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Copyright of Julius-Kühn-Archiv is the property of Julius Kuehn Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research was to identify important functions of a mentoring programme in Germany targeted at elite athletes and how they facilitate the transition phase from sporting career to professional career. We adapted the Mentor Role Instrument by Ragins and McFarlin to sport. The newly created scale was assessed by means of principal component analysis (PCA) and validated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with data collected from n = 80 (for the PCA) and n = 197 (for the CFA) elite athletes taking part in a mentoring programme. The results reveal that mentors fulfil the functions of a benefactor, counsellor, supportive friend, role model and accepting partner. The overall functions of the mentoring relationship had a significant positive impact on satisfaction with the support in transitioning into a professional career. A key implication is that mentoring is a well-received instrument in supporting athletes with the transition phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, reports of insect declines prompted concerns with respect to the state of insects at a global level. Here, we present the results of longer‐term insect monitoring from two locations in the Netherlands: nature development area De Kaaistoep and nature reserves near Wijster.Based on data from insects attracted to light in De Kaaistoep, macro‐moths (macro‐Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera) have declined in the mean number of individuals counted per evening over the period of 1997–2017, with annual rates of decline of 3.8, 5.0 and 9.2%, respectively. Other orders appeared stable [true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera)] or had uncertainty in their trend estimate [lacewings (Neuroptera)].Based on 48 pitfall traps near Wijster, ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) showed a mean annual decline of 4.3% in total numbers over the period of 1985–2016. Nonetheless, declines appeared stronger after 1995.For macro‐moths, the mean of the trends of individual species was comparable to the annual trend in total numbers. Trends of individual ground beetle species, however, suggest that abundant species performed worse than rare ones.When translated into biomass estimates, our calculations suggest a reduction in total biomass of approximately 61% for macro‐moths as a group and at least 42% for ground beetles, by extrapolation over a period of 27 years. Heavier ground beetles and macro‐moths did not decline more strongly than lighter species, suggesting that heavy species did not contribute disproportionately to biomass decline.Our results broadly echo recent reported trends in insect biomass in Germany and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The situation of refugees in Germany and other countries is a current and important matter. The present study adopts an ecological approach to investigate how refugees perceive the welcoming climate in Germany and the consequences of this perception. To further explore the refugees' situation, we examined several predictors of their psychological adjustment and acculturation attitudes. In a field study in Eastern Germany with N = 94 refugees as participants, we assessed the perceived context of reception, and perceived acculturation attitudes as contextual variables, discrimination and contact as intergroup variables and, on the individual level, psychological adjustment as well as the personal acculturation attitudes as dependent variables. The results revealed that more perceived discrimination resulted in an increase in reported psychological problems. Refugees living in asylum centers reported more psychological problems and more perceived discrimination than those living in independent housing. The perceived context of reception positively predicted refugees' desire for maintenance of intergroup relations with the host society. Positive intergroup contact lowered their desire for cultural maintenance. In sum, this study gives us rare and valuable insight into refugees' perspectives in the context of recent immigration to Germany. In doing so, it emphasizes the importance of a welcoming climate. The study shows how meaningful the assessment of the perceived context of reception is. Practical implications for fields such as the accommodation of refugees are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on women’s football is still, especially in Asia, scarce. The purpose of this research has been to investigate the underlying points of attachment of women’s football spectators and how these influence future behaviour. The points of attachment scale - drawing on social identity theory - developed previously has been modified for the research setting to detect whether they are general determinants or country-specific indicators. Research was conducted in two countries, namely Japan and Germany. Surveys were conducted at two friendlies of the national team in each country (Japan: n = 607; Germany: n = 597). Attachment with the team, coach and women’s sport were defining overall attachment best. Intention to attend matches of the national team was significantly predicted by football attachment and previously attended games, while intention to attend matches of the league was significantly predicted by attachment with the coach and attended league games in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey conducted in the city of Munich with a sample ofn = 6924 residents and data on sport programmes, multilevel analyses were carried out to investigate the design and delivery of sport programmes and whether substitution effects