Search

No abstract available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates spatial differences in mercury contamination of eagles from Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany. The article also examines temporal changes during the last 50 years. A suitable matrix to determine environmental metal contamination status can be found on the principle feathers of the white-tailed eagle. The endogenous particles will reflect the food contamination and by accumulation via food chain contamination in the area the bird inhabits. The results show that males are more highly contaminated. At some nest sites females contain slightly higher concentrations, although these differences are not significant.

1. The habitat heterogeneity (HHH) and individual adjustment (IAH) hypotheses are commonly proposed to explain a decrease in reproduction rate with increasing population density. Higher numbers of low-quality territories with low reproductive success as density increases lead to a decrease in reproduction under the HHH, while more competition at high density decreases reproduction across all territories under the IAH. 2. We analyse the influence of density and habitat heterogeneity on reproductive success in eight populations of long-lived territorial birds of prey belonging to four species. Sufficient reliability in distinguishing between population-wide, site-specific and individual quality effects on reproduction was granted through the minimal duration of 20 years of all data sets and the ability to control for individual quality in five of them. 3. Density increased in five populations but reproduction did not decrease in these. Territory occupancy as a surrogate of territory quality correlated positively with reproductive success but only significantly so in large data sets with more than 100 territories. 4. Reproductive success was always best explained by measures of territory quality in multivariate models. Direct or delayed (t-1) population density entered very few of the best models. Mixed models controlling for individual quality showed an increasing reproductive performance in older individuals and in those laying earlier, but measures of territory quality were also always retained in the best models. 5. We find strong support for the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis but weak support for the individual adjustment hypothesis. Both individual and site characteristics are crucial for reproductive performance in long-lived birds. Proportional occupancy of territories enables recognition of high-quality territories as preferential conservation targets., (© 2011 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.)