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Recent literature highlights the contributions the global energy sector has made to anthropogenic CH 4 emissions, calling for immediate action. However, extant studies have failed to reveal the energy-related CH 4 emissions induced by global trades of intermediate and final commodities or services. This paper traces fugitive CH 4 emissions via global trade networks using the multi-regional input-output and complex network models. Results show that approximately four-fifths of global fugitive CH 4 emissions in 2014 were associated with international trade, of which 83.07% and 16.93% were embodied in the intermediate and final trades, respectively. Japan, India, the USA, South Korea, and Germany were the world's five largest net importers of embodied fugitive CH 4 emissions, while Indonesia, Russia, Nigeria, Qatar, and Iran were the five largest net exporters. Gas-related embodied emission transfers were the largest in both the intermediate and the final trade networks. The fugitive CH 4 emissions embodied within the intermediate and final trade networks were all characterized by five trading communities. The virtual fugitive CH 4 emission transfers via intermediate trade were largely determined by global energy trade patterns, especially the trade in regionally integrated crude oil and natural gas. Significant heterogeneity was revealed by the coexistence of numerous loosely linked economies and several hub economies (e.g., China, Germany, the USA, and South Africa). Interventions on the demand side of interregional and intraregional trade partners in different communities and hub economies will bring targeted opportunities for global energy-related CH 4 emission reduction., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating immune disease leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. Pediatric MS is a rare form of the disease and effects approximately 2-10% of individuals with MS. Diagnostic criteria and therapies are continuously evolving, thus it is imperative to further understand the epidemiology and subsequently global and regional disease burden of pediatric MS. Our objective was to conduct a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the incidence and prevalence of pediatric MS globally. Subgroup analyses were also conducted by region and diagnostic criteria used to ascertain cases., Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using searches run in EMBASE and MEDLINE. A hand search was also conducted, and the bibliographies of any relevant articles were reviewed for any studies potentially not captured by the databases. A random effects model was used to combine epidemiological estimates across studies. Subgroup analyses by region and diagnostic criteria were performed in instances when three or more studies were available for analyses., Results: A total of 2,965 publications were identified, of which 187 were eligible for full-text screening. A total of 21 full-text articles met the eligibility criteria and were included for data extraction, with 18 studies included for meta-analysis. Regional epidemiologic estimates were obtained for North America, Europe, Middle East, and Asia. Country specific data was available for Canada, United States, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Sardinia, Slovenia, UAE/Abu Dhabi, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Tunisia, Taiwan, and Japan. Thirteen studies representing 12 countries reported incidence of pediatric MS. Overall incidence ranged from 0.05 to 2.85 and pooled global incidence was calculated to be 0.87 (95% CI: 0.35-1.40) per 100,000 individuals annually. Ten studies representing 10 countries reported on the prevalence of pediatric MS. Overall prevalence ranged from 0.69 to 26.92 per 100,000 individuals and pooled global prevalence was calculated to be 8.11 (95% CI: 2.28-13.93) per 100,000 people., Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis conducted to provide pooled estimates of incidence and prevalence estimates of pediatric MS globally. In general, incidence estimates were similar across regions; however, prevalence was found to be more variable. Noticeable gaps in evidence include a lack of pediatric MS estimates from other large regions of the world such as Africa, South America, Russia, and Australia. Moreover, there is a need for more population-based studies using the most up to date diagnostic criteria., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)