exist. The results suggested that sport programmes offered by non-profit sport clubs foster participation in clubs, whereas the availability of programmes of commercial providers decreases participation in non-profit clubs. Thus, substitution effects were observed. However, commercial providers also complemented non-profit clubs in terms of specific sport programmes, as different groups are targeted and wider hours of operation are provided. No influence was observed for state-run programmes. Thus, non-profit sport clubs can be regarded as guarantors of sport participation, and, since they also foster social capital and positive externalities, policy makers should invest public funds in non-profit sport clubs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose-Although participation in golf has increased in several countries and is associated with an evolving golf industry, research on golf and golf players is rather limited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the sport-related expenditure of golfers and diferences of heavy and light spenders. Design/methodology/approach-Primary data of golf players were collected in Germany using a written survey which resulted in a convenience sample of n=197 golfers. Findings-The regression results indicate that the social motive, time for playing and training, handicap, age, and income have a significant impact on sport-related expenditure. There are several significant difference between heavy and light spenders based on psychological, behavioural, demographic, and resources variables. Research limitations/implications-A convenience sample was drawn and the sample size with n=197 respondents could be improved. Nonetheless, the descriptive results revealed that the sample structure was similar to previous research with regard to socio-demographic variables. Practical implications-Since the underlying motives of golfers vary immensely indicating a range of target groups, sport managers need to address each target group differently to fully exploit the marketing potential. Originality/value-Expenditure of golfers seems to be under researched and the results reveal that the average sport-related expenditure of golfers confirms that golf can be an expensive sport and that golf players are willing to spend on average one monthly income on their sport over a 12-month period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yield reductions on medicinal and aromatic plants occur repeatedly in practice. Plant parasitic nematodes are often assumed to be the cause but the concrete data is scarce. As part of the joint project NemaAG, funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture and in collaboration with partners from research, consulting and producers, we are investigating the distribution and da-mage potential of plant parasitic nematodes on medicinal and aromatic plants. The damage potential and host status of economically important nematode species is also being studied on some selected plants such as peppermint, parsley, marjoram and valerian. After a detailed evaluation of more than 300 soil samples, collected in 2021, it can be noted that plant parasitic nematodes show widespread occurrence on medicinal and aromatic plants in both conventional and organic field practices. Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus have been recorded in more than 80% of all examined fields, followed by Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus and Trichodorus / Paratrichodorus with 30 - 50% accordingly. The genera Meloidogyne and He-terodera, which are usually present in high numbers on agricultural crops, have been rarely found (< 10 %). The densities of frequently occurred genera have shown the strong fluctuations depending on cultivated plant and field location, e.g. Pratylenchus: 93 - 800 nematodes/100 ml soil, Tylenchorhynchus: 70-3344 nematodes/100 ml soil, Paratylenchus: 133-1736 nematodes/100 ml soil, Meloidogyne: 33-244 nematodes/100 ml soil. Host status and damage potential of economically important Meloidogyne species have been studied on peppermint. The experiments confirmed that peppermint is non host plant for M. fallax and M. chitwoodi; host plant for M. incognita and M. hapla, however the reproduction rates are clearly lower than by tomatoes, especially for M. incognita. Studies on parsley and valerian have been conducted with M. hapla and confirmed that both are hosts for this species. Furthermore, the all described above conducted greenhouse experiments showed that nematode densities up to 2 500 Meloidogyne species/plant have no negative impact on plant growth. Also no symptoms were observed on aboveground plant material, which are typical for a nematode damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop a destination image model that shows how the overall destination image of a winter sports destination is defined and how it affects the intention to revisit. The article undertakes a review of the relevant literature and develops a structural equation model for destination image, which is tested with data from a survey of n=795 winter sports tourists in Oberstdorf (Germany) and Saalbach-Hinterglemm (Austria), collected between February 14 and 28, 2011. The model depicts that destination image is a multidimensional concept including important sports characteristics and has an impact on tourists’ intention to revisit the winter sports destinations. Practical implications for tourism marketers, for instance, include that more structural development and architectual changes have to be implemented carefully to maintain the tourists’ perception of landscape or their overall image of the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A unique selling proposition is vital for a destination in order to differentiate it from its competitors and to satisfy visitors' needs. