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Copyright of Zentralblatt fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The growing numbers of members aged over 35 years in the German Dancesport Association indicate that not only physical activity but also sporting success is gaining significance with increasing age. Investigations on health hazards are still lacking. Aim of this study is the analysis of dance sport-related health hazards in the classifications Seniors I-III., Methods: A total of n = 124 (m: n = 67, f: n = 57) senior ballroom dancers participated in this retrospective cross-sectional investigation., Results: There were 0.9 (m)/1.0 (f) traumatic injuries/year (m: 0.03/1000 h, f: 0.04/1000 h). Gender specific differences as to localisation, type and factors could be observed. The most common injury localisations were the spine (22.2 %), followed by upper and lower leg (15.9 %) in males with foot (incl. ankle joint) (35.6 %), followed by spine (25.4 %), hip (15.3 %) and knee joint (23.8 %) in females. Chronic sports damages/complaints were more common in dancers (m: 1.6, f: 1.9) than traumatic injuries (m: 0.05/1000 h, w: 007/1000 h). The number of traumatic injuries and chronic sports damages rose according to the extent of training and age in males, with females only according to age. Knee problems (arthrosis/gonalgia/meniscal damage) were the most common sports damages (m: 30 %, f: 19.4 %), followed by degenerative spine diseases (m: 9.1 %, f: 9.7 %) and complaints not yet diagnosed (m: 14.6 %, f: 16 %). Intrinsic factors predominated (m: 64.7 %, f: 53.6 %)., Conclusion/discussion: The injury risk in competitive senior ballroom dancers is low. An increase of jeopardising with age and extent of training could only be observed in males. That raises the issue of an optimal and gender-specific amount of training and the preventive significance of dance sport in the elderly. Localisation and type of injury reflect the characteristic movement elements in dance sport. There is a need for additional qualitative and quantitative investigations in order to create differentiated suggestions as to the planning of training and injury prevention., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Background: Latin American formation dancing ranks among the technical-compositional types of sport and represents a discipline of dance sport due to its performance- and competition-orientated mode. Despite its high degree of popularity and a movement profile favouring injuries, there has been a lack of studies as to health hazards and damage in Latin American formation dancing. The aim of this study is to analyse formation dance-related health hazards and their causes., Methods: A total of n = 100 (m: n = 52, f: n = 48) Latin American dancers of the German top-level league participated in this anonymised retrospective cross-sectional investigation., Results: Mean weights of the male dancers were 75.2 kg and respectively 58.2 kg for the females, mean body height/size were 1.82 m (m) and 1.67 m (f) and mean BMI 22.2 (m) and 20.0 (f), respectively. At least one each traumatic injury/chronic damage was sustained by 69.3 % (m) and 77.6 % (f) of the dancers in the course of their dance sport activities. Almost all (97.9 %) injuries occurred during the training. A total of 409 injuries/overuse damages (= 4.1 injuries/athlete) was reported with 80.4 % traumatic injuries and 19.5 % chronic damages. Female dancers were more often injured than their male counterparts. The lower extremity was the most commonly affected body region [64.5 % (m) and, respectively, 71.2 % (f)], followed by upper extremity (m: 21.2 %, f: 17.6 %) and spinal column/trunk region (m: 12.0 %, f: 8.5 %). Blockages and pulled muscles were the most common complaints reported by males with contusions and pulled muscles being reported by females. Chondropathy/osteoarthrosis were the most frequent chronic diseases. Of all injuries sustained, circa two thirds were caused by extrinsic and circa one third by intrinsic factors., Conclusion: The injury profiles/patterns in Latin American formation dancing show on the one hand parallels to the individual partner dances. On the other hand, typical and gender-specific movement elements seem to reflect in the injuries and chronic damages/diseases of formation dancers. This is to be taken into account when injury prevention measures are considered. There is also a need for further studies to allow a more differentiated analysis., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: Parkour sport is the playfully breaching of obstacles originally not created to get from A to B in the fastest manner. There have been only few publications on injuries in this young and trendy sport mainly performed in urban areas. The aim of this study is to analyse parkour-related acute injuries and their factors., Methods: For the retrospective cross-sectional study, a total of n = 266 traceurs (m: n = 255, w: n = 11) completed anonymized online questionnaires., Results: On average, each traceur sustained 1.9 injuries per sport career/year, or 5.5 injuries/1000 h training, respectively. The upper extremity was the most affected body region (58 %), followed by the