1. Cross-cultural Validation of the 5-Factor Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia.
- Author
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Ahmed AO, Kirkpatrick B, Galderisi S, Mucci A, Rossi A, Bertolino A, Rocca P, Maj M, Kaiser S, Bischof M, Hartmann-Riemer MN, Kirschner M, Schneider K, Garcia-Portilla MP, Mane A, Bernardo M, Fernandez-Egea E, Jiefeng C, Jing Y, Shuping T, Gold JM, Allen DN, and Strauss GP
- Subjects
- Adult, China ethnology, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany ethnology, Humans, Italy ethnology, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotic Disorders classification, Psychotic Disorders ethnology, Reproducibility of Results, Schizophrenia classification, Schizophrenia ethnology, Spain ethnology, United States ethnology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales standards, Psychotic Disorders physiopathology, Schizophrenia physiopathology
- Abstract
Objective: Negative symptoms are currently viewed as having a 2-dimensional structure, with factors reflecting diminished expression (EXP) and motivation and pleasure (MAP). However, several factor-analytic studies suggest that the consensus around a 2-dimensional model is premature. The current study investigated and cross-culturally validated the factorial structure of BNSS-rated negative symptoms across a range of cultures and languages., Method: Participants included individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder who had been rated on the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) from 5 cross-cultural samples, with a total N = 1691. First, exploratory factor analysis was used to extract up to 6 factors from the data. Next, confirmatory factor analysis evaluated the fit of 5 models: (1) a 1-factor model, 2) a 2-factor model with factors of MAP and EXP, 3) a 3-factor model with inner world, external, and alogia factors; 4) a 5-factor model with separate factors for blunted affect, alogia, anhedonia, avolition, and asociality, and 5) a hierarchical model with 2 second-order factors reflecting EXP and MAP, as well as 5 first-order factors reflecting the 5 aforementioned domains., Results: Models with 4 factors or less were mediocre fits to the data. The 5-factor, 6-factor, and the hierarchical second-order 5-factor models provided excellent fit with an edge to the 5-factor model. The 5-factor structure demonstrated invariance across study samples., Conclusions: Findings support the validity of the 5-factor structure of BNSS-rated negative symptoms across diverse cultures and languages. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of negative symptoms., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2019
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