'principle of sociality' (principium socialitatis). It situates Cocceji in a debate about sociality that took place in the 1690s and early years of the 1700s throughout various German universities. This was a debate with its own language and integrity. Reconstructing this language and explaining the key terms of contention is central to this enquiry. This aspect of the argument is pursued by focusing on Cocceji's inaugural dissertation and rebuilding his case against sociality. I present an analytical framework drawn from these discussions to understand the principle of sociality in a new light. As an incisive critic of sociality, Cocceji provides an ideal flashlight to examine the use of this principle in debates surrounding the foundations of natural law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adverse drug events (ADE) and medication errors (ME) are common causes of morbidity in patients presenting at emergency departments (ED). Recognition of ADE as being drug related and prevention of ME are key to enhancing pharmacotherapy safety in ED. We assessed the applicability of the Pareto principle (∼80 % of effects result from 20 % of causes) to address locally relevant problems of drug therapy. Methods: In 752 cases consecutively admitted to the nontraumatic ED of a major regional hospital, ADE, ME, contributing drugs, preventability, and detection rates of ADE by ED staff were investigated. Symptoms, errors, and drugs were sorted by frequency in order to apply the Pareto principle. Results: In total, 242 ADE were observed, and 148 (61.2 %) were assessed as preventable. ADE contributed to 110 inpatient hospitalizations. The ten most frequent symptoms were causally involved in 88 (80.0 %) inpatient hospitalizations. Only 45 (18.6 %) ADE were recognized as drug-related problems until discharge from the ED. A limited set of 33 drugs accounted for 184 (76.0 %) ADE; ME contributed to 57 ADE. Frequency-based listing of ADE, ME, and drugs involved allowed identification of the most relevant problems and development of easily to implement safety measures, such as wall and pocket charts. Conclusions: The Pareto principle provides a method for identifying the locally most relevant ADE, ME, and involved drugs. This permits subsequent development of interventions to increase patient safety in the ED admission process that best suit local needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) judgment in the so-called Ostsee-Pipeline-Anbindungsleitung (OPAL) case on 15 July 2021 dismissed Germany's appeal on the previous European Union (EU) General Court's decision, which focused on the need for considering national interests of EU Member States and the interests of the Union itself in the decisions by the EU institutions in energy sector to acknowledge the solidarity principle provided in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This decision found a significant interest among academicians and legal practitioners and raised numerous discussions, since it is still not clear what are the exact criteria on application of this principle, especially in relation to such ambiguous energy notions as 'security of supply'. The presence of the geopolitical context and direct impact of the decision on the volumes of Russian gas transported via the Nord Stream pipeline also makes this case extremely complex and raises some additional questions regarding the impact on external gas supply to the EU. Moreover, the statement of the Advocate General on the applicability of the solidarity principle to all the other objectives of EU energy policy (not limiting to the scope of security of gas supply), which was also supported by the Court, brings many additional aspects to be considered with regards to the impact of the OPAL case on EU energy sector. Therefore, this case note article undertakes a critical analysis of the recent ECJ judgment and Advocate General's opinion to identify some gaps that are still not clarified and to estimate the possible outcomes of the judgment on the future of EU energy sector development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The sickest-first principle has been pursued in the allocation of donor livers for transplantation with the introduction of algorithms based on the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. In Germany outcomes of liver transplantation appear to be negatively influenced by the transplantation of patients with very high MELD scores and the use of donor organs with lower quality. Therefore, some have claimed, allocation should be based more on outcome-oriented criteria. Methods A survey with binary questions (yes/no) regarding the appreciation of values concerning the allocation of donor livers was performed among general medical outpatients of a university hospital. End-stage liver disease patients were excluded. Two hundred four returned forms were analyzed. Percentages of valid answers are given. Results In this study, 88%, 73%, and 41% of subjects answered they would be willing to undergo transplantation with an estimated outcome of 20%, 50%, and 80% 1-year mortality rate, respectively, for themselves. Choosing a possible recipient between 2 case examples, 68% of valid answers voted for the case with higher age and urgency and lower long-term survival. Seventy percent said urgency was more important than long-term outcome as a criterion for organ allocation. Under the assumption that urgency-based allocation would decrease average long-term survival of liver transplantation, 58% refused to deny even the sickest patients transplantation. Seventy-eight percent said that patients likely to achieve 50% long-term survival should not be denied liver transplantation. Conclusion In our study a majority of subjects prioritize urgency and granting a chance to avert imminent death over long-term survival per procedure. Equitable distribution of chances for survival may be estimated more than outcome maximization in terms of aggregate life-years gained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BARF (Bone And Raw Food) is an increasing trend for feeding dogs in Germany. This article provides an overview of the history and principles of this type of feeding. Risks of feeding raw-meat diets include infections of dogs with parasites, bacteria and viruses. Some of these pathogenic organisms also have zoonotic potential. Additionally, raw-meat diets often show nutritional imbalances. Over-supplementation and deficiencies of nutrients are frequently found, especially regarding calcium, the trace elements copper, zinc and iodine, vitamins A and D and the calcium   :   phosphorus ratio. This malnutrition can cause clinical symptoms. Therefore, checking and optimising the diet by a specialized veterinarian is strongly recommended.

The article discusses the relationship between Germany and Europe in relation to German constitutional law and Germany's Demokratieprinzip principle of democracy which is enshrined in the nation's Grundgesetz (Basic Law), focusing on issues related to Germany's participation in measures seeking to advance European integration. The German Bundesverfassungsgericht's (Federal Constitutional Court's) interpretation of the Demokratieprinzip is mentioned, along with European jurisprudence.