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to test whether an adapted destination competitiveness model is empirically applicable for the demand side of a destination, and to discern what elements of destination competitiveness have an impact on the sport tourists' perceived satisfaction with their destination experience. A questionnaire survey of 1050 winter sport tourists was conducted in three municipalities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland in February 2011. The study confirms the applicability of the adapted model to research on demand side destination competitiveness. The results suggested that, from the tourist's perspective, infrastructure, accessibility, hospitality, mix of activities available within the destination, and the image of the destination are important factors for perceived satisfaction. Moreover, tourists were looking to spend their holidays at a place they consider to be safe. The adapted destination competitiveness model revealed that the tourists' perceived satisfaction was particularly influenced by supporting factors and qualifying and amplifying determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a research study on customer segments and drivers of involvement among ice hockey attendees in Germany. Market segmentation variables in the analysis includes demographics, psychographic, and behavioral factors. The survey was conducted on February 20, 2011 in the arena of The Cologne Sharks. Multiple segmentation was employed in the study to enable ice hockey clubs to create customized marketing communication.

Olympic Games produce tangible and intangible effects that have been extensively researched; however, little is known on the importance of Olympic success to the population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Olympic success using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The empirical evaluation is undertaken with data from a nationwide population survey in Germany (n=2006). Residents were asked to state their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for Germany being ranked first in the medal table and for a German winning a gold medal in track and field at the 2012 London Olympics. Average WTP amounts to €6.13 and €5.21, respectively. The regression results show that consumption capital and intangible factors were significant determinants of WTP. The findings can be integrated into cost-benefit analyses that are carried out for major sport events and can help justifying the use of taxpayer money to finance major sport events and elite sport development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies examining consumption behaviours at sport events have primarily focused on mega events and oftentimes overlooked those small to midsize events, such as city marathons races that attract mass participation and spectatorship. To fill the void, the purpose of this study was to analyse the key driving factors that influence consumer expenditure and intention to revisit at marathon races. Consumer surveys were conducted at three marathon events in Germany (Cologne, Bonn, and Hanover), where both participants and spectators were surveyed during and after the event. Only those who were in the city for the marathon were included in the analysis (N = 1156). The results indicated that people spent on average approximately €144 during their stay in Cologne, €73 in Bonn, and €56 in Hanover. Over three quarters of the consumers (76.9%) would revisit the city and more than one half of them (53.8%) would revisit the marathon. Regression analyses revealed that people with higher income and a foreign nationality (non-German) spent significantly (p < 0.05) more money at the events; event participants (i.e. athletes and coaches) had higher expenditures than spectators and volunteers; perceived image of the marathon races and the satisfaction with the event operations were found to be significant (p < 0.05) driving factors for the consumers' intention to revisit the city and the marathon; and event participants were more likely to revisit the marathon events, but not the city, than spectators. These findings are discussed in the context of implications for event organisers and host cities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Previous research has shown that the demographic–economic model consisting of variables such as age, gender, nationality, income, and time can generally be used to explain sport participation. However, this model has not yet been tested for participation in different sports. The purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of the model for different sports and to depict profiles for sport participants in different sports in Germany. Based on data from different sport participation surveys with an overall sample size of n = 26,263, the determinants for practising different sports are tested using regression analyses. The findings suggest that different sports have diverse determinants. For example, the typical tennis player tends to be male, well-educated, and a native of the country. The results indicate that the demographic–economic model is appropriate in predicting sport participation in different sports. