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This article presents the aims, results, recommendations and conclusions of the First European Workshop on standardized procedure for the inspection of sprayers in Europe (SPISE), held at Braunschweig (DE) on 2004-04-27/29. It recommends in particular the general implementation in Europe of European Standard EN13790. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For planning library conservation measures like mass deacidification, microfilming or digitalisation in acidic book collections, it is nessessary to carry out a damage survey first. This survey should, on the one hand, make it possible to assess the extent of the damage and the suitability of the books for certain kinds of preservation, and on the other hand give direct access to the individual damaged book. With the Göttingen State and University Library as an example, it will be examined if and how a damage survey could be carried out in principle. For this a model is outlined as to how such a damage survey could be carried out. It is discussed if an item-by-item survey or a sample is more suitable, and a damage questionnaire is presented. Furthermore, the paper indicates how the questionnaire can be transformed into a database. Finally the possible course of the survey including preparations and evaluations is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five velogenic Newcastle disease virus strains isolated in Germany between 1939 and 1995 were analysed by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing to shed light on the relationships of past epizootics. Viruses derived from the period prior to 1970 belonged to a clade (IVea) of genotype IV comprising the earliest isolates from Europe, and could be isolated until the late seventies from poultry. Essex'70-like viruses, the prototype of genotype V, were already present at the beginning of the 19703/74 epizootic and in sporadic cases thereafter, indicating that these Newcastle disease outbreaks started in Western Europe. A genotype VI (subtype VIc) isolate was obtained in the early 1980s from a single outbreak in poultry. Outbreaks between 19933/95 were again part of a Western European epizootic caused by a genotype VIIa virus that was prevalent in the Far East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]