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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive method of stimulating the brain that changes excitability at the site of stimulation as well as at distant anatomically connected sites. Since the effects can outlast the period of stimulation for minutes or hours and are thought to be depend, at least in part, on changes in the efficiency of synaptic connections in the cortex, the method has generated much interest as a potential therapeutic intervention in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. A symposium on brain stimulation and brain recovery was held in Greifswald (Germany) in 2010 to exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge about rTMS effects from animal experiments to clinical trials in conditions such as stroke, Parkinson disease, and depression. There was enormous interest in the effects of rTMS and signs of therapeutic success in mainly small clinical trials. However, it was also clear that some of our models of the effects of rTMS, such as upregulation or downregulation of specific brain areas may need further development if they are to account for all the observations that have been made so far. The results of the symposium are made available by lab reviews of members of the symposium's faculty. This editorial provides an overview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]