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the present study, the diversity of ascomycete fungi was investigated on two wall areas of the 'Burg Gleichen', Thuringia (Germany), made of various types of sandstones, travertine and Grenzdolomit. From a W-exposed, shaded wall area, free-living ascomycetes (mainly 'black fungi') and green algae could be retrieved from sandstone lithologies. Sandstone from an ESE-exposed area was mainly colonized by lichen ascomycetes and the lichen alga Trebouxia. Both areas share a small number of generalist species, related to the ascomycete black fungi Sarcinomyces petricola, Phaeococcomyces chersonesos and Stichococcus mirabilis. Free-living black fungi were isolated and characterized with respect to cell wall morphology and melanin content. A remarkably rigid melanin layer, incorporated in the cell wall of a Cladosporium isolate is presented in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four Hirschmanniella species are known to occur in Europe: H. gracilis, H. loofi, H. behningi and H. zostericola; a fifth species, H. halophila sp. n., is described from Germany, where it was found along the Elbe estuary and on the adjoining coast of the North Sea. Three other species reported for Europe are considered as species inquirendae or appear to be misidentified. Based on sampling material from Germany, detailed morphological descriptions of H. gracilis, H. loofi and H. behningi are given; H. zostericola has not been found since its first description. The variability, even of characters of diagnostic significance, may be enormous, which makes correct identification difficult if little material is available. Hirschmanniella halophila sp. n. is morphologically very close to H. caudacrena, which has been isolated several times from aquarium plants imported from East Asia to Germany and for which morphological details are given. In Germany, H. gracilis is the most common species and is widely distributed; it is also known from many other European countries. Hirschmanniella loofi (also known from The Netherlands, Belgium, Poland and Italy) is less common. Hirschmanniella behningi, previously reported only from Russia and Sweden, was identified from nine places in Germany, including several coastal sites. Most of the Hirschmanniella records refer to moist soils with reed and other grasses or sedges; only H. gracilis was found exceptionally in arable soil. At many sampling sites, two or even three Hirschmanniella species co-occurred. A table for distinguishing the five European species is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports events are tourist attractions and their image components can relate to the destination image concept and structure. This study examined sports event images held by active and passive sports tourists at four marathon races in Germany. Some differences in the perception of event images were found for active and passive sports tourists as well as for different types of destinations. For active sports tourists, emotional, physical and organisational image associations were clustered closer. For passive sports tourists, social and historical image associations were clustered closer. The type of destination elicited different event images among active and passive sports tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to evaluate the occurrence and economic importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in organic farming in Germany, a survey was conducted with the main emphasis on vegetable and cereal production systems. For vegetables, the survey included quantification and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil samples and a questionnaire for growers querying production factors and damage levels. For cereals, the survey focused on quantification and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil and plant samples. Overall, Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were the most prominent nematode genera under both production systems with an incidence of over 90% of the samples. Meloidogyne was detected in 51% of the samples in both systems. Other nematode genera showed differences between the two production systems. In production systems with a high frequency of vegetables, Paratylenchus was detected in 56% of the samples and Heterodera in 15%, whereas in rotations with a high cropping frequency of cereals, incidences of plant-parasitic nematodes were 56% for Heterodera, 47% for Trichodorus and 45% for Paratylenchus. Yield losses could exceed 50% on carrots, onions and cereals and were most pronounced on sandy soils. In many cases, nematode problems started 5 to 10 years after conversion to organic farming. The survey indicated that plant-parasitic nematodes are widely spread in organic farming in Germany and can cause severe damage which may result in complete loss of the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project on the image and identity of nonprofit businesses and organizations in Germany. Funding sources and influence are compared across private sources, the Third Sector, and the government and across the areas of environmental, health, social services, and international activities.

This article analyses sport participation using a demographic-economic model which was extended by the construct ‘social recognition’. Social recognition was integrated into the model on the understanding that it is the purpose of each individual to maximise his or her utility. A computer-assisted telephone interview survey was conducted in the city of Rheinberg, Germany, producing an overall sample ofn=1934. Regression analyses were performed to estimate the impact of socio-demographic, economic determinants, and social recognition on sport participation. The results suggest that various socio-economic factors and social recognition are important determinants of sport participation on the one hand, and on sport frequency on the other. Social recognition plays a significant yet different role for both sport participation and sport frequency. While friends’ involvement with sport influences one's sport participation, parents’ involvement with sport influences one's sport frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]