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Can immigrant school students profit from an immigrant teacher sharing their minority background? We investigate preservice teachers' (Study 1; M[subscript age] = 26.29 years; 75.2% female) and school students' (Study 2; M[subscript age] = 14.88 years; 49.9% female) perceptions of a teacher as well as immigrant school students' learning gains (Study 2) by comparing four experimental video conditions in which a female teacher with a Turkish or German name instructs school students in a task while either saying that learning gains differed (stereotype activation) or did not differ (no stereotype activation) between immigrant and non-immigrant students. Study 1 shows that preservice teachers, regardless of their own cultural background, perceived the Turkish origin teacher as less biased, even when she voiced the stereotype, and as more motivationally supportive of school students in general than the German origin teacher. Study 2 shows that in contrast, among school students, the minority teacher was not perceived as less biased than the majority teacher. Rather, immigrant school students, in particular those with Turkish roots, were more concerned than students of the German majority that the teacher--irrespective of her background--was biased. Interestingly, these differences between students from different backgrounds disappeared when the teacher said that learning gains differed between immigrant and non-immigrant students. Immigrant school students of non-Turkish backgrounds, but not Turkish origin students suffered in their learning when instructed by the Turkish origin teacher who voiced the stereotype. We discuss implications for teacher recruitment.

In this paper, we want to present research on children's perspectives in the context of participation. We emphasize that the survey of children's perspectives is a form of participation. We understand participation based on children's rights. We refer to the Lundy model ([2007]. "'Voice' Is Not Enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child." "British Educational Research Journal" 33 (6): 927-942. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701657033), which emphasizes that it is not enough to simply ask children to speak their minds. Rather, they also need the experience that their views have an influence. In the discourse on quality in ECEC, children's perspectives became only recently the focus of extended research. In evaluation instruments, at least in Germany, the inclusion of children's perspectives is rare. In the study presented here, these two aspects are brought together using the example of the evaluation instrument QuaSi. We describe how children's perspectives are taken into account in the evaluation and feedback process in contrast to everyday life in ECEC centres. It becomes clear that the collection of children's perspectives and their feedback to the pedagogues in the centre does not automatically lead to their views influencing the quality of the centre.

Functional connectivity studies have demonstrated that creative thinking builds upon an interplay of multiple neural networks involving the cognitive control system. Theoretically, cognitive control has generally been discussed as the common basis underlying the positive relationship between creative thinking and intelligence. However, the literature still lacks a detailed investigation of the association patterns between cognitive control, the factors of creative thinking as measured by divergent thinking (DT) tasks, i.e., fluency and originality, and intelligence, both fluid and crystallized. In the present study, we explored these relationships at the behavioral and the neural level, based on N = 77 young adults. We focused on brain-signal complexity (BSC), parameterized by multi-scale entropy (MSE), as measured during a verbal DT and a cognitive control task. We demonstrated that MSE is a sensitive neural indicator of originality as well as inhibition. Then, we explore the relationships between MSE and factor scores indicating DT and intelligence. In a series of across-scalp analyses, we show that the overall MSE measured during a DT task, as well as MSE measured in cognitive control states, are associated with fluency and originality at specific scalp locations, but not with fluid and crystallized intelligence. The present explorative study broadens our understanding of the relationship between creative thinking, intelligence, and cognitive control from the perspective of BSC and has the potential to inspire future BSC-related theories of creative thinking.

The present study investigated health locus of control, preventive behaviour and previous playing-related health problems of music students; 326 students of music (58% female, mean age 22 years) filled in the Locus of Control Inventory for Illness and Health (Lohaus and Schmitt, 1989) and the Epidemiological Questionnaire for Musicians (Spahn, 1998). It was shown that previous playing-related problems, being a string instrumentalist or a singer as well as high powerful others locus of control (LOC) and low external chance LOC, were predictive factors for the utilizing of preventive measures. It was not possible to confirm that a high internal LOC, in and of itself, furthers preventive behaviour. For prevention programmes at universities of music, it would seem important that previous health problems are actively ascertained at the commencement of the course of study, as they are an important point of departure for further, differentiated preventive counselling measures. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figures.)