lower extremity (27 %), head and the back. An increase of injuries from proximal to distal was observed in the upper extremity. However, for the lower extremity it was the opposite. Of all injuries, the most common were skin abrasions (70.3 %). Muscle injuries were observed in 13.1 % of the traceurs, followed by dislocations (6.1 %), and soft tissue (e. g., ligaments, tendons) injuries (5.3 %). Passive precautionary measures were abandoned by the majority of the traceurs (88 %). Landing belonged to the movement elements resulting in most of the injuries (61 %), followed by supportive and static efforts of the arms (10.7 %). Overestimation (23 %) as well as misjudging the situation (20 %) were the most common causes., Conclusion: Other than expected, parkour is an urban movement style with most of the injuries being neither severe nor common despite the lack of precautionary measures. Localisation and type of injuries reflect the characteristic movement elements. There is a need for further investigations to allow a more differentiated analysis in order to develop injury prevention concepts., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: The perennial training and education to become a professional dancer is associated with maximum physical and psychic stress. These challenges fall into a period of utmost changes caused by adolescence. As a consequence, acute injuries may occur that - depending on the degree of severity - could endanger the education. The aim of this study was to analyse acute injuries, their causes and mechanisms with regard to gender-specific aspects in students of a state ballet school. These data may provide the basis to work out individual institution-centred injury prevention concepts., Methods: The data for the evaluation were obtained from occupational accident reports, accident documentations of various Berlin theatres as well as case records of a State Ballet School (n = 480, m: 120, w: 360) of the Berlin State Accident Insurance (UKB). Evaluation and descriptive statistics were conducted with Excel 2007 and PASW Statistics 18., Results: One of three dance students is injured at least once a year. One out of ten accidents is classified as severe. The lower extremity is the most frequent localisation (67.8 %; m: 57.6 %, w: 73.0 %). There are age- and gender-specific particularities. The main acute injured body structures are joints and ligaments (69.5 %). Contusions (23 %), distorsions (33 %) and muscular strains (20 %) are the most frequent types of injuries. There is a correlation between the time of the day and the incidence of injuries. Acute injuries in both genders are more frequently caused by multifactorial (70 %; f: 71.6 %, m: 64.5 %) than by exogenous factors (30 %; f: 28.4 %, m: 35.5 %). Exogenous objects initiating an accident are 'corridors/stairs' (f: 8.8 %, m: 13.7 %), followed by 'human being' (f: 7.5 %, m: 13.2 %) and 'dance floor' (f: 7.5 %, m: 5.7 %)., Discussion: With due regard to gender, the results can be compared in many respects with those of professional dancers. There are various gender-specific differences in the acute injuries, reasons of which are numerous (e. g., the monospecific education/training, early specialisation, gender-specific differences concerning work contents). Incipient stages of injury prevention are as complex as the versatility of dance movements., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: A dance teacher teaches in various professional and amateur genres. The physical load depends on the target group and is partly submaximal or even higher. The only tool of dance teachers is their own body. There are only few other tools to facilitate such work. Therefore, keeping the body in a good health status is of great significance. Up to the present, there have been little or no data on the health status of persons teaching dance. The aim of this study is to examine the health status of persons who teach dance in order to initiate a data base for the development of further projects with a preventive medical focus., Methods: A total of 165 (f: 154, m: 11) average aged (46.1 years) dance teachers in Germany responded to a cross-section questionnaire survey., Results: Teaching dance is for 96.6 % "the job of their dreams". Of all dance teachers 89.4 % continue to work while in pain and 85.5 % cannot afford a "longer down-time". 78.2 % state that they have paused due to a work-related disease, although 56.9 % of the respondents consider their occupation to be the cause for a disease with the answer only, seldom (44.4 %) or never (12.5 %). 4.5 % consult a medical doctor only after the self-treatment has failed. The lower extremity is the most common anatomic region in acute injuries (57.6 %) as well as in chronic complaints (58.3 %). The causes are multiple and comprise physical as well as psychic factors such as a high pressure of expectation (64.8 %) or a tight schedule/time table (43 %). 29 % of all dance teachers suffer from internal and 58 % from orthopaedic complaints. 43.1 % of them state that these complaints result from their occupation. 80.5 % make an acute injury responsible for compulsary breaks., Discussion: The discrepancies between the self-perception and the findings of this investigation clearly show that the psychic and physical load in this occupation should not be underestimated. Here, further research on the social, psychic and physical health status of dance teachers is required. The results of this investigation warrant further research in the field of activity of the variable and up to now unprotected dance teacher profession in Germany., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: Specific requirements in the Musical field such as the versatility of abilities in dancing, singing and acting, the aspiration for perfection as well as the high number of performances, lead to a high amount of occupational accidents not yet evaluated. Aim of this study is, therefore, to analyze and evaluate occupational accidents in Musical performers and to suggest preventive concepts., Methods: The data of this evaluation comprise occupational accident reports of consultants, accident reports of various Berlin theatres as well as case records of all Berlin State Theatres (n = 89, m: 58, f: 31) of the Berlin State Accident Insurance covering a period 12-year period., Results: A total of 60.3 % of the accidents happen during performances, 24.4 % during rehearsals, and 6.7 % during the training. Lower extremity injuries (m: 61.1 %, f: 58.2 %) are the most common for performers. The majority of injuries (m: 46.3 %, f: 50.0 %) happens during ordinary dance movements. Altogether 66.7 % of the injuries have a uniquely defined exogenous cause. The dance partner is with 17.9 % the most common exogenous cause, followed by props (15.4 %) and dance floor (11.6 %). 66.3 % of all accidents happen in the first three hours after starting work with an incidence in the evenings. There are gender specific differences., Discussion: Parallels can be drawn (e. g. injured structures, type of injuries) to the professional dance and the dance theatre, however, there are also differences (e. g. age, injury location) Due to the results and the work specific requirements the Musical is to be considered as an autonomous field among the performing arts. Above all, the majority of injuries are - compared to other dance styles - caused by exogenous factors. Modifications may here reduce the incidence. At that, an early interaction in the planning progress of a production, an optimal selection of physical and psychic qualified performers as well as an improvement of training conditions are primary steps towards an injury prevention., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Introduction: The dance theatre is an autonomous form of presentation within the performing arts. It is a combination of dance, drama, singing and speaking. As the actors are usually professional dancers the dance theatre is associated with the professional dance. Compared with other dance styles there is an enhanced usage of props, costumes or décor to intensify the production and the expressiveness. In contrast to the defined professional dance technique the range of movements is unlimited. There has not yet been done any research on the influence of props as well as décor in terms of exogenous factors potentially favouring injuries. Aim of this study is to characterize specific injury patterns, as well as their causes and to suggest basic approaches to prevent injuries in the dance theatre., Methods: The data of this evaluation comprise occupational accident reports, accident reports of various Berlin theatres as well as case records of all Berlin State Theatres (n = 1106) of the Berlin State Accident Insurance over a 9-year period. 103 occupational accidents are accounted for the dance theatre., Results: 44.6 % of the accidents happen during rehearsals, 42.4 % during performances, 76.7 % on stage and adjoining areas and 10.7 % in the ballet studio. Second most common movement resulting in an injury are jumps with 25.4 %. Altogether 69.7 % of the accidents have a uniquely defined exogenous cause with 30.5 % by props, 12.7 % by the floor and 17.2 % by the dance partner. 30.3 % of the accidents have multifactorial causes (e. g. the social situation, state of training and nutrition). 61 % of all accidents happen within three hours after starting work with an increase of occupational accidents between 11:00 - 12:00 hrs and 08:00- 09:00 hrs. The lower extremity is the most affected location (53.3 %), followed by the head/neck area (21.4 %) and the upper extremity (17.5 %). Contusions (26.2 %), distortions (17.5 %), muscular strains (19.4 %) and wounds (13.6 %) are the most frequent types of injuries., Discussion: In combination with the partly undefined movement pattern the majority of the acute injuries is - compared to other dance styles - above all caused by susceptible exogenous factors. Corrections of the daily routine, the working conditions, state of training as well as of the state of nutrition of the dancers may be initial steps towards injury prevention. At that, early interactions and interventions in the planning process of a dance theatre production could help to minimize the amount of accidents caused by exogenous factors and contribute to a practicable injury prevention in the dance theatre., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)