Objectives Many women with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer may not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Gene expression tests can reduce chemotherapy over- and undertreatment by providing prognostic information on the likelihood of recurrence and, with Onco type DX, predictive information on chemotherapy benefit. These tests are currently not reimbursed by German healthcare payers. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the budget impact of gene expression tests in Germany. Materials and methods Costs of gene expression tests and medical and non-medical costs associated with treatment were assessed from healthcare payer and societal perspectives. Costs were estimated from data collected at a university hospital and were combined with decision impact data for Onco type DX, MammaPrint, Prosigna and EndoPredict (EPclin). Changes in chemotherapy use and budget impact were evaluated over 1 year for 20,000 women. Results Chemotherapy was associated with substantial annual costs of EUR 19,003 and EUR 84,412 per therapy from the healthcare payer and societal perspective, respectively. Compared with standard care, only Onco type DX was associated with cost savings to healthcare payers and society (EUR 5.9 million and EUR 253 million, respectively). Scenario analysis showed that both women at high clinical but low genomic risk and low clinical but high genomic risk were important contributors to costs. Conclusions Onco type DX was the only gene expression test that was estimated to reduce costs versus standard care in Germany. The reimbursement of Onco type DX testing in standard clinical practice in Germany should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: None of the existing studies on the history of anatomy in National Socialism (NS) has yet explored the careers of those younger anatomists, whose professional development continued through NS times and who attained prominence in postwar German and Austrian anatomy. As they became modern anatomists’ teachers and role models, the revelation that men like Wolfgang Bargmann and Heinrich von Hayek had used bodies of the executed for research in their early careers has recently led to some consternation. This study contributes to the analysis of the moral challenges inherent to a science that relies on work with “material” from human bodies and its interaction with its political environment. The results reveal that Bargmann and Hayek behaved like most other anatomists at the time, in that they used bodies of the executed for research and in that they joined the NS party or other NS political groups. As ambitious and successful young anatomists they may have felt that an early joining of NS affiliations was inevitable for the advancement of their careers. They and most of their colleagues became in some measure complicit with the NS regime. The complicated biographical realities of such luminous postwar figures as Bargmann and Hayek should lead modern anatomists to the questioning of their own ethical and political decisions in politically less demanding times. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Historical evidence shows that German anatomists used bodies of executed victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for anatomical purposes. However, there has been little direct information on these anatomists’ thoughts and motivations, and a public discussion of their activities and ethics only started in the late 1980s. The present study documents a unique postwar controversy surrounding the promotion of the anatomist and medical historian Robert Herrlinger at the university of Würzburg in the late 1950s. This intramural debate had originally been mentioned by Goetz Aly in 1987. Herrlinger''s files record his career as a representative of the discipline of medical history at the university of Würzburg from 1951 to 1960. He never worked there as an active anatomist. When the university senate applied for his appointment as full professor in 1957, the internist Ernst Wollheim, the pediatrician Joseph Ströder, and the psychiatrist Heinrich Scheller strongly opposed this move in a dissenting opinion based on Herrlinger''s anatomical work on bodies of executed NS-victims. They claimed that he lacked the moral prerequisites required in a teacher of medical ethics. A highly controversial debate followed and was remarkable for addressing most of the questions of the ethical and political attitudes and responsibilities of anatomists in NS-Germany that are still being discussed today and are relevant for modern anatomy. It was also significant that Wollheim, Ströder and Scheller objected to Herrlinger in his role as a medical historian, not as an anatomist. The senate finally rejected the dissenting opinion and Herrlinger was promoted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents information about historical developments in the relations between culture and education. Definitions are given for the concepts of culture and economics, and the interplay of economic development and religious or superstitious faith is discussed. Scholarly publications by 19th century German knowledge sociologist Karl Mannheim are mentioned, regarding the purpose and system of school curricula. Mannheim's work is compared to publications by German philosopher Rudolf von der Lippe, which discuss aesthetics and the human senses.

This topic is edited in the framework of a project, sponsored by the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service), for the curricular expansion of the education of trainers in Salvador de Bahia (Brazil). In this article will be discussed the question if the extracurricular apparatus gymnastics (gymnastics) with its structures of maximizing complexity, comparison and counter bidding can actually be a reference point for the today's physical education. This question is controversially discussed in the up to date didactical concepts of gymnastics. In the following article, there will be firstly presented the basic concepts of German and Brazilian didactic of gymnastics. In a further step there will be considerations, if the extremes of these didactical concepts can be negotiated on an agitational pedagogical base. This discussion leads to an experientially orientated exercising concept, which is developed and tested, in the context of trainer education, at the institutes of sports of Braunschweig (Germany) and Salvador (Brazil). In the last step there will be introduced three examples of implementation in the physical education at German and Brazilian schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the Total European Compendium of Registered Studies Association (GESW) which has helped to open German vision to the rest of the world. The GESW is now dealing with many projects related to East-West European contacts. According to the author, the emergence of Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler during the Second World War caused heavy migration, identity crisis and a postwar sense of guilt in the